Electricity

Electric Charge & Current

Potential & potential difference

Ohm’s law

Resistance & factors affecting it

Resistors in series

Resistors in parallel

Heating effects of electric current

Electric power & Energy

OH BALLE BALLE!!
Electric Charge & Current
 Ocean Current Wind Current

Flow of water in the ocean Flow of air in the atmosphere

Electric current is the flow of charges
Total charge on anything
Calculation of the amount of electric current
in a circuit

Step 1: calculate the charge flowing in it for

the given time
SI unit of Current - C/s or Ampere

1 Ampere = 1 C/ 1 s

1 Ampere is the current which flows

in a conductor when i C of charge
passes in 1 second.
Direction of current is along the flow of
positive charges

negative charge

‘ Current
Potential & Potential difference
 Potential difference

Work done in bringing a unit charge

from one point to another

Potential difference =
SI unit of Electric potential difference
is volt (v)

1 Volt = 1 J/ C

Potential difference is 1 volt when 1J

of work is done in bringing 1 coulomb
charge from one point to the other
 Q1. The amount of work done in joules,
when one unit electric charge moves
from one point to another point in an
electric circuit is called :

A B

resistance Potential difference

C D

current charge
 Q1. The amount of work done in joules,
when one unit electric charge moves
from one point to another point in an
electric circuit is called :

A B

resistance Potential difference

C D

current charge
Ohm’s Law
What if the height of the waves is too low?
 As the voltage increases the current
increases and vice versa

Mathematically , V ∝ I

V = IR

R is the constant of proportionality

called Resistance.
As the potential difference across a
circuit increases current also increases
and Vice Versa

The current flow in a circuit is directly

proportional to the applied potential
difference

This is called Ohm’s law

 Q2. According to Ohm’s law, if voltage
increases and resistance stays the
same:

A B
Resistance Current increases
decreases

C D
Current remains the
Current decreases
same
 Q2. According to Ohm’s law, if voltage
increases and resistance stays the
same:

A B
Resistance Current increases
decreases

C D
Current remains the
Current decreases
same
 From Ohm’s law, we know that

Resistance controls the flow of current

Resistance controls the flow of current

R∝1
I

More Resistance ⇒ less Current

Less Resistance ⇒ More Current

Inside the conductor electrons collides
with atoms
These collisions are the opposition to
the flow of electrons called
Resistance.

More Collision more will be the

resistance.

Less Collision less will be the resistance.

Factors affecting the resistance
1. Length of the conductor

As length increases collision increases

and resistance increases

R∝l
2. Cross sectional area of the
conductor

As cross section increases , space for

electron increases, collision decreases,
so resistance decreases

R ∝ 1/A
 R∝l
R ∝ 1/A

Combining both
R ∝ l/A

The constant is called

Resistivity
 Resistivity

Resistivity is the resistance offered by a

conductor of unit cross section and unit
length.

S I unit of Resistivity ohm metre

When the temperature is higher ,
an electron is harder to move,
so collision is more,
resistance is more
 Factors affecting Resistance

Length of the conductor

Cross sectional area of the conductor

Resistivity of the conductor

Temperature of the conductor

 Q3. Resistance is a measure of a
material’s opposition to

A B

voltage current

C D
Movement of
Electric force
protons
 Q3. Resistance is a measure of a
material’s opposition to

A B

voltage current

C D
Movement of
Electric force
protons
 Combination of
Resistors

Series
Combination
 Combination of
Resistors

Series Parallel
Combination Combination
 Combination of
Resistors

Series Parallel
Combination Combination

I = Constant
V = Distributed
 Combination of
Resistors

Series Parallel
Combination Combination

I = Constant I = Distributed
V = Distributed V = Constant
 Combination of
Resistors

Series Parallel
Combination Combination

I = Constant I = Distributed
V = Distributed V = Constant

Rs= R1+R2 1/Rp= 1/R1+1/R2

Q4. Calculate the equivalent resistance
between A and B in the given circuit.
 Q4. Calculate the equivalent resistance
between A and B in the given circuit.

A B

2 ohm 4 ohm

C D

6 ohm 8 ohm
 Q4. Calculate the equivalent resistance
between A and B in the given circuit.

A B

2 ohm 4 ohm

C D

6 ohm 8 ohm
Heating effects of Electric Current
Consider a conductor connected across
a battery
 Battery does work to move charge
across the conductor

This depicts the journey of a single charge

across the conductor
Charges keep on losing energy
due to collision
This lost energy is felt as heat
 Heat generated in a conductor with
voltage V across it and current I flowing
for time t is given by

This is known as the Joules law of heating

Heat produced in a conductor is directly
proportional to

I. square of current for given resistance

II. resistance for given current
III. time for which current flows.
 Q5. If the current flowing through a
fixed resistor is halved, the heat
produced in it will become:

A B

Double Half

C D

One fourth Four times

Q5. If the current flowing through a
fixed resistor is halved, the heat
produced in it will become:
 Q5. If the current flowing through a
fixed resistor is halved, the heat
produced in it will become:

A B

Double Half

C D

One fourth Four times

Who is doing more work?
Electric Power- It refers to the rate per unit
time,at which the electric energy is
transferred by the electric circuit.
 SI unit- watt (W).
1 W = 1 volt × 1 ampere
1000 W =1kW
Formulas of Electric power

P=VI

P = V2/ R

P = I2R

P = W/t
Why we don't see Watt in electric metres
Watts is a very impractical unit to measure
home energy consumption
 Q6. A coil in the heater consume power
P on passing current. If it is cut into
halves and joined in parallel, it will
consume power

A B

P P/2

C D

2P 4P
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