The field of 

statistics is the science of learning from data. Statistical knowledge helps you use
the proper methods to collect the data, employ the correct analyses, and effectively present
the results. 

Presentation of Data
Classification: Division of data into groups and classes is called classification. Two types
of classification are
i. One way classification: (Present one criteria)
ii. Two way classification: (Represent two criteria like age and weight)

Tabulation: Division of data into rows and columns is called tabulation.

Parts of Table
1. Title 2. Prefatory notes (A statement given below the title and enclosed in
brackets usually describes the units of measurement and is called the prefatory notes).

3. Stub (Section containing row caption)

4. Box Head (Section containing column caption)
5. Body (Contains the entire data arranged in rows and columns)
6. Foot notes (below the body providing additional explanation)
7. Source notes (Source from where we collect data)

General Sketch of a table

—–THE TITLE—-
—-Prefatory Notes—-
—-Box Head—-

—-Row Captions—- ——Column Captions—–

—Stub Entries— —–The Body—–

Foot Notes…
Source Notes…
Difference between classification and tabulation
(1) First the data are classified and then they are presented in tables, and
classification and tabulation in fact go together. So classification is the basis for
tabulation.

(2) In tabulation classified data are placed in rows and columns.

(3) Classification is a process of statistical analysis whereas tabulation is a process of

presenting the data in suitable forms.

Frequency distribution
Frequency: The number of observations falling in a particular class is called frequency. It
is denoted by f.

Frequency distribution: The organization of data in a table showing the distribution of

data into classes or groups together with number of observations in each class (frequency) is
called frequency distribution.

Class limits: Defined as the values of the variables which describe the classes; the smaller
number is the lower class limit and the larger number is upper class limit.

Mid Points: Mid-point or class mark is that number which divides each class into two
parts. It is obtained by dividing the sum of lower and upper limits by 2.

Relative frequency: The frequency of a class divided by the total frequency is called
relative frequency of that class. It is generally expressed as a percentage. Clearly the sum of
relative frequencies of all the classes is 1 or 100%. For example, the relative frequency of the
3
class 45-51 is ( ¿ ×100=2.5 %
120

Cumulative frequency: The total frequency of all classes less than the upper class
boundary of a given class is called cumulative frequency of that class. For example
cumulative frequency of the class 52-58 is 3+18=21 which means that 21 students have
weights less than 58.5.

Question: Make grouped frequency distribution from the weight

measurements of 120 students.
67,63, 57, 85, 67, 60, 75, 55, 67, 68, 51, 54, 45, 57, 64, 68, 67, 86, 63, 60, 98, 83, 76, 70, 56,
50, 74, 67, 77, 61, 85, 66, 66, 60, 61, 58, 56, 56, 57, 60, 60, 63, 64, 85, 80, 75, 75, 57, 58, 59,
58, 58, 61, 62, 91, 74, 72, 57, 73, 61, 86, 64, 91, 64, 64, 61, 62, 69, 57, 81, 66, 65, 81, 82, 76,
77, 81, 76, 66, 62, 63, 62, 63, 60, 60, 72, 72, 79, 70, 70, 58, 78, 58, 71, 76, 60, 60, 65, 65, 66,
65, 73, 73, 71, 73, 66, 73, 67, 68, 69, 68, 73, 68, 74, 68, 67, 76, 52, 79
After arranging from smallest to largest
45, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 58, 58, 58, 58, 58, 58, 59, 60, 60, 60,
60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 61, 61, 6, 61, 61, 62, 62, 62, 62, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 64, 64, 64, 64,
64, 65, 65, 65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 66, 66, 66, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 69,
69, 70, 70, 70, 71, 71, 72, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 76,
76, 76, 77, 77, 78, 79, 79, 80, 81, 81, 81, 82, 83, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 91, 91, 98

Step# 1: Range= Maximum value-minimum value

R=X m− X 0

R=98−45=53

Step# 2: Number of classes

k =1+3.3 log ( N )
Where N is total number of observations in data set
k =1+3.3 log ( 120 )
k =7.86 ≅ 8

Step# 3: Class Interval

R
h=
K
53
h= =6.6 ≅ 7
8
Class Frequency Class Mid points Cumulative Relative frequency=
limits boundaries frequency f
∑f
45-51 3 44.5-51.5 44.5+51.5
2
=48
3
( )
3
120
×100=2.5 %

52-58 18 51.5-58.5 55 3+18=21 (18/120)*100=15%

59-65 33 58.5-65.5 62 21+33=54 (33/120)*100=27.5%
66-72 29 65.5-72.5 69 54+29=83 (29/120)*100=24.17%
73-79 23 72.5-79.5 76 83+23=106 (23/120)*100=19.17%
80-86 11 79.5-86.5 83 106+11=117 (11/120)*100=9.17%
87-93 2 86.5-93.5 90 117+2=119 (2/120)*100=1.67%
94-100 1 93.5-100.5 97 119+1=120 (1/120)*100=0.83%
Sum/ 120 1 0r 100%
Total

Do Yourself: Tabulate the data into a frequency distribution

138, 164, 150, 132, 144, 125, 149, 157, 146, 158,140, 147, 136, 148, 152, 144, 168, 126, 138,
176, 163, 119, 154, 165, 146, 173, 142, 147, 135, 153, 140, 135, 161, 145, 135, 142, 150,
156, 145, 128

Graphs and Charts

Graphs and charts give visual representations of magnitude, groupings, trends, and patterns in
the data. Diagrams also show comparisons between two or more sets of data.
Simple bar chart: This chart consist of vertical or horizontal bars of equal width. Vertical
bars are used to represent data classified on quantitative basis while horizontal bars are used
to represent data classified on qualitative basis.
Component Bar chart: This chart consists of horizontal or vertical bars which are sub-
divided into two or more parts. This chart is used when it is desired to present data which are
sub-divisions of totals.
Percentage component bar chart: It is drawn on percentage basis by expressing the
components as percentage of their respective totals. To construct such a chart, bars of length
equal to 100 are drawn. These bars are then subdivided in the proportion of percentage of
their components.
Pie chart: Pie chart can be used to compare the relation between the whole and its
components. In case of pie chart the area of the sector of a circle is used.

Charts types and their uses

Different sets of data are particularly suited to a certain chart type. The following are main
chart types and their most common uses.

Bar chart:

A bar chart (also known as column chart) displays or compares several sets of data. It is used
for qualitative data. Present few data over a nominal or interval scale. The useful bar charts
are rectangular bar chart, multiple bar charts and component bar chart.
Multiple bar charts:

A multiple bar chart is a different way of showing the relationship between two variables.
This chart consists of groups of two or more adjacent bars separated from the next group by a
gap having ideally a different width to the bars themselves.
Pie chart:

A pie chart displays data as a pie, split and filled with color or patterns. Pie charts are
typically used for one group of data (for example, the percentage of sales for the entire
inventory). It conveys approximate proportional relationships at a point in time, compare part
of a whole at a given point in time.
Histogram and Historigram:

Histogram and Historigram are used for quantitative data or for measurable data. Histogram
is useful for larger sets of data points, typically used for frequency distributions. Historigram
is the graph of time series.
Frequency Polygons
Frequency Curve
Cumulative Frequency Polygons
Types of Frequency Curves: