AFRICAN NDT CENTRE

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PENETRANT TESTING CURRICULA

PENETRANT TESTING LEVEL 1

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials; Defects

2. INTRODUCTION
Terminology associated with PT; Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Advantages;
Limitations; General considerations; Surface condition

3. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
Wetting Ability (expansion of drop); Contact angle, surface tension; Capillary action, viscosity, volatility;
Penetration; Bleeding; Mixtures; Solutions; Solvent removal; Developer action; Influencing factors; Colour and
fluorescence
Composition of oily and non oily penetrating liquids

4. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

5. INSPECTION PREPARATION

6. DRYING

7. PENETRANT:
Properties; Colour contrast; fluorescent; combined; Selection of penetrant for optimum sensitivity; Application;
Penetrant dwell; significance of temperature, drainage, contact time

8. EMULSUFIER / PENETRANT REMOVAL:

Properties; Solvent in liquid form; water; water (aqueous washes) soluble; oil soluble post emulsifiers; Method

9. DEVELOPER

10. POST TEST PROCEDURE

11. PT EQUIPMENT OR CONSUMABLES

12. ASSESSING SENSITIVITY AND PROCESS CONTROL

13. VIEWING CONDITIONS

14. INTERPRETATION
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15. FINAL CLEANING

16. REPORTING

17. QUALITY DOCUMENTS

18. STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES

PENETRANT TESTING LEVEL 2

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials and defects; Quality and standardization

2. INTRODUCTION
Terminology associated with PT; Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Advantages;
Limitations; General considerations; Surface condition

3. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
Wetting Ability (expansion of drop); Surface Tension; Contact angle; Capillary action, viscosity, volatility;
Penetration; Bleeding; washablility; Retention; Mixtures; Solutions and dispersions; Solvent removal; Developer
action; Influencing factors; luminous and ultraviolet spectrum; Composition of oily and non oily penetrating liquids

4. SAFETY PRECAUTION

5. INSPECTION PREPARATION
Surface preparation / pre cleaning; Cleaning methods; Conditions and limitations of cleaning techniques;
Comparison of techniques relative to surface condition; Effect of surface finish; Effect of contaminants;
Compatibility of materials; identification; Protection of non inspection areas

6. DRYING

7. PENETRANT:
Properties; Colour contrast; fluorescent; combined; Selection of penetrant for optimum sensitivity; Application;
Penetrant dwell; significance of temperature, drainage, contact time

8. EMULSIFIER / PENETRANT REMOVAL:

Properties; Solvent in liquid form; water; water (aqueous washes) soluble; oil soluble post emulsifiers; Method;
Application of emulsifiers; Precautions

9. DEVELOPER

10. POST TEST PROCEDURE

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11. PT EQUIPMENT OR CONSUMABLES

12. ASSESSING SENSITIVITY AND PROCESS CONTROL

Chromium plated Al test blocks; Sherwin panels; TAM Panels; Defective components; Comparator checks;
Efficiency of removers; Fluorescence; coverage and developer concentration checks; Penetrants; Removers;
Emulsifiers; Developers; Cleaning Equipment; Compressed air equipment; Stationary installation for processing
via immersion; Light accessories; Standardized work pieces for evaluating processes and qualifying procedures

13. VIEWING CONDITIONS

14. INTERPRETATION

15. FINAL CLEANING

16. REPORTING
Recoding of findings; Preservation of Indications

17. QUALITY DOCUMENTS

Instruction preparation; datasheet compilation; Report writing

18. STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING CURRICULA

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING LEVEL 1

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials; Defects

2. INTRODUCTION
Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Detection; Applications; Advantages; Limitations;
Disadvantages; Testing methodology; General considerations

3. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Magnetism; Lines of force; Material Characteristics; Magnetic Fields (Strength H) ; Permeability; Retentivity;
Magnetic Flux; Magnetic Flux Density; Magnetization Force; Reluctance; Magnetic Hysteresis; Penetration of
magnetic flux; Flux Leakage

4. ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electricity; Magnetic field around Conductor; Magnetic Field around Coil / solenoid
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5. MAGNETIZATION METHODS
Methods of magnetization; Permanent Magnets; Magnetizing Current; Electromagnetic Yokes; Current Flow –
Passage of current; Induction methods – Central conductor, Coils

6. MAGNETIC FIELD
Direction; Strength and; Distribution

7. INSPECTION TECHNIQUES
Remnant fields; Continuous field; Wet method; Dry method; Demagnetization techniques and verification of
remnant fields

8. MAGNETIC FIELD INDICATORS

9. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING EQUIPMENT

Types of Current ; Test Current Capacity; Portable equipment; Stationary / Heavy Duty Equipment;
Demagnetization equipment; Conditions of use

10. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING MATERIAL / DETECTING MEDIUM

Magnetic Particle Characteristics; Dry Powders; Inks / Wet Particles; Pastes; Concentrates; Health and Safety
considerations

11. VIEWING CONDITIONS

12. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING PRACTICES

13. INTERPRETATION

14. REPORTING

15. STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING LEVEL 2

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials and defects; Quality and standardization

2. INTRODUCTION
Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Detection; Requirements; Applications; Advantages;
Limitations; Disadvantages; Testing methodology; General considerations

3. PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

Magnetism; Material Characteristics: ferro-, para-, and dia-magnetic materials: Soft and Hard; Terms and
definitions; Flux Leakage; Production of indication; Requirements;
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4. ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electricity; Magnetic field around Conductor; Magnetic Field around Coil / solenoid; Magnetic Field

5. MAGNETIZATION METHODS
Methods of magnetization; Permanent Magnets; Magnetizing Current (Types, Calculations) ; Electromagnetic
Yokes; Current Flow – Passage of current; Induction methods – Central conductor, Coils (Flexible cables) ;
Threading Bar; Magnetic flow

6. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING EQUIPMENT

Types of Current : Test Current Capacity; Portable equipment; Stationary / Heavy Duty Equipment;
Demagnetization equipment; Magnetic Field Indicators; Conditions of use

7. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING MATERIAL / DETECTING MEDIUM

Magnetic Particle Characteristics; Morphology of the particles; Dry Powders
Inks / Wet Particles; Pastes; Concentrates; Health and Safety considerations

8. VIEWING CONDITIONS
Non Fluorescent inks and powders; Fluorescent inks and powders; Safety; Electromagnetic spectrum; Light

9. CHECKS AND CALIBRATIONS

General : Objectives, frequency, recording; Sensitivity : Flux indicators, field strength meter, brief descriptions;
Functional Tests : CCF and Flux Flow test piecesv; Equipment Tests : Ammeter, illumination, detecting media,
electromagnet

10. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING PRACTICES

Safety precautions; Inspection Preparation; Test procedures; Post inspection practices

11. INSPECTION TECHNIQUES

Remnant fields; Continuous field; Wet method; Dry method; Testing techniques; Demagnetization techniques and
verification of remnant fields

12. DETECTABILITY OF DEFECTS

characteristics of indications; Factors affecting indications : surface preparation, detecting medium and
application, magnetising current

13. INTERPRETATION
Thresholds of detection; Interpretation of findings with reference to the manufacturing process; Recognition of
Findings

14. REPORTING
Preservation of Indications; Presentation of results on test forms; Recording of indications:

15. STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES

Interpretation of written instructions for application of tests by different techniques; General knowledge of codes
and standards; Interpretation of procedures for the application of tests using various techniques ; Composition of
test procedures including instructions for various methods and techniques for use with work pieces of various
materials and shapes, with selection of equipment, field detection, intensity, type of current, selections of
inspection medium, type of particle, sequence of testing, demagnetization
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RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING CURRICULA

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING LEVEL 1

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials; Defects

2. Introduction
Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Limitations; General considerations; Surface condition

3. TERMINOLOGY, PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOGRAPHY

Limitations and disadvantages; History of radiography; Principles of radiography; Nature of X and gamma
Radiation; Structure of the atom; X Rays; Advantages of gamma radiation over x rays for radiography;
Disadvantages of gamma radiation over x rays for radiography; Absorption and scattering; Half value layers –
tenth value layers; Characteristics of image forming; Radiographic film; Viewing of radiographs; Radiation image
and the image on the film; Test conditions

4. RADIATION SAFETY

5. SAFETY CODES OF PRACTICE

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING LEVEL 2

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials; Defects

2. Introduction
Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Limitations; General considerations; Surface condition

3. TERMINOLOGY, PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOGRAPHY

Limitations and disadvantages; History of radiography; Principles of radiography; Nature of X and gamma
Radiation; Structure of the atom; X Rays; Advantages of gamma radiation over x rays for radiography;
Disadvantages of gamma radiation over x rays for radiography; Absorption and scattering; Half value layers –
tenth value layers; Characteristics of image forming; Radiographic film; Viewing of radiographs; Radiation image
and the image on the film; Test conditions

4. RADIATION SAFETY

5. CONTROL CHECKS AND PROCEDURES

Optical focal spot dimensions; Darkroom safe lights; Beam uniformity; Consistency of developing processing
system; X-Ray output characteristics; Densitometer calibration; Storage and retention of radiographs; Storage of
unexposed film; Retention of radiographs for record processes; Check film archivability.

6. DEFINITIONS Terms used in Radiography

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7. SAFETY CODES OF PRACTICE

ULTRASONIC TESTING CURRICULA

ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL 1

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials; Defects

2. INTRODUCTION
Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Limitations; General considerations; Surface condition

3. TERMINOLOGY, PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ULTRASONICS

Properties of sound and propagation of mechanical waves; Concepts relating to frequency, amplitude, wave
length and speed of propagation; Acoustic impedance; Influence of wave type on the test method; Reflection and
refraction; Energy transfer from one medium to another; Piezoelectric effect, characteristics and types of crystals;
Sonic field: influence of speed of sound and transducer size; Types of sensors; The sonic path; Field divergence;
Effect of reflector on echo response

4. TESTING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS

Pulse-echo technique; Transmission technique; Resonance technique; Methods of coupling; Testing with
automatic systems and on the production line

5. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Description of the basic testing equipment with display of the information in a representation; Analogue and digital
equipment for thickness measurements; Monitors

6. CALIBRATION OF THE TESTING EQUIPMENT

Remote calibration for normal single and double crystal sensors (emitter-collector) ; Angular sensors of transverse
waves; Checking the calibration: consideration of differences in speed of propagation between calibration unit and
test piece

7. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Testing of simple geometries; Thickness measurements; Detection of corrosion

8. CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCEDURE

General knowledge; Performance of tests in accordance with written instructions

9. RECORDING AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS

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ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL 2

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials and defects; Quality and standardization

2. INTRODUCTION
Terminology associated with UT; Basic principles / testing process; Testing fundamentals; Advantages;
Limitations; General considerations; Surface condition; Basic principles of NDT

3. TERMINOLOGY, PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ULTRASONICS

The nature of ultrasonic waves; Characteristics of wave propagation; Types of ultrasonic waves and their
applications; Behaviour of Ultrasonic Waves; Transfer of energy from one medium to another; Piezoelectric and
magnetostrictive effect on the crystal; Characteristics of the sound beam; Attenuation of sound

4. TESTING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Test Methods; Sensors; Techniques; Limitations in the application of the ultrasonic test method.

5. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Construction and mode of operation of ultrasonic equipment; Characteristics of equipment and system controls;
Signal presentation; Recording instrumentation

6. CALIBRATION OF TEST SYSTEM

Calibration of equipment; Verification of the sensor; Calibration blocks V1 and V2; Sensor sensitivity; Sensor
resolution; Calibration in curved work pieces; Construction of DAC; DGS Method; Coupling Medium

7. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

8. CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATION AND PROCEDURES

9. RECORDING AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS

10. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

EDDY CURRENT TESTING CURRICULA

EDDY CURRENT TESTING LEVEL 1

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials; Defects

2. INTRODUCTION
Theory of induction, Measurement of Eddy currents, Units of measurement, Surface condition.
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3. TERMINOLOGY, PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF EDDY CURRENTS

Principles of Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction, Principles of Eddy Current Testing

4. TESTING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS

Conductivity, Coating thickness measurements, Defect detection, single frequency, multi-frequency, automated,
high speed, portable.

5. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Instrument circuits, the basic test circuit, the basic bridge circuit, types of bridge circuit.
Types of probes, Analog meters, digital meters, oscilloscopes, strip chart recorders, display, strip chart recorders,
linear time base display, modulation analysis, reactance testing, feedback controlled testing.

6. CALIBRATION OF THE TESTING EQUIPMENT

Calibration/test blocks, scanning speeds, scan patterns, bolt hole inspection, high/low frequency inspection, probe
to edge spacing fixtures and guides.

7. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Testing of simple geometries; Thickness measurements; Detection of corrosion
Examples of typical discontinuities that can be located by eddy current inspection.

8. CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCEDURE

General knowledge; Performance of tests in accordance with written instructions

9. RECORDING AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS

EDDY CURRENT TESTING LEVEL 2

SUBJECT

1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Non destructive testing; Materials; Defects

2. INTRODUCTION
Theory of induction, Measurement of Eddy currents, Units of measurement, Surface condition.

3. TERMINOLOGY, PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF EDDY CURRENTS

Principles of Electricity - Electrical Current, conductors, electromotive force, resistance, conductivity, direct
current, ohms law.
Magnetism - Lines of force, flux density, electromagnets, magnetic property of materials, hystersis loop.
Electromagnetic Induction - Faradays law, alternating currents, frequency, self-inductance, inductive reactance,
resistance, impedance, vector diagrams.
Principles of Eddy Current Testing - Basic eddy current theory, Lenz's law, geometry of eddy currents, basic test
coils (surface coil, encircling coil and internal coil).

4. TESTING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS

Conductivity measurements, Coating thickness measurements, Defect detection, single frequency, multi-
frequency, automated, high speed, portable.
Material Properties Affecting Eddy Currents - Conductivity, IACS, alloys, hardness, conductive coatings,
temperature, residual stresses, material thickness, dimensional factors, discontinuities, permeability.
Dimension Factory of Coils - Lift off, fill factor, depth of penetration, standard depth of penetration, edge effect,
summary.
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5. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Instrument circuits, the basic test circuit, the basic bridge circuit, types of bridge circuit.
The surface probe, unshielded probes, shielded probes, encircling coils, internal coils, single coil, double coil,
absolute arrangements, differential arrangements, self comparison technique, external comparison technique,
multiple coil arrangements, through transmission method.
Analog meters, digital meters, oscilloscopes, strip chart recorders, display, strip chart recorders, linear time base
display, modulation analysis, reactance testing, feedback controlled testing.
Phase Analysis - Phase, impedance, impedance diagrams, content of independence diagrams, development of
impedance diagrams, normalisation of impedance diagrams, reference numbers, factors affecting impedance
diagrams (frequency, conductivity, cracks, permeability, lift-off, fill factor, thickness of coatings).

6. CALIBRATION OF THE TESTING EQUIPMENT

Calibration/test blocks, scanning speeds, scan patterns, bolt hole inspection, high/low frequency inspection,
probe to edge spacing fixtures and guides.
Examples of typical discontinuities that can be located by eddy current inspection

7. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Testing of simple geometries; Thickness measurements; Detection of corrosion
Instruction on the type of defects that can occur in the products being inspected.
Examples of non-relevant indications that can be produced by eddy current inspection.

8. CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCEDURE

General knowledge; Performance of tests in accordance with written instructions
Instruction in the assessment of indication to the relevant quality acceptance standard.

9. RECORDING AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS

Instruction and report writing in accordance with relevant specification.

10. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES