Tiwari - 2022 - JGR-Planets - Vesicular Olivine and Oyroxene

RESEARCH ARTICLE Vesicular Olivines and Pyroxenes in Shocked Kamargaon L6
10.1029/2022JE007420
Chondrite: Implications for Primary Volatiles and Its Multiple
Key Points:
• W e report the first occurrence of
Impacts History
vesicular olivine and pyroxene in an Kishan Tiwari1 , Sujoy Ghosh1 , Masaaki Miyahara2 , and Dwijesh Ray3
ordinary chondrite
• Vesicles possibly formed due to 1
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, 2Graduate School of Advanced
release of sulfur vapor, evaporation
Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan, 3Planetary Sciences Division, Physical Research
of moderately volatile elements, and
vaporization of silicate grains Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
• Kamargaon meteorite record
multiple impacts in the form of
textures of contrasting magnitude Abstract Abundant vesicles are found in terrestrial rocks, basaltic meteorites, and carbonaceous chondrites
on inter-granular and intra-granular
which testify to the presence of significant quantities of volatiles and favorable conditions for vesiculation.
scales
Furthermore, vesicular olivine has been reported in terrestrial rocks and carbonaceous chondrites. However,
vesicles in the ordinary chondrites are rare due to their low volatile content and obliteration by the late impact
Supporting Information:
events. Here, we report the first evidence of vesicular olivine (Fo76) and pyroxene (En73–81Fs17–26Wo01–02)
Supporting Information may be found in
the online version of this article.
in an ordinary chondrite. The vesicular texture in the shocked Kamargaon L6 chondrite possibly formed
due to localized melting during a shock event and subsequent degassing of volatiles after decompression.
We propose three possible mechanisms for vesicle formation in the Kamargaon meteorite: (a) liberation of
Correspondence to:
K. Tiwari,
S2 vapor, (b) evaporation of moderately volatile elements (MVEs) like Na and Mn, and (c) vaporization of
kishantiwari@iitkgp.ac.in olivine and pyroxene, by constraining the primary abundance of volatiles based on the observed volume
of vesicles. We suggest that all three or any combination of these mechanisms could be responsible for vesicle
Citation: formation. Segmented texture in olivine is also observed in the shock vein (SV) of the Kamargaon chondrite.
Tiwari, K., Ghosh, S., Miyahara, M., The segmentation has developed due to the formation of sub-grain boundaries during the recovery process
& Ray, D. (2022). Vesicular olivines when grains were subjected to localized shear stress. Average shock pressure and temperature conditions in
and pyroxenes in shocked Kamargaon
L6 chondrite: Implications for primary
the SV are ∼24–25 GPa and ∼2310–2633K, respectively. The thermal model of the SV cooling gives the
volatiles and its multiple impacts history. crystallization time of ∼50 ms and shock pulse duration of ∼2s.
Journal of Geophysical Research:
Planets, 127, e2022JE007420. https://doi. Plain Language Summary Shocked meteorites are extraterrestrial rocks that experience transient
org/10.1029/2022JE007420
high-pressure and high-temperature conditions caused by planetary collisions in outer space and contain
Received 9 JUN 2022 abundant fractures subsequently filled with frictional melt known as shock veins. Formation and preservation
Accepted 8 NOV 2022 of vesicles are common in terrestrial rocks. However, vesicles are rare in the chondritic meteorites due to their
low volatile content and destruction of these vesicles by the late impact events on the parent bodies. This study
Author Contributions: reports the first occurrence of vesicular olivine and pyroxene in an ordinary chondrite. We used the volume
Conceptualization: Kishan Tiwari, Sujoy of vesicles present in the Kamargaon meteorite to estimate the abundance of elements such as sulfur, sodium,
Ghosh manganese, and iron, whose degassing resulted in the formation of vesicles. These vesicles coexist with other
Formal analysis: Kishan Tiwari, Sujoy
Ghosh, Masaaki Miyahara, Dwijesh Ray textures like dissociated olivine and high-pressure phases in our sample. These different textures and phases
Funding acquisition: Sujoy Ghosh correspond to contrasting magnitudes of pressure and temperature of formation. Their coexistence in the same
Methodology: Kishan Tiwari sample and some cases within the same grain indicates that the Kamargaon meteorite has experienced multiple
Resources: Dwijesh Ray
Supervision: Sujoy Ghosh impacts of different magnitudes. We propose that the Kamargaon meteorite came from an asteroid of ∼6.4 km
Visualization: Kishan Tiwari in size which collided with another asteroid body with a velocity of ∼2.3 km/s.
Writing – original draft: Kishan Tiwari
Writing – review & editing: Kishan
Tiwari, Sujoy Ghosh, Masaaki Miyahara,
Dwijesh Ray
1. Introduction
Impact events on the surface of planets and asteroids are one of the most fundamental processes responsible for
the formation and evolution of the celestial bodies in the solar system. Shock metamorphism in meteorites takes
place as a result of such impacts among asteroid parent bodies and on larger rocky planetary bodies (e.g., Earth,
Mars, and Moon). The generation and propagation of shock waves create high pressure and friction along numer-
ous fractures developed during the shock event that give rise to high-temperature and frictional melting (Stöffler
et al., 2018), and consequently, the shock veins (SVs) in the parent body are formed. Various high-pressure
© 2022. American Geophysical Union. minerals have been reported in and around the SVs in different shocked meteorites, particularly in the ordinary
All Rights Reserved. chondrites as they are most abundant of all the meteorite classes on the Earth (Nakamura et al., 2011) and thus
TIWARI ET AL. 1 of 18
Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 10.1029/2022JE007420
have been extensively studied (e.g., Ghosh et al., 2021; Hu & Sharp, 2017; Miyahara et al., 2016, 2021; Ohtani
et al., 2004; Sharp & DeCarli, 2006; Tomioka & Miyahara, 2017).
The stability range of high-pressure minerals found in and around SVs in chondrites either formed by the
solid-state transformation or crystallization of chondritic melts in the SVs, has been used to constrain the pres-
sure and temperature conditions of their formation (Chen et al., 1996; Miyahara et al., 2017; Ohtani et al., 2004;
Xie et al., 2006). The mineralogy, composition, grain size, and microtextures developed in melting experiments
of mantle peridotite and chondrite compositions (Agee et al., 1995; Zhang & Herzberg, 1994) are similar to the
high-pressure minerals crystallize in the SVs within shocked chondrites at high pressure and temperature condi-
tions (Xie et al., 2006). These observations allow us to use melting phase relations derived from static high-pressure
melting experiments (Agee et al., 1995; Zhang & Herzberg, 1994) to constrain the pressure-temperature (P-T)
conditions of SV crystallization (Chen et al., 1996). Estimation of pressure, temperature, and time history of
shock events recorded in the SVs in the meteorites have been used to interpret the impact history of their parent
bodies (Ohtani et al., 2004; Sharp & DeCarli, 2006; Stöffler et al., 1991). Additionally, the shocked meteor-
ites play a key role to understand the phase transformation mechanisms. For example, deciphering if the new
phase (high-pressure polymorph) has nucleated homogeneously (i.e., throughout the parent grain) or heteroge-
neously (i.e., intracrystalline nucleation mechanism along defects or grain boundary nucleation) with coherent
or incoherent crystallographic relation with the parent phase and if further growth was interface controlled or
diffusion controlled (e.g., Chen et al., 2006, 2007; Gillet et al., 2007; Kato et al., 2017; Sharp & DeCarli, 2006).
Therefore, comprehensive study of shocked meteorites allows us to probe the Earth and planetary interiors
where high-pressure and high-temperature conditions prevail. One should, however, proceed with caution while
comparing the phase transformation processes in the shocked meteorites with that occurring in the planetary
interiors as the strain rate in the impact events are several orders of magnitude higher than those existing at the
mantle depths (Gillet et al., 2007; Langenhorst, 2002). This difference in strain rate may cause variations in
phase transformation mechanisms and the P-T conditions at which such transformations may occur (e.g., Chen
et al., 2004; Cordier et al., 2012). Nevertheless, discoveries of new high-pressure phases in the shocked meteorite
samples continue to serve as the anchor points for static high-pressure experiments to better constrain the P-T
conditions of natural phase transitions (e.g., Chen et al., 2003).
Contrary to the high-pressure minerals in the shocked meteorites, the formation of vesicles (bubbles) requires
high-temperature and low-pressure conditions for degassing of volatiles in the chondritic parent bodies.
Further impact or heating events in the parent bodies may obliterate these vesicular textures due to remelting
and high-pressure conditions. A low volatile content further makes it difficult for the formation of vesicles in
the ordinary chondrite parent bodies. Due to these reasons, vesicular olivines and pyroxenes have never been
reported in the ordinary chondrites. These observations indicate that the amount and species of volatiles pres-
ent in the ordinary chondrites and the prevailing physical conditions like pressure, temperature, and gravity
put constraints on the vesicle formation. On the other hand, vesicles are readily found in terrestrial rocks (e.g.,
Oppenheimer et al., 2003), basaltic achondrites such as the eucrites and the shergottites (e.g., He et al., 2015;
McCoy et al., 2006) and carbonaceous chondrites (e.g., Lunning et al., 2016). Similarly, vesicular olivines have
also been reported in terrestrial rocks, for example, komatiite (Dann, 2001) and carbonaceous chondrites (Ohnishi
et al., 2007; Tomeoka et al., 2001), but are relatively rare than vesicles present in melt breccia and matrix of SVs.
The Kamargaon meteorite is a heavily shocked L6 chondrite, which fell on November 13, 2015 near the town of
Kamargaon in the Indian state of Assam (Goswami et al., 2016; Ray et al., 2017). Previous studies in the Kamar-
gaon chondrite reported the textures and occurrence of different low-pressure silicate phases, metal, troilite, and
its radiogenic and cosmic-ray exposure age (Goswami et al., 2016; Ray et al., 2017). Recently, shock-induced
incongruent melting of olivine dissociated into magnesiowüstite and orthoenstatite was reported in an SV of the
Kamargaon L6 chondrite (Tiwari et al., 2021). In this study, we carefully examined the SV of the Kamargaon
chondrite in detail to understand the dissociation and melting textures displayed by the silicate phases (olivine
and pyroxene) present and their formation mechanisms which provide further clues to estimate the shock condi-
tions in the chondrite parent body. Here, we found the first occurrence of vesicular olivine and pyroxene in
an ordinary chondrite. We also investigated the occurrence of high-pressure phases, and back transformation
textures in an SV of the Kamargaon L6 chondrite and calculated the shock-pulse duration required to produce the
mineral assemblage. Based on these calculations, we further calculated the impact velocity and parent body size
of the Kamargaon meteorite.
2. Experimental Methods

A small chip of the Kamargaon chondrite was mounted in a low-viscosity epoxy resin and its surface was
polished with diamond paste. The experimental methods have been described in detail by Tiwari et al. (2021) and
only essential details are repeated here. Textural and mineralogy of the Kamargaon chondrite were made using
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), a JEOL
JSM 6490. Fine textural observations were conducted with Field-Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope
(FEG-SEM), JEOL JSM-7000F with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Chemical compositions of the constituent
phases were performed with wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) employing a Cameca-SX 100 electron
microprobe with an acceleration voltage of 15 kV. Feldspar grains were analyzed with a beam current of 10 nA
and a defocused beam (5–10 μm) while all other phases were analyzed with a beam current of 15 nA and a focused
beam. The average detection limits of the analyses are as follows: 120 ppm for SiO2, CaO, MgO; 75 ppm for
Al2O3; 150 ppm for P2O5, V2O3; 165 ppm for Cr2O3; 180 ppm for MnO, TiO2; 220 ppm for FeO; and 260 ppm for
NiO. Raman spectra of constituent minerals in the Kamargaon meteorite were measured by a Horiba Jobin-Yvon
LabRam HR800 laser micro-Raman spectrometer with a liquid nitrogen-cooled charge-coupled device (CCD)
detector. A microscope was used to focus the excitation laser beam (a He-Ne laser, 633 nm line). Two slices
were excavated with a focused ion beam (FIB) system, JEOL-9320FIB. A gallium ion beam was accelerated at
30 kV during sputtering of the slices and the slices were approximately 100 nm in thickness. A JEOL JEM-2100F
field-emission transmitted electron microscopy (FE-TEM) operating at 200 kV with an EDS detector system was
used for conventional TEM observation to characterize the microstructures of the minerals and selected area
electron diffraction analyses. Chemical composition of individual minerals was determined by STEM-EDS.
3. Results
3.1. Petrography
The host rock of Kamargaon chondrite consists of olivine (Fo73–74), low-calcium (Ca) pyroxene
(En77–80Fs19–22Wo1–2), high-Ca pyroxene (En45–46Fs9–10Wo44–46), plagioclase (Ab62–70An18–23Or12–15) (Table 1),
iron-nickel alloy (kamacite and taenite), troilite plus a minor amount of phosphate and chromite. The studied
sample of Kamargaon meteorite shows a typical equilibrated chondrite texture and contains some chondrule
fragments typically 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Relict outlines of pre-existing chondrules are visible only at a few
locations; however, the matrix portion has been completely recrystallized. Chondrules are usually composed of
olivine and pyroxene with a smaller amount of feldspar and Fe-Ni metal. Backscattered electron (BSE) images
of the phases present in the chondritic portion apparently do not show variation in greyscale contrast within
individual grains and between grains of the same phase which is indicative of their homogeneous major element
compositions. Olivine and pyroxene are subhedral to euhedral with a grain size up to 100 μm in diameter and
display numerous shock-induced irregular fractures. Plagioclase grains are irregular in shape with a size range
from ∼20 to 100 μm where smaller grains (<35 μm) are generally euhedral whereas larger grains are subhedral to
completely anhedral. The olivine contains 73–74 mol% forsterite which is in the compositional range of L-group
ordinary chondrites (Weisberg et al., 2006). Many Shock-induced fractures in the host rock portion are filled by
quenched metal-sulfide melt (Figures 1, 2b–2e).
The host rock shows a pervasive SV of up to 1.6 mm thickness passing through the middle of the sample (Figure 1),
enclosing coarse-grained subrounded, rounded, and elongated fragments of host minerals in a fine-grained matrix
with a few irregular shaped metal-sulfide eutectic intergrowths (Figure 2a). Plagioclase grains of the SV have
been amorphized. The fine-grained matrix of the SV consists of euhedral and rounded grains (1–5 μm) of olivine,
pyroxene with interstitial Fe-Ni metal, and troilite.
3.2. Segmented Olivines
Several rounded and coarse-grained olivine fragments (100–200 μm) entrained in the SV show formation of
cellular walls resulting in segmentation texture with individual segments up to ∼5 μm in size (Figures 2b and 2c).
Two discrete lamellar zones are visible in the middle portion of the segmented olivine grain and are in light gray
contrast while the rest of the grain is in dark gray contrast as observed in BSE image. EPMA analyses of these
two domains show that the light gray lamellar zones are Fe-rich olivine (Fo67–70), whereas the dark gray zones are
relatively Fe-poor (Fo73–76) (Table 2).
Table 1
Average Chemical Composition of Different Silicate Phases Present in the Host Rock (HR) and Shock Vein (SV) in the
Kamargaon L6 Chondrite Analyzed by Electron Microprobe
Location HR SV
Phases Ol 1σ LPx 1σ HPx 1σ Plag 1σ En 1σ Am. Plag 1σ

n 21 13 6 4 17 2
SiO2 37.48 0.47 54.41 0.65 53.70 0.21 69.58 0.25 53.39 1.34 69.16 0.36
TiO2 n.d. 0.00 0.21 0.03 0.52 0.04 n.d. 0.00 0.21 0.04 n.d. 0.00
Cr2O3 n.d. 0.00 0.13 0.04 0.98 0.06 n.d. 0.00 0.15 0.12 n.d. 0.00
Al2O3 n.d. 0.00 0.14 0.04 0.51 0.08 23.07 0.13 0.16 0.04 23.04 0.14
FeO a
24.44 0.24 15.55 0.55 5.73 0.14 0.71 0.24 17.13 1.67 1.13 0.01
MnO 0.45 0.04 0.50 0.04 0.27 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.13 0.00 0.00
MgO 38.01 0.16 28.43 0.35 16.28 0.11 0.05 0.02 27.56 0.62 0.145 0.01
CaO 0.04 0.03 0.77 0.11 22.28 0.33 2.08 0.06 0.82 0.18 2.365 0.07
Na2O n.d. 0.00 n.d. 0.00 n.d. 0.00 3.56 0.39 n.d. 0.00 3.77 0.02
K2O n.d. 0.00 n.d. 0.00 n.d. 0.00 1.13 0.02 n.d. 0.00 0.915 0.09
Total 100.42 100.14 100.27 100.17 100.01 100.53
Cation
Si 0.978 1.953 1.977 3.194 1.915 3.187
Ti – 0.006 0.014 – 0.005 –
Cr – 0.000 0.029 – 0.003 –
Al – 0.006 0.022 1.254 0.006 1.252
Fe
2+
0.533 0.467 0.177 0.023 0.536 0.040
Mn 0.010 0.015 0.008 0.000 0.019 0.000
Mg 1.478 1.521 0.894 0.003 1.485 0.010
Ca 0.001 0.030 0.879 0.105 0.029 0.117
Na – – – 0.357 – 0.337
K – – – 0.065 – 0.054
Total 3.000 4.000 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000
Oxygen 4 6 6 8 6 8
Fo 74
En 78 46 78
Fs 20 09 21
Wo 02 45 01
Ab 65 66
An 21 23
Or 14 11
Note. Ol = olivine, LPx = Low-Ca pyroxene, HPx = High-Ca pyroxene, Plag = plagioclase, Am. Plag = amorphized
plagioclase, n = number of analyses; 1σ = standard deviation, n.d. = not detected.
aAll iron is assumed to be ferrous.
3.3. Composite Olivines
Numerous olivine grains entrained in the SV occur as composite grains display the combination of different
textures. Such composite olivine grain present near the vein edge shows heterogeneous texture where the core
displays segmentation texture (Se-Ol), while the remaining part of the grain shows vesicular texture (Ve-Ol)
(Figures 2d and 2e). BSE image shows that the segmented core portion of the grain has a variable contrast within
individual segments consist of light gray cores and dark gray rims indicate their heterogeneous composition.
The core segmented part of the olivine grain seems to be embayed and
engulfed by the vesicular portion. Such heterogeneous texture and composi-
tion are conspicuously common in the grains that are relatively coarser and/or
occur near the vein edge. The Raman spectra of the compositionally zoned,
segmented core part yield strong peaks at ∼821 and ∼853 cm −1, respectively
(Figure 3) which corresponds to olivine whereas for the vesicular part of the
grain, two main Raman shifts appeared at ∼821 and ∼851 cm −1 (Figure 3)
corresponds to olivine as well.
The portions correspond to vesicular and segmented regions of the composite

olivine grain were excavated using FIB for TEM analyses (Figure 4). TEM
images of the vesicular portion show the presence of equigranular subhe-
dral to anhedral grains about ∼100–200 nm across (Figure 4a). Bulk chem-
ical composition measured by STEM EDS gives the forsterite content of
Figure 1. Backscattered electron (BSE) image of the Kamargaon L6 chondrite
∼76 mol% (Table 3) which is similar to the forsterite content in the host rock
shows ∼1.6 mm thick shock vein passing through the middle of the sample. olivine (∼Fo74). TEM images of the segmented core part show a polycrystal-
The scale bar is 1 mm. line assemblage of euhedral to subhedral grains with the presence of triple
junctions (equilibrated grain boundaries with interfacial angle of 120°) and
ranging ∼200–300 nm in size measured across (Figure 4b). STEM EDS anal-
yses of the segmented core part give the composition in two distinct clusters
of Fo68–73 and Fo84–86 (Table 3). Individual segments are chemically zoned as indicated by BSE images with light
gray cores and dark gray rims (Figure 2e). Although individual core and rim parts of each segment are too fine to
be analyzed distinctly and precisely, we expect that the composition of Fo68–73 belongs to the brighter (as seen in
BSE image) iron-rich core as it has higher average atomic number and Fo84-86 to the darker (as seen in BSE image)
iron-poor rim as it has lower average atomic number (Table 3).
Another type of composite grains of olivine present in the SV of the Kamargaon chondrite show dissociation
texture as well as vesicular texture. The core part of such grains shows vesicular texture whereas the outer rim
part of the grain exhibits dissociation texture and spherulitic texture is present in between them (see Figure 1;
Tiwari et al., 2021).
3.4. Vesicular Pyroxenes
Many pyroxene grains show the presence of a large number of vesicles. A grain of such vesicular pyroxene
(Ve-Px) is illustrated in Figure 2f with the small veinlet offshoots branching from it into the neighboring grain.
The Raman spectra of the vesicular pyroxene grains yield strong peaks at ∼334, ∼658, ∼676, and ∼1,006 cm −1,
and weak peaks at ∼394 and ∼936 cm −1, corresponding to enstatite (Figure 3). The vesicular pyroxenes entrained
in the SV are compositionally more variable (En73–81) (Table S1) than the parent low-Ca pyroxene (En77-80)
(Table 1). Nevertheless, the average composition of these vesicular pyroxenes (En78Fs21Wo1) is similar to the
low-Ca pyroxene (En78Fs20Wo2) present in the host rock (Table 1).
4. Discussion
4.1. Formation of Shock Features
4.1.1. Segmented Olivine
Numerous olivine grains exhibit cellular-like texture as a result of segmentation which represents subgrain
boundaries (Figure 2c). Such texture resembles closely the cleavable olivine common in the terrestrial shear
zone rocks, for example, mylonites (Nozaka & Ito, 2011). These cleavable olivines are formed during the release
process subsequent to the deformation of olivine grains subjected to localized shear stress. The cellular walls in
segmented texture are previously formed parting planes in the form of the subgrain boundary with high dislocation
density. Such subgrain boundaries form via diffusion of the dislocations common in the crystal and are thermally
activated. The SVs occurring in the shocked meteorites form in a similar manner. Collisions between asteroids in
outer space generate shock waves and numerous fractures. Impact-induced shearing along these fracture planes
produces frictional heating and subsequently causes melting. Therefore, the SVs are the result of impact-induced
Figure 2. Backscattered electron (BSE) image of the Kamargaon L6 chondrite: (a) Low magnification image shows Fe-Ni
metal-troilite eutectic intergrowth. (b) Portion of the sample shows shock vein (SV) and the host rock demarcated by a dashed
line. Many host rock fragments are entrained in the SV which show different textures and compositional heterogeneity.
(c) High magnification image of the boxed area in Figure 1b shows a coarse olivine (∼100 × 150 μm 2) grain displaying
segmentation texture. Two discrete fayalite rich (Fo67–70) lamellar zones are present at the center of the grain. Rounded
metal-sulfide blebs present inside the segmented olivine grain are indicated by arrows. (d) An elongated, and relatively coarse
grain of olivine present near the vein edge shows heterogeneous texture and composition with segmented core and vesicular
rim. (e) High magnification image of the boxed in Figure 1e revealing that the individual segments in the segmented core
parts are heterogeneous in composition with relatively iron-rich core and magnesium-rich rim. (Ve-Ol = vesicular olivine;
Se-Ol = segmented olivine). The portions marked as TEM_1 and TEM_2 show the locations of TEM lamella prepared by
FIB. (f) High-magnification image shows the presence of vesicular pyroxene (Ve-Px). The arrows indicate the offshoots
branching from the pyroxene grain into the surrounding material.
localized shear zones at high pressure and temperature conditions. Thus, the SVs found in meteorites are believed
to be analogous to S-type (shock type) pseudotachylites observed in the terrestrial impact sites as they are consid-
ered to form during the shock compression stage of the impact (Kenkmann et al., 2000; Spray, 1998; Van der
Bogert et al., 2003). Therefore, as they form when the material is experiencing high-pressure due to shock, they
may contain high-pressure polymorphs. The characteristic properties of S-type pseudotachylites which can be
Table 2
Major Element Composition of Segmented Olivine Grain With Two Discrete Lamellar Zones at the Center Analyzed by Electron Microprobe
Lamellar zones (light gray) Dark gray zone
SiO2 35.55 36.01 36.95 38.02 37.71 37.86 37.68 37.38 37.33 37.48 37.78 37.2
FeO a 31.9 29.56 27.67 22.67 23.27 23.49 23.00 23.37 23.58 24.57 22.38 23.81
MnO 0.40 0.47 0.46 0.56 0.52 0.5 0.56 0.47 0.46 0.52 0.53 0.48
MgO 32.35 33.13 35.66 39.69 38.72 38.73 39.03 39.22 38.2 37.94 39.77 38.46
CaO 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03
Total 100.24 99.18 100.79 100.98 100.26 100.61 100.32 100.53 99.62 100.54 100.48 99.98
Cation
Si 0.923 0.977 0.975 0.978 0.981 0.982 0.978 0.968 0.979 0.977 0.975 0.972
Fe 2+
0.692 0.671 0.611 0.488 0.506 0.509 0.499 0.506 0.517 0.536 0.483 0.520
Mn 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.011
Mg 1.375 1.340 1.403 1.521 1.501 1.497 1.509 1.513 1.493 1.475 1.530 1.497
Ca 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Total 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Oxygen 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Fo 66 67 70 76 75 75 75 75 74 73 76 74
aAll iron is assumed to be ferrous.
used to differentiate them from other impact induced melts are (Kenkmann et al., 2000; Spray, 1998): (a) the
boundary between SV and the host rock is irregular but sharply defined as can be seen in Figures 2b and 2d and
Figures S1a and S1b in Supporting Information S1 (Kenkmann et al., 2000; Stöffler et al., 1991) (b) they consist
of angular to subrounded fragments of the host rock entrained in microcrystalline matrix formed by fictional
melting (Spray, 1998; Van der Bogert et al., 2003) similar to the texture observed in the SV of the Kamargaon
L6 chondrite (Figure 2d, Figures S1b–S1d in Supporting Information S1); (c) intense fracturing of the host rock
material in the vicinity of the SV attributed to shock deformation (Walton, 2013) and emplacement of melt from
SV along these fractures into the host rock (Kenkmann et al., 2000) which is present in the Kamargaon L6 chon-
drite (Figures S1a and S1b in Supporting Information S1); (d) the mechanical breakdown of host rock fragments
along the shear zone by comminution which ultimately leads to frictional melting, results in grains consisting of
fractures (Kenkmann et al., 2000) (Figure S1c in Supporting Information S1); (e) evidences of shear displace-
ment of grains across the SV (Kenkmann et al., 2000). These kinds of shear displacements are mostly visible
when the width of the SV is lower than the average grain size which is ˂1 mm for ordinary chondrites (Kuebler
et al., 1999; Simon et al., 2018). The main SV in the Kamargaon L6 chondrite is too thick (1.6 mm) for any shear
displacement to be observable across the SV. However, some thin veins that probably postdate the main SV (in
some cases they fill the fractures in the host rock fragments) that show shear displacement across them (Figure
S1c in Supporting Information S1). (f) Presence of high-pressure polymorphs which were also present in the
Kamargaon L6 chondrite but later got back-transformed to the low-pressure phase as discussed in Section 4.1.1
(also see Tiwari et al., 2021).
Furthermore, the olivine grains in and around the SV experience high temperature but the shock compres-
sion suppresses the thermal expansion which results in high thermal stress in the olivine grains. Consequently,
high-strain energy gets stored in the grains and they become unstable. To ease off this stored strain, as a recovery
process, dislocations from different parts of a grain migrate to form a dislocation wall and divide one strained
grain into two, relaxed grains with a subgrain boundary between them. The core of the grain preserving the
segmented texture in Figures 2d and 2e shows heterogeneous composition within each segment, where the core
of each segment is light gray (Fe-rich) and the rim of each segment is dark gray (Mg-rich). Such compositional
zoning may be due to the interdiffusion of Fe-Mg during the segmentation process as reported in previous studies
(Miyahara et al., 2016, 2019).
The whole, relatively coarser (∼100 × 150 μm 2), grain in Figure 2c shows the

development of segmentation with two discrete lamellar zones of relatively
Fe-rich composition. Solid-state polymorphic transformation of olivine to
ringwoodite occurs through different mechanisms. The mechanism in which
ringwoodite nucleates along the grain boundary of parent olivine grain and
grow inwards via interface-controlled growth, is mainly dominant in smaller
grains (<100 μm) (El Goresy et al., 2005; Gillet et al., 2007). In such cases,
the parent olivine grain is eventually replaced with polycrystalline ringwood-
ite with triple junctions. In coarser grains (>100 μm), such as segmented
olivine grain in Figure 2c, intracrystalline nucleation and diffusion-controlled
growth of ringwoodite along deformation-induced planar defects like stack-
ing faults and fractures are more dominant (Chen et al., 2006, 2007; Ohtani
et al., 2004). It involves the initial nucleation of ringwoodite platelet. along
with planar defects via a coherent mechanism and is subsequently followed
by incoherent nucleation (Kerschhofer et al., 1998, 2000).
Moreover, during such polymorphic transformation of olivine to wadsley-
ite or ringwoodite, iron preferentially partitioned into the high-pressure
phases (Katsura & Ito, 1989). Therefore, in the shocked meteorites, when
olivine-wadsleyite or olivine-ringwoodite coexist together, they have a
compositional gap such that the olivine is more Mg-rich than its coexist-
ing high-pressure polymorph (e.g., Feng et al., 2011; Miyahara et al., 2008).
Furthermore, solid-state transformation of olivine to its high-pressure poly-
morphs is a reconstructive type polymorphic transformation involving the
breaking of bonds accompanied by structural rearrangement and thus are
energetically sluggish (Sharp & DeCarli, 2006). Therefore, metastable
olivine can persist up to the stability field of the ringwoodite/wadsleyite and
pressure overstepping is required to overcome the activation energy of nucle-
ation (Kerschhofer et al., 1998). It is important to note that at any point in
space and time, the phase having the least molar Gibbs free energy is the
most stable one. Hence, the larger the extent of overstepping the higher is the
difference between molar Gibbs free energy (ΔGm) of the stable (ringwoodite/
Figure 3. Representative Raman spectra of olivine present in the host rock as wadsleyite) and metastable phase (olivine) (Riedel & Karato, 1997). Conse-
well as vesicular and segmented olivine and vesicular pyroxene; HR-Ol = host quently, it becomes kinetically easier to nucleate the new phase which leads
rock olivine; Ve-Ol = vesicular olivine; Se-Ol = segmented olivine;
to immediate site saturation resulting from high nucleation rate (reflected as
Ve-Px = vesicular pyroxene.
the value of n closer to 1 in Avrami equation, e.g., Kubo et al., 2022). More-
over, in such transformations where overstepping of equilibrium boundaries
Figure 4. (a) Bright-field transmitted electron microscopy (TEM_ image of vesicular olivine in the SV of the Kamargaon
meteorite, from the rectangular box of Figure 2e, shows inequigranular subhedral and anhedral texture. The selected
area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of olivine along the [011] zone axis is shown in inset. Scale bars, 10 1/nm. (b)
Bright-field TEM image of segmented olivine, from the rectangular box of Figure 2f, shows polycrystalline assemblage of
euhedral to subhedral grains. The SAED pattern of the olivine along the [011] zone axis from the segmented olivine core part
is shown in inset. (c) High magnification TEM image of the boxed area in (b) shows the presence of triple junctions.
Table 3 is required, the grain size of the product phase (ringwoodite/wadsleyite) is

Major Element Composition of Different Types of Olivine Present in the inversely related to ΔGm and nucleation rate (Riedel & Karato, 1997). Thus,
Shock Vein of Kamargaon L6 Chondrite Determined by STEM-EDS reconstructive type transformation of olivine results in grain size reduction,
Phases Ve-Ol Se-Ol and the parent olivine grain is replaced by a polycrystalline assemblage
because of the nucleation rate of ringwoodite is relatively higher than its
Location Bulk Core Rim
grain growth rate (Kerschhofer et al., 2000; Riedel & Karato, 1997). When
SiO2 39.68 36.54 36.99 43.06 41.29 42.31 polycrystalline ringwoodite assemblage experiences high temperature under
FeO a
21.66 29.03 24.94 12.65 15.21 13.65 ambient pressure, it back-transforms to polycrystalline olivine assemblage
MgO 38.66 34.42 38.07 44.29 43.50 44.04 (Fukimoto et al., 2020; Ming et al., 1991). TEM images of the segmented
part reveal that it is a polycrystalline assemblage with triple junctions
Cation
(Figures 4b and 4c). Therefore, based on observed textures and composition,
Si 1.031 0.978 0.968 1.080 1.042 1.063
we suggest that the two discrete Fe-rich lamellar zones in the segmented
Fe 0.471 0.650 0.546 0.265 0.321 0.287 olivine grain in Figure 2c were lamellar ringwoodite/wadsleyite once formed
Mg 1.498 1.373 1.486 1.655 1.637 1.650 by intracrystalline nucleation and diffusion-controlled growth. Later they
Total 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 got back-transformed to olivine post-decompression due to high post-shock
Oxygen 4 4 4 4 4 4 temperature.
XMg 0.76 0.68 0.73 0.86 0.84 0.85
4.1.2. Vesicular Olivine and Pyroxene
Note. XMg = Molar Mg/(Mg + Fetot), Ve-Ol = vesicular olivine,
Se-Ol = segmented olivine, n = number of analyses. During a collisional event, the shock wave produced passes through the
aAll iron is assumed to be ferrous. projectile and the target, both consisting of grains of different minerals
having varied shock impedance (defined as the product of shock wave veloc-
ity in a material and density of the material). Detailed microscopic study
and computational modeling of shock front behavior in shock experiments
suggest that pressure heterogeneity and localized spikes in temperature may occur when shock waves inter-
act with mineral grains of different shock impedance (Baer, 2000; Bischoff & Stöffler, 1992; DeCarli, 1979).
Furthermore, Shock experiments on volatile bearing minerals have revealed that high-pressure conditions impede
the degassing process however after decompression degassing can take place massively if the post-shock temper-
ature is sufficiently high (Langenhorst, 2002).
Degassing of volatiles and gas bubble formation commonly result in the formation of terrestrial vesicular basalt
(Oppenheimer et al., 2003). Vesicle formation is common in the terrestrial rocks, however, it is rarely seen in
meteorites mainly due to differences in the parent body size, presence or absence of atmosphere, type, and abun-
dance of volatiles (McCoy et al., 2006). The larger size of the Earth as compared to the asteroids and the presence
of atmosphere results in a high value of gravity and limits the expansion and subsequent escape of volatiles
during magma extrusion. These factors allow even thin terrestrial lava flows to retain the gas bubbles and thus
the consequent formation of vesicles. By contrast, smaller size and absence of atmosphere impede the formation
of vesicles in lava flows on asteroids (McCoy et al., 2006; Wilson & Keil, 1997). Although the base of lava flows
on the asteroids may retain gas bubbles due to the overlying weight of lava, bubble retention would require the
formation of much thicker lava flows which is unlikely on asteroids (McCoy et al., 2006; Wilson & Keil, 1997).
4.1.2.1. Shock-Induced Localized Melting
Vesicle formation in meteorites has been mainly reported in basaltic achondrites (e.g., eucrites) with CO and CO2
as dominant vesicle-forming gases (McCoy et al., 2006; Wilkening & Anders, 1975). In addition, the formation
of vesicular olivine has been reported in Kobe and Karoonda CK4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ohnishi et al., 2007;
Tomeoka et al., 2001). Rubin and Moore (2011) found vesicles in the impact melt breccia in the Larkman Nuna-
tak 06299 LL chondrite, however, individual vesiculated olivine or pyroxene grains were absent in their sample.
The rare formation of vesicles in ordinary chondrites may be due to several reasons. First, the ordinary chondrites
consist of a much lower modal proportion of matrices. Second, they are relatively volatile-poor and less porous
as compared to the carbonaceous chondrites (Tomeoka et al., 2001).
Ohnishi et al. (2007) proposed that the vesicular olivines in the Karoonda CK4 chondrite are formed from a high
temperature and low-pressure shock event that caused a local spike in temperature which was sufficiently high to
melt the olivine (∼2,073K for Fo76). This led to shock-induced instantaneous heating followed by partial melting
of the part containing olivine. Then subsequent rapid cooling resulted in situ crystallization. They also found the
presence of a high density of dislocations and formation of subgrain boundaries in the vesicular olivine. They
suggested that these dislocations and subgrain boundaries are the results of deformation from a different shock
event which must have occurred after the shock event that formed the vesicular olivine. Their rationale was that
such deformation features as dislocations and subgrain boundaries could not survive the high-temperature event
responsible for the vesicle formation.
Small veinlet offshoots are found to be branching off from vesicular grains into the neighboring chondritic
portion (Figure 2f) which serves as additional evidence that these grains were melted once. In Figures 2e and 2f,
the segmented core part (Se-Ol) of olivine is preserved surrounded by the vesicular portion (Ve-Ol). The core
part seems to be embayed and engulfed by the vesicular portion. Such observations indicate that the shock event
responsible for the formation of segmented olivine preceded the shock event that formed vesicular pyroxenes
and olivines. We propose that the vesicular gains were formed due to local melting caused by localized temper-
ature spike during a shock event and subsequent degassing after decompression when the post-shock tempera-
ture was still high. Furthermore, we suggest that the elevated post-shock temperature could have been retained
for a few seconds by two mechanisms: (a) long slippage of fault walls along the SVs as suggested previously
(Miyahara et al., 2017) and, (b) conduction of heat from adjacent SVs and melt pockets that may have formed
overlapping thermal haloes (Shaw & Walton, 2013).
4.1.2.2. Mechanism for Vesicle Formation
We evaluate the viability of three possible mechanisms which may be responsible for the formation of vesicular
grains in the Kamargaon L6 chondrite: (a) liberation of S2 vapor, (b) evaporation of moderately volatile elements
(MVEs), and (c) vaporization of superheated (above liquidus) olivine and pyroxene. These possible mechanisms
can be tested by calculating the maximum amount of a chemical species that can be released from our sample
during vaporization and the amount that is needed for the formation of the observed volume of vesicles. The
volume fraction of vesicles in BSE images of our sample is estimated to be 8%–12% by using ImageJ software.
The mass fraction of gas (mg) required to create the estimated volume fraction of vesicles (vg) can be calculated
using Equation 1 (Benedix et al., 2008):
𝑚𝑔= 𝑃 𝑤𝑣𝑔 ∕(1 − 𝑣𝑔 ) 𝜌𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑇

(1)
where P is the pressure of vesicle formation (Pa), w is the molecular weight of the gas, ρng is the density of the
non-gas phase (solid or liquid) (kg/m 3), R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature of vesicle forma-
tion (K).
1. Liberation of S2 vapor: The presence of troilite melt has been previously proposed to be the reason for the dark-
ening of silicate grains (e.g., olivine) (Petrova & Grokhovsky, 2019; Rubin, 2015). Furthermore, troilite blebs
are present in the silicate grains in the Kamargaon chondrite (Figure 2c). Therefore, we propose that vesicles in
the Kamargaon meteorite may have formed due to the release of S2 vapor from the sulfide present in the silicate
grains. In the case of olivine, if the chemical species is S, then, w = 64 (for S2), vg = 0.12, ρng = 3,200 kg/m 3
(density of forsterite) (Tschauner, 2019), and T = 2,073K. If we consider the size of the parent body is ∼6.4 km
(estimated in Section 4.2), then the pressure at the center can be calculated by:
(2)
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺∕2𝑅𝑅
where G is the universal gravitational constant (6.67 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1s −2), M (4πρR 3/3) is the mass of the body
(∼4.66 × 10 14 kg), ρ is the density of the body (3,400 kg/m 3), and R is the radius (km). If ρ has the value of
3,400 kg/m 3 (Wilkison & Robinson, 2000), and R = 3,200 m, the calculated value of P comes to be ∼1.6 × 10 4 Pa.
Putting the values of all parameters in Equation 1 gives the value of mg as 2.62 × 10 −6. This means that the release
of ∼3 ppm of S is sufficient for the formation of the observed volume of vesicles in our sample. In case the
vesicles were formed in the primary parent body of the L chondrite before the separation of the ∼6.4 km sized
fragment, P = 5 × 10 5 Pa is adopted for the depth of a few km in the parent body of 150 km in size (Schmitz
et al., 2019). This value of pressure suggests that ∼80 ppm of S is required for the vesicle formation in the Kamar-
gaon meteorite. The average abundance of S in the ordinary chondrites is similar with a mean concentration of
∼2.3 ± 0.2% (∼23,000 ppm) (Dreibus et al., 1995; Wasson & Kallemeyn, 1988) and evaporation of only troilite
can liberate ∼210 ppm of S in the L chondrites (Benedix et al., 2008). These estimations suggest that the vapori-
zation of S2 vapor is a feasible mechanism for vesicle formation in the Kamargaon meteorite.
2. Evaporation of MVEs: Although carbonaceous chondrites have a higher abundance of highly volatile elements
(e.g., N, O, C, and H), L chondrites are relatively enriched in MVEs (e.g., Na, Mn, and K) (Scott & Krot, 2003;
Wasson & Kallemeyn, 1988). Therefore, it is possible that the vesiculation resulted from the outgassing of such
volatiles. The average elemental abundance of Na in the L chondrites is ∼7,000 ppm (Wasson & Kallemeyn, 1988).
High-pressure experimental studies using ultramafic compositions on the partitioning of Na between olivine and
melt gives the value of the average partition coefficient 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 as ∼0.0031 (Borisov et al., 2008). This indicates
( 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿 )
𝐴𝐴
that the olivine while crystallizing from the primary melt, can incorporate up to ∼22 ppm of Na in the L chon-
drites. The amount of Na required for the vesicle formation in our sample can be estimated using Equation 1.
Putting w = 23 and keeping the values of all the other parameters the same as above, we get mg = ∼1 ppm and
∼33 ppm for the parent body size of 6.4 and 150 km, respectively. These values are either less or comparable to
the total amount of Na that can be present in the olivine (∼22 ppm).
The partition coefficient of Na for orthopyroxene and𝐴𝐴melt (𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
) depends largely on pressure (GPa) and to a
lesser degree, temperature (K) and can be estimated using experimental expression (Blundy et al., 1995; McDade
et al., 2003) which yields:
[( ) ]
(3)
𝑂𝑝𝑥−𝐿
𝐷𝑁𝑎 = 10367 + 2100 − 165𝑃 2 ∕𝑇 − 10.27 + 0.358𝑃 − 0.0184𝑃 2
At T = 1,800K (liquidus temperature of En80Fs20), estimated value𝐴𝐴 of 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

is ∼0.011 for both the pressure
values of ∼1.6 × 10 Pa and 5 × 10 Pa. This indicates that ∼77 ppm (0.011 × 7,000) Na can be incorporated in
4 5
orthopyroxene in the L chondrites whereas the required concentration of Na in orthopyroxene for vesicle forma-
tion, as estimated using Equation 1, is ∼32 ppm.
The concentration of Mn in olivine present in the host rock of the Kamargaon meteorite is ∼3,500 ppm
(0.45 × 0.774457) (Table 1). Furthermore, the average concentration of Mn in olivine in the L chondrites
can be estimated using the average abundance of Mn in the L chondrites which is ∼2,570 ppm (Wasson &
Kallemeyn, 1988), and the partition coefficient of Mn which can be calculated by (Beattie et al., 1991):
(4)
𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿 = 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
+ 𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
𝜓𝜓 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 − 𝐵𝐵𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
𝐹𝐹
𝑋𝑋𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 =
𝐴𝐴𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹
𝑋𝑋𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 + 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐿𝐿
where
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿 𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
are partition coefficients of element i and Mg for phase α and𝐴𝐴melt, 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿 , 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿 , 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
𝐹𝐹
,
𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼−𝐿𝐿
𝐹𝐹
are constants whose values depend on the element and the phase in consideration, 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐿𝐿
are
mole fractions of FeO and MgO in the melt and ψ is the molar proportion of element occupying the octahe-
ol
dral site in olivine. Values of constants are taken from Beattie et al. (1991) 𝐴𝐴 as 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
= 0.290,
𝐴𝐴 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = −0.049,
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹 = 0.279,
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹 = 0.031 and the molar fraction is calculated using the bulk oxide composition of the
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
L chondrite (Jarosewich, 1990) which comes𝐴𝐴to be 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 0.172 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝐿𝐿
= 0.346. Feeding these values in
Equation 4 gives D = 5.063 and D = 1.262. We estimated the amount of Mn that can be incorporated in olivine
present in the L chondrites as: D× mean abundance of Mn in L chondrite (∼2,570 ppm) = ∼3,244 ppm which is
similar to the observed value in our sample, whereas the requisite concentration for vesicle formation given by
Equation 1 is ∼78 ppm.
Similarly, Mn partition coefficient for orthopyroxene and melt can be calculated using Equation 4 with constant
values
𝐴𝐴 of 𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
= 0.352,
𝐴𝐴 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = −0.025,
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹
= 0.286,
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂−𝐿𝐿
𝐹𝐹
= 0.059 (Beattie et al., 1991) which gives
the value
𝐴𝐴 of 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = ∼1.747. This indicates that ∼4,500 ppm Mn can get partitioned into orthopyroxene in the L
chondrites, whereas ∼76 ppm of Mn is needed for the vesicle formation in the Kamargaon chondrite as estimated
using Equation 1. Therefore, evaporation of MVEs can be a viable mechanism for the formation of observed
vesicles in the Kamargaon meteorite.
3. Vaporization of superheated olivine and pyroxene: Laboratory experiments on the vaporization of Mg-rich olivine
(Fo95) suggest the fractional vaporization of Fe relative to Mg with the volatility sequence Fe > Si > O2 > Mg
(Costa et al., 2017). This result indicates that the total vapor pressure above the vaporizing olivine will mostly
consist of partial pressure of Fe. The reported vapor pressure of Fe over olivine is ∼9 Pa (Costa et al., 2017). The
corresponding concentration of Fe in vapor phase can be calculated using the following formula: (vapor pressure/
atmospheric pressure) × 10 6, which gives the value ∼90 ppm. This estimation indicates that the forsteritic olivine
can liberate up to ∼90 ppm of Fe upon vaporization. Furthermore, the required Fe concentration for the vesicle
formation in the Kamargaon meteorite is estimated using Equation 1 and is ∼3 ppm and ∼80 ppm for 6.4 and
150 km large parent bodies, respectively.
The expected products of congruent vaporization of pyroxene can be estimated by the following equation
(Cremonese et al., 2005):
(5)
(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1−𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ) (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀1−𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 𝑂𝑂6 ⇔(1 − 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + (1 + 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 + 3𝑂𝑂2
where x and y are molar proportions of enstatite and ferrosilite. Taking the composition of low-Ca pyroxene in the
Kamargaon L6 chondrite as En80Fs20, the vaporization products will be:
(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0.02 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀0.78 𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹0.2 ) (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀0.8 𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹0.2 ) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 𝑂𝑂6 ⇔0.02𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 1.58𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 + 0.4𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 + 3𝑂𝑂2
Fe gas constitutes ∼6% of all the vapor products and being the most volatile of all the products will play the most
important role in the vesicle formation. Total equilibrium vapor pressure above vaporizing pyroxene at 1,800K is
∼536 Pa (Perez-Becker & Chiang, 2013). The partial pressure of Fe will be ∼32 Pa (0.06 × 536) which converts
to a concentration of ∼317 ppm of Fe. Thus, vaporization of pyroxene (En80Fs20) can liberate up to ∼317 ppm
of Fe which is much higher than ∼78 ppm, the concentration required to form the vesicles as estimated by Equa-
tion 1. Therefore, vaporization of the olivine and pyroxene could likely be the reason for the vesicle formation
in the Kamargaon meteorite. These estimated values of required and available abundance of different elements
suggest that all of the three possible mechanisms or any combination of them could have operated simultaneously
to result in the formation of observed vesicles in the Kamargaon L6 chondrite.
4.1.2.3. Chronology of the Composite Textures
The composite grains have a vesicular core and dissociated rim. These two textures may have formed either from
a single shock event or from the different shock events. The shock event which resulted in the formation of the
dissociated olivine would be a high temperature-pressure event that probably formed the high-pressure polymorphs
(now back-transformed ringwoodite/wadsleyite, amorphous plagioclase, and dissociated olivine) and the SV in the
Kamargaon L6 chondrite. The vesicular grains require local melting due to localized temperature spike during the
shock event. As the vesicular grains are entrained in the SV (Figure 2d), which was molten during the shock event,
an efficient localized temperature spike would not have been possible. Therefore, we suggest that these two textures
were formed as a result of different shock events where vesicular grains were formed before the dissociated olivine.
4.2. Estimation of Shock Conditions
Pressure-temperature conditions: Based on the textures and phases existing in our sample, the average shock
pressure and temperature conditions experienced by the Kamargaon L6 chondrite are estimated to be 24–25 GPa
and ∼2,310–2,633K (Text S1 in Supporting Information S1), respectively. Additionally, the calculated values of
post-shock and shock temperature are ∼1,226 and ∼1,386K, respectively (Text S2 in Supporting Information S1).
Thermal modeling: The crystallization of the melt starts at the contact of the SV and the host rock due to the
loss of heat via conduction from hot melt to cold host rock (Sharp & DeCarli, 2006). The crystallization then
proceeds toward the center of the SV, and the crystallization is completed when the temperature at the center of
the SV drops below the solidus temperature. The temperature (T)-time (t) history of the SV is estimated using a
one-dimensional non-steady heat conduction model and is described as:
(6)
𝜕𝜕T∕𝜕𝜕t = 𝛼𝛼(𝜕𝜕 2 T∕𝜕𝜕x2 ),

( )
𝛼𝛼 = 𝜅𝜅∕𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌p
where T is the temperature (K), t is time (s), α is thermal diffusivity (m 2/s), κ is thermal conductivity (J
s −1m −1 K −1), ρ is density (kg m −3), and Cp is specific heat (JK −1 kg −1). Equation 6 can be discretized for mathe-
matical operations and modeling using the finite difference method. It will yield the following equation:
( 𝑎𝑎
𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏+1 − 2𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 + 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏−1
𝑎𝑎 )
(7) 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎+1 = 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 + 𝛼𝛼∆𝑡𝑡
∆𝑥𝑥2
Figure 5. Calculated cooling history of the shock vein (SV) at its center and near vein edge, based on one-dimensional heat conductivity model. (a) The initial
temperature was 2,310K, corresponds to liquidus temperature of the Allende CV3 chondrite at 25 GPa. The shock vein reaches the temperature of 1,226K in ∼2 s.
Inset shows the quenching time along the vein center and vein edge calculated as time required for the temperature of shock vein to drop below the solidus temperature
(2,243K) for the Allende carbonaceous chondrite. The quenching time for vein center is ∼20 and 5 ms for vein edge. (b) The initial temperature was 2,633K,
corresponds to the liquidus temperature of KLB1 peridotite at 25 GPa. Inset shows the quenching time of 50 and 12 ms along the vein center and vein edge.
where a and b are integers, a is the known value of temperature at the current time step, and a+1 is the unknown
temperature value at the future point of time whereas b denotes location points. The thermal diffusivity in this
model is taken as 10 −6 m 2/s (Ohtani et al., 2004) whereas the starting temperatures for the model are taken as
2,310K (based on Allende data) (Figure 5a) and 2,633K (based on KLB-1 peridotite data) (Figure 5b). The
quenching time for both the data is calculated at the center of the vein and near the vein edge (Figures 5a and 5b,
inset). The post-shock temperature of 1,226K is taken as the final temperature for the model. The high-pressure
pulse duration is constrained by the quenching time as the crystallization of high-pressure minerals from liquid
requires that the high-pressure pulse duration must persist for at least when quenching lasts. The estimated quench
time at the center of the vein is ∼50 ms based on the KLB1 peridotite data (Figure 5b, inset) and ∼20 ms based on
the Allende chondrite data (Figure 5a, inset). The actual quench time for the Kamargaon L6 chondrite should lie
in between ∼20 and ∼50 ms but should be closer to ∼50 ms. According to the model, it takes the SV ∼2 s to cool
down to 1,226K. Most of the high-pressure minerals are stable at low pressure if the temperature is below 1,200K
or decompose sluggishly (Hu & Sharp, 2017). Thus, for the ringwoodite and
wadsleyite to back transform to olivine, the high-pressure pulse duration must
have been less than ∼2 s. This estimation of pulse duration is similar to previ-
ous studies (Miyahara et al., 2017; Ohtani et al., 2004; Xie et al., 2006). To
further investigate the ringwoodite/wadsleyite to olivine back-transformation
mechanism, we deciphered the T-t history of olivine grains by Equation 8
which gives the variation of T with t at a distance (x) from the vein center:
{ √ √ }
(8)
𝑇 = 0.5(𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑠 ) erf [(𝑤 − 𝑥)∕(2 𝛼𝑡)] + erf [(𝑤 + 𝑥)∕ (2 𝛼𝑡)] +𝑇𝑠
where Tm, Ts, 2w, and α are melt temperature, shock temperature, vein width,
and thermal diffusivity, respectively. We further calculated the T-t history of
olivine grains present near the vein wall (w ≈ x) while adopting the values of
Tm = ∼2,471K (average of 2,310 and 2,633K), Ts = 1,386K, and w = 0.0008 m
which gives the maximum temperature (Tmax) of ∼1,929K attained by the
olivine grains (Figure 6). It should be noted that we do not observe any
evidence of melting in the segmented and host rock olivines. Therefore, the
maximum temperature attained by these olivines cannot be more than the
solidus temperature of olivine (Fo74–76) present in the Kamargaon L6 chon-
Figure 6. Temperature-time history of the olivines present near or along the
drite, that is, ∼1,903K (Bowen & Schairer, 1935). This condition can only be
shock vein (SV) edge of the Kamargaon chondrite.
satisfied if the Tm ≤ ∼2,420K at which Tmax ≤ ∼1,903K (Figure 6). Furthermore, the ringwoodite has been exper-
imentally shown to have a thermal stability limit of 1,273K (Wang et al., 1997) and above which if decompression
occurs, it back-transforms to olivine. The T-t history for Tm = ∼2,420K (Figure 6) shows that the temperature of
olivine grains reaches 1,684K after 2 s (estimated pulse duration) which is far above the stability limit of 1,273K
and thus the pressure release at 2 s will cause instantaneous back-transformation of ringwoodite to olivine.
Impact velocity and parent body size: Particle velocity (Up), shock wave velocity (Us), and impact velocity (Ui)
are estimated to be ∼1.15, ∼5.56, and ∼2.30 km/s, respectively, by using the Rankine-Hugoniot equations (Text
S3 in Supporting Information S1). In addition, we computed the size of the parent body to be > 6.4 km based on
estimated shock pressure and pulse duration (Text S3 in Supporting Information S1).
4.3. Impact Events Recorded in Kamargaon Chondrite
Based on shock-induced textures and mode of occurrence of different phases, we attempt to establish the chron-
ological order of the formation of different shock-induced textures in the Kamargaon chondrite. As we have
already discussed (Section 4.1.2.1 and 4.1.2.3) that segmented olivine was formed first, followed by the forma-
tion of vesicular olivine and pyroxene grains, while the dissociated olivine and high-pressure minerals were the
last to formed. Coexistence of textures denoting distinct shock stages in a sample has previously been studied
and attributed to heterogeneous shock distribution in the target rock (e.g., Kato et al., 2017; Stöffler et al., 1991).
Friedrich et al. (2014) studied the NWA 7298 H chondrite breccia and observed that the presence of different
lithologies in their sample demarcated by distinct foliation patterns. These authors discounted the idea of heterog-
enous shock distribution and proposed that these distinct foliation domains were formed due to multiple impacts
and later brought together by material transport. Although heterogeneous shock distribution may have played
a role in the formation of the Kamargaon meteorite, it cannot describe the coexistence of different textures of
contrasting magnitudes within the same grain (e.g., Figure 2d). These observations suggest that these phases of
different magnitudes are formed by multiple impact events that occurred on the parent body of the Kamargaon
L6 chondrite. U-Th- 4He and K- 40Ar dating of the Kamargaon chondrite yielded radiometric ages of 170 ± 25 and
684 ± 93 Ma, respectively while Kamargaon L6 chondrite has cosmic ray exposure age of ∼7.0 ± 1.6 Ma (Ray
et al., 2017). These radiometric ages derived from U-Th- 4He and K- 40Ar are much younger as compared to the age
of the solar system (∼4.56 Ga) due to resetting of the K-Ar chronometer during a heating event caused by impact
and outgassing of He, respectively. Based on these observations, we envisage that the highest impact pulse prob-
ably corresponds to a ∼684 Ma event or similar catastrophic event that caused the major mineralogical-textural,
shock-induced manifestation in the Kamargaon L6 chondrite, for example, the formation of dissociated olivine
and high-pressure minerals. The vesicular grains and the segmented olivine formed probably prior to this main
reheating event. However, more impact age data from highly shocked L-chondrite data are necessary to better
constrain the impact histories in the asteroidal parent body. In addition, we suggest that this chronological order
of shock events may also have implications for the vesicle formation such that the high pre-shock temperature and
the shock-induced enhanced porosity (the result of the impact event that produced segmented olivine before the
vesicle formation) may have facilitated the vesiculation in the Kamargaon meteorite.
5. Conclusions
In this study, we investigated the textures, major element compositions, and microstructures present in the SV of
the Kamargaon L6 chondrite in detail. We also estimated the average shock pressure and temperature conditions,
shock pulse duration, impact velocity, and parent body size of the Kamargaon chondrite. Our main conclusions
are as follows:
1. T
he host rock portion of the studied sample mainly consists of olivine (Fo73–74), low Ca pyroxene
(En77–80Fs19–22Wo1–2), high-Ca pyroxene (En45–46Fs9–10Wo44–46), albitic plagioclase (Ab62–70An18–23Or12–15),
Fe-Ni metal alloy (kamacite and taenite), troilite, with minor amounts of phosphate and chromite.
2. Plagioclase in the SV has been transformed into amorphized plagioclase. Many olivine and pyroxene grains
exhibit vesicular texture whereas olivines exclusively display dissociation and segmentation texture.
3. We report for the first time, the presence of vesicular olivines and pyroxenes in an ordinary chondrite.
These vesicular grains possibly formed due to local melting caused by localized temperature spike during a
shock event and subsequent degassing after decompression when the post-shock temperature was still high.
Segmentation in olivine grains is subgrain boundaries formed as a recovery process subsequent to localized
shear stress.
4. Three possible mechanisms have been discussed for the vesicle formation in the Kamargaon chondrite as
follows: (a) liberation of S2 vapor; (b) liberation of volatiles such as Na, Mn, etc.; (c) vaporization of olivine
and pyroxene. Estimated values of available and required abundance volatiles suggest that all three or any
combination of these mechanisms could be responsible for the vesicle formation in the Kamargaon L6
chondrite.
5. Based on the phase assemblages present in SV in the Kamargaon L6 chondrite and comparison with experi-
mental phase relation studies on KLB-1 peridotite and Allende carbonaceous chondrite, the shock pressure and
temperature conditions recorded in the SV of the Kamargaon chondrite are ∼24–25 GPa and ∼2,310–2,633K,
respectively.
6. Based on shock pressure estimation, calculated impact velocity for the Kamargaon meteorite is ∼2.3 km/s.
The calculated crystallization time at the center of the SV with a thickness of 1.6 mm is ∼50 ms. The shock
pulse duration required for back transformation of high-pressure polymorphs is estimated to be ∼2 s which
implies that the parent body of Kamargaon L6 chondrite is ∼6.4 km across in size at least.
Data Availability Statement

All the data used in this study, including all the figures (Figures 1–6) and tables (Tables 1–3) in this manuscript,
and Table S1, Table S2, and Figure S1 in Supporting Information S1 can be accessed through the Figshare archive
(Tiwari et al., 2022).
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Tiwari - 2022 - JGR-Planets - Vesicular Olivine and Oyroxene

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RESEARCH ARTICLE Vesicular Olivines and Pyroxenes in Shocked Kamargaon L6

2. Experimental Methods

3.2. Segmented Olivines

Phases Ol 1σ LPx 1σ HPx 1σ Plag 1σ En 1σ Am. Plag 1σ

3.3. Composite Olivines

The portions correspond to vesicular and segmented regions of the composite

3.4. Vesicular Pyroxenes

The whole, relatively coarser (∼100 × 150 μm 2), grain in Figure 2c shows the

Table 3 is required, the grain size of the product phase (ringwoodite/wadsleyite) is

4.1.2.1. Shock-Induced Localized Melting

4.1.2.2. Mechanism for Vesicle Formation

𝑚𝑔= 𝑃 𝑤𝑣𝑔 ∕(1 − 𝑣𝑔 ) 𝜌𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑇

The partition coefficient of Na for orthopyroxene and𝐴𝐴melt (𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

At T = 1,800K (liquidus temperature of En80Fs20), estimated value𝐴𝐴 of 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

L chondrite (Jarosewich, 1990) which comes𝐴𝐴to be 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 0.172 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

4.1.2.3. Chronology of the Composite Textures

4.2. Estimation of Shock Conditions

4.3. Impact Events Recorded in Kamargaon Chondrite

Data Availability Statement

References From the Supporting Information

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