JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

SYNOPSIS  In 1888 Hallwachs under took the study further.
Electron Emission :-
 Metals have free electrons and these normally
cannot escape out of the metal surface.
 The free electron is held inside the metal surface
by the attractive forces of the ions.  From these observations he concluded that
 A certain minimum amount of energy is requried to
be given to an electron to pull it out from the surface
of the metal and this energy is known as “Work
Function”.
Work function ( . ) = 5.65 eV, highest (for platinum) 
. =1.88 eV, lowest (for ceasium)
Metal Work function Metal Work function
0 (eV) 0 (eV)
Cs 2.14 Al 4.28
He connected zinc plate to an electroscope. He
found that when zinc plate is illuminated with ultra
violet light it became positively charged. A positively
charged zinc plate became more positively charged
when it is further illuminated with ultra violet light .
negatively charged particles were emitted by the
zinc plate under the action of ultra violet light. After
the discovery of electron these particles were called
as photo electrons.
The emission of electrons from a metal plate when
illuminated by electromagnetic radiation of suitable
wavelength is called Photoelectric effect.
Lenard’s Experimental Study of
Photoelectric effect :
light of same wavelength

Hg e
K 2.30 4.49 C e A
e
Na 2.75 Cu 4.65
Micro
Ca 3.20 Ag 4.70 V Anmmeter

MO 4.17 Ni 5.15

Pb 4.25 Pt 5.56
 This minimum energy required for the electron
emission can be supplied by any one of the
 The apparatus used for experimental study of
following processes.
a) Thermionic emission : “Sufficient thermal
energy can be imparted to free electrons” by
suitably heating
b) Field emission: “By applying a very strong 
electric field (  108V / m )”.
c) Photo electric emission: “By irradiating the
metal surface with suitable E.M radiaton”.
 When key K is open and monochromatic light is
Photo electric effect :
 Photo electric effect was discovered by Hertz in
1887. In his experiments, Hertz observed that high
voltage spark passes across the metal electrodes
more easily when cathode is illuminated with ultra
violet rays from an arc lamp.
NARAYANAGROUP
K
() - +
photoelectric effect. A metal plate C called cathode
(emitter) and a metal cup A called anode (collector)
are sealed in a vacuum chamber.
A beam of monochromatic light enters the window
of a vacuum chamber and falls on cathode C. The
photoelectrons emitted are collected by the anode
A.
made incident on the cathode, then current is
measured by the ammeter. i.e., even though applied
voltage is zero current flows in the circuit.
These photoelectrons emitted from the cathode C
moves towards anode A. But less energetic
electrons comes to rest before reaching the anode.
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 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
 When anode is given positive potential w.r.t the i

photoelectric
cathode, electrons in the space charge are attracted

Saturation
towards the anode so photocurrent increases. If

potential of the anode is increased gradually the
effect of space charge becomes negligible at some
potential and then every electron that is emitted from
the cathode will be able to reach the anode. The
current then becomes constant even though voltage
is increased and this current is called saturation
photocurrent.
 When anode is given negative potential w.r.t the
cathode, the photo electrons will be repelled by
the anode and some electrons will go back to
cathode so current decreases. At some negative
potential anode current becomes zero.This
potential is called stopping potential.
 The minimum negative potential(V0) given to the
collector with respect to the emitter for which
‘photocurrent’ becomes zero is called ‘stopping
potential’.
 Stopping potential is related to maximum kinetic
energy of photoelectrons, because at this potential
even the most energetic electron just fails to reach
the anode.
So work done by the stopping potential is equal to
the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons.
1 2 1 Observations :
(e)(V0 )  mvmax 0 ;  e V 0  m v m2 a x
2 2
 A graph is plotted with current on y-axis and applied
voltage on x-axis. It is as shown in below graph
y saturation current.
photoelectric
current
I
O intensity
of light
Observations :
(i) It is observed that saturation photocurrent (i) is
proportional to the intensity (I) of incident light at
a given frequency
 Variation of saturation photo current
with stopping potential at constant
intensity : Keeping the frequency of incident light
and nature of the cathode constant, for different
intensities of incident light photo current is measured.
When a graph is plotted with photocurrent on y-
axis and applied voltage on x-axis. It is as shown
in figure.
(i) The value of stopping potential is independent of
the intensity of incident light, if frequency is constant.
(ii) The magnitude of saturation current depends on
the intensity of light. Higher the intensity, larger the

 Variation of frequency of incident light on

current

stopping potential :
Keeping the intensity of incident light and nature of
the cathode constant, for different frequencies of
-x x incident light, photo current is measured.
(-V0) o Anode
stopping potential (V) When a graph is plotted with photocurrent on y-
potential
axis and applied voltage on x-axis. It is as shown
 Variation of Photo current with intensity in figure.
of incident light : Keeping the frequency of
incident light and nature of the cathode constant,
current
photo

for different intensities of incident light saturation

v3v2v1
photo current is measured. saturation
v3 v
When a graph is plotted with saturation 2 v
1 current
photocurrent on y-axis and intensity of incident light -V03 -V02 -V01 O V
anode
on x-axis, it is as shown in figure. retarding
potential
potential

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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
Observations :
(i) Larger the frequency of incident radiation, larger is
the stopping potential.
So The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
electrons depends on the frequency of incident light
and nature of the metal plate. Maximum kinetic
energy of photo electrons is independent of the
intensity of incident light.
(ii) The saturation photo current is independent of the
frequency of incident radiation.
 Variation of Stopping potential with
frequency of incident light :
When a graph is plotted with stopping potential
on y-axis and frequency of incident radiation on x-
axis, keeping the metal constant, then it is as shown
in figure.
potential (vo)
Cs K Na A1 Cu
stopping
vo v1 v2 v3 v4
O
frequency of incident
Observations :
(i) Threshold frequency ( n0 )is a characteristic of the
metal plate and at this frequency, kinetic energy of
the photo electrons is zero.
(ii) Above threshold frequency, kinetic energy of
photo electrons range from zero to a maximum
value.
(iii) Maximum kinetic energy and Stopping potential
increases linearly with increasing frequency as
shown in the above figure.
LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:
 If the frequency of incident radiation is less than a
certain value called threshold frequency, electrons
are not emitted from a given metal surface,
whatever be the intensity of the incident radiation.
 The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
depends on the frequency of the incident radiation,
but it is independent of the intensity of the radiation.
The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is
a linear function of the frequency of the incident
radiation.
 The saturation photocurrent increases with intensity
of incident radiation, but it is independent of the
frequency of incident radiation.
 There is no time lag between the incidence of the
incident radiation and the emission of photo
electrons.
NARAYANAGROUP
DUAL NATURE
QUANTUM THEORY OF LIGHT:
 Since wave theory of light can not explain observed
facts about photo electric effect, Einstein thought
that light has got particle-like behaviour during its
interaction with matter. According to this theory,
light consists of particles associated with definite
amount of energy and momentum. These particles
were latter called as photons.
A photon is a packet of energy, given by E  hn
where h = 6.62x10-34 Js
(where Planck’s constant, h = 6.62x10-34 Js
= 4.14x10-15eVs)
n = frequency of the wave associated with photon
then C  n l
C= 3x108 ms-1 = velocity of light
l = wavelength of the wave associated with
hC
photon  E  hn 
l
Conclusions :
(i) Energy of a photon is normally expressed in electron
volt (eV)
(v) (ii) Electron volt is the change in the energy of an
electron when it passes through a potential difference
of one volt. 1eV = 1.6x10-19 J
(iii) Charge of a photon is zero, so it can not be
deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
(iv) Rest mass of a photon is zero. It is not a material
particle, it is a bundle of energy.
E hn h
(v) Effective mass of a photon is m 
 2 2
C 2
C nl
(vi) A photon possesses momentum given by
h hn E
p  
l C C
INTENSITY
 Intensity (I) of radiation at a given point is the energy
transmitted through unit area perpendicular to that
area in unit time. Intensity(I) of radiation at a
distance ‘r’from a monochromatic source of power
P
‘P’ is, I  . If ‘N’ photons are emitted in
4p r 2
time ‘t’ by a monochromatic source of power
‘P’then P  N h n  N h C . So increase in
t lt
intensity of monochromatic radiation means
increase in the number of photons incident on unit
area in unit time.
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 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V

W.E-1: While working with light and X-rays, there photoelectron was the result of the interaction of a
is a useful relation between the energy of a single photon with an electron, in which the photon
photon in electron volts (eV) and the is completely absorbed by the electron.
wavelength of the photon in angstom (A0).  The minimum amount of energy required to eject
Suppose the wavelength of aphoton is  A0 . an electron from a metal surface is called work
Then energy of the photon is function (W) of that metal. It is also called threshold
energy.
hc
Sol: E  hv   The minimum frequency of radiation required to
 eject an electron from a metal surface is called
Here wavelength = threshold frequency( n0 ) for that met al.
  1010 m; h  6.62  1034 Js, c  3  108 ms 1  W  hn 0
 Work function of a metal depends on nature of the
E 
 6.62 10    3 10 
34 8
metal, it will not depend on frequency and intensity
  1010 of the radiation.
 When a photon of energy hn is absorbed by an

 6.62  10   3  10  eV  12400 eV
 34 8

electron, an amount of energy at least equal to work

   10   1.6 10 
10 19
 function W (provided hn >W ) is used up in
liberating the electron from the surface and the
12400
E  eV difference ( hn - W) is equal to the maximum
 kinetic energy.of that electron.
Note : (  is taken in A0 and 12400 in A0 eV) 1 2
 mVmax  hn W (1)
W.E-2: If wavelength of radiation is 2 1
 hn W  mVmax 2
 (2)
4000 A  400nm then the energy of the
0
2
photon is 1
 hn  hn 0  mVmax 2
 (3)
hC 12400eVA0 1240eVnm 2
The above relation is called the Einstein’s
Sol: E     3.1eV
 4000 A0 400nm Photoelectric equation. Here ‘m’ is the mass of
W.E-3: A monochromatic source of light operating the electron and Vmax is the maximum velocity of
at 200 W emits 4  1020 photons per second. the photoelectrons. Infact, most of the electrons
Find the wagelength of the light. possess kinetic energy less than the maximum
N
value, as they lose a part of their kinetic energy
Sol: Power = P  h due to collisions before escaping from the metal.
t Thus from the above discussion the laws of
P 200 photoelectric effect from Einstein’s
E  20
 5 10 19
Energy of photon =  N  4 10 Photoelectric equations are deduced.
  i) From equation (1) maximum kinetic energy of
 t 
photoelectrons is KEmax  hn  hn0 .

 6.62 10    3 10  m  3.972 A
34 8
0 For photoelectric emission to take place kinetic
5  10 19 energy of electrons must be positive. It follows that
hn  hn 0  n  n0 .
EINSTEIN’S PHOTO ELECTRIC It proves that for photoelectric emission to take
EQUATION: place, from a given metal the frequency of the
 For explaining photoelectric effect, Einstein incident radiation must be greater than threshold
postulated that light consists of particles called frequency for that metal.
photons. Energy of a photon of frequency n is If frequency of the incident radiation is less than
hn . threshold frequency then no photoelectric emission
 According to this theory the emission of a will take place, whatever be the intensity of the

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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
incident radiation, or how long it falls on the metal 1 hC hC
(or) 2 mVmax  l  l
2
surface. 0
ii) From equation (1) it follows that maximum kinetic (f) eV0  E  W (or) eV0  hn  h n 0
energy of photoelectrons depends linearly on the
frequency. It proves that the maximum kinetic hC hC
(or) eV 0  
energy of photoelectrons increases as frequency l l0
of incident radiation increases.
Since Einstein’s equation does not involve a factor W.E-4: The work function of a metal is 3.0eV. It
representing intensity, it proves that the maximum is illuminated by a light of wave length
kinetic energy of emitted electrons is 3 x 107m. Calculate i) threshold frequency, ii)
independent of the intensity of incident the maximum energy of photoelectrons,
radiation. iii) the stopping potential. (h =6.63 x 10–34 Js
iii) According to Einstein, the photoelectric effect and c = 3 x 108ms–1).
arises , when a single photon is absorbed by a
single electron. So number of photoelectrons Sol. i) W = h n 0 = 3.0eV = 3 x 1.6 x 10–19J
ejected will be large if intense radiation is incident. Threshold frequency
This is because intensity of radiation is proportional
to number of photons per unit area per unit time. W 31.6 1019
Hence if intensity of incident radiation is larger, then n0    0.72 1015 Hz .
h 6.631034
number photons incident is larger and number of
electrons ejected is larger. ii) Maximum kinetic energy (Kmax) = h ( n – n0 )
It proves that number of photoelectrons ejected
from a metal surface depends on intensity of c 3108
incident radiation. Further, there is no effect of l  3 107 m, v  l   11015 Hz
3107
frequency of incident radiation on number of
photoelectrons emitted. It is because one photon Kmax = h ( n – n0 ) = 6.63 x 10–34 (1– 0.72) x 1015
is capable of ejecting only one electron, provided , J = 1.86 x 10–19 J.
n  n0 iii) Kmax = e V0 where V0 is stopping potential in
iv) According to Einstein, the basic process in volt and e is the charge of electron
photoelectric emission is absorption of a photon of
light by an electron. So as the photon is absorbed, K max
V0  . Here Kmax = 1.86 x 10–19 J and
emission of electron takes place instantaneously e
irrespective of intensity.
Conclusions : 1.86 1019 J
e = 1.6 x 10–19 C; V0   1.16V
(a) Alkali metals can cause photoelectric effect with 1.6 1019 C
visible light.
(b) Work function of Alkali metals is around 2eV. W.E-5: The work function of a photosensitive
(Cs=2.14eV, K= 2.3eV, Na=2.75eV, Al=4.28eV, element is 2eV. Calculate the velocity of a
Cu=4.65eV, Ag=4.7eV, Ni=5.15eV, Pt=5.65eV) photoelectron when the element is exposed to
Among all metals work function is least for Cesium( 0
2.14eV) a light of wavelength 4103 A .
hC Sol. Einstein's photoelectric equation is
(c) Work function W  hn 0 
l0
1 2 hc
mv   W0
where n0 =threshold frequency,, 2 l

l0 =threshold wavelength 1 2
mv 
6.62 3
1026  2 1.61019
10
(d) Einstein’s equation can be written as follows: 2 4 10 10
3

KEmax  E W (or) KEmax  hn  hn0 v2 

1.765 2
1012
hC hC 9.1
(or) K E m ax  l  l
0 1.765 2
v 106 = 6.228 x 105 ms–1
1 1 9.1
(e) m V m2ax  E  W (or) mVmax
2
 hn  hn 0
2 2

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 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
W.E-6: A metal of work function 4eV is exposed W.E-9: A monochromatic light of wavelength l
to a radiation of wavelength 140 x 10–9 m. is incident on an isolated metalic sphere of
Find the stopping potential.
radius a. The threshold wavelength is l 0
hc 6.62 1034  3108
Sol. E  E eV = 8.86eV which is larger than l . Find the number of
l 140 109 1.6 1019
photoelectrons emitted before the emission of
work function W0 = 4eV
photo electrons stops.
eV0 = E –W0 = 8.86 –4 = 4.86eV
Sol. As the metallic sphere is isolated, it becomes
 Stopping potential V 0  4.86V positively charged when electrons are ejected from
W.E-7: Radiations of wavelength 200nm it. There is an extra attractive force on the
propagating in the form of a parallel beam, photoelectrons. If the potential of the sphere is
fall normally on a plane metallic surface. The raised to V, the electron should have a minimum
intensity of the beam is 5mW and its cross energy W + eV to be able to come out. Thus,
sectional area 1.0mm 2 . Find the pressure emission of photoelectrons will stop when
exerted by the radiation on the metallic
surface, if the radiation is completely hc hc hc  1 1 
 W  eV = l  eV or, V  e    .
reflected.[Roorkee 2001] l 0  l l0 
12400 12400 The charge on the sphere needed to take its potential
Sol.  E    6.2eV  1018 J
l 200
Number of photons passing a point per second is to V is Q   4pe0 a V
P 5109 The number of electrons emitted is, therefore,
n   5109 . momentum of each
1018
Q 4pe0 aV  4pe0 ahc  1  1 
E
n  
e 2 l l0 
E
photon p   3.31027 J / s . Change in e e
C
momentum after each strike = 2p = 6.6 x 10–27 J/s
Total momentum change per second is W.E-10: A small metal plate (work function W) is
kept at a distance d from a singly ionized, fixed
dp n  2 p
F   5109  6.6 1027 331018 N ion. A monochromatic light beam is incident
dt t
on the metal plate and photoelectrons are
F 12
 pressure A  3310 N / m2 emitted. Find the maximum wavelength of the
light beam so that some of the photoelectrons
W.E-8: In a photocell bi chromatic light of wave may go round the ion along a circle.
length 2480 A0 and 6000A0are incident on a Sol. Electron is moving around the ion in a Circle of
cathode whose workfunction is 4.8eV. If a
uniform magnetic field of 3x10-5 T exists 1 e2 mV 2 1 e2
radius ‘d’. 4pe 2  d ,  mV 2 
4pe0 d
parallel to the plate, find the radius of the 0 d
circular path described by the photoelectron.
1 e2
(mass of electron is 9 x1031 kg )  K .E  ----------(1)
8pe0 d
12400 12400 12400 12400
Sol. E1    5 eV ; E2    2.06 eV
l1 2480 l2 6000 hc
As E2 < W0 and E1 > W0, photo electric emission But K .Emax   W ----------(2)
l
is possible only with 1 .
Maximum K.E of emitted photo electrons
K = E1 – W0 = 0.2 eV.
Photo electrons experience magnetic force and
move along a circular path of radius hc 8pe0 d
l
mn 2 mK e2  8pe0 dW
r  .
Bq Bq  r  5cm

6 NARAYANAGROUP
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Photo electric cells :-
 A device which converts light energy into electrical
energy is known as a photo electric cell or photo
cell.
 It is a technological application of the photo electric
effect.
 It is a device whose electrical properties are
affected by light:
 It consists of a semi-cylindrical photosensitive metal
plate (emitter) and a wire loop (collector).
 when light of suitable wavelength falls on the emitter
,photoelectrons are emitted and enters into the
circuit giving a few amperes of current.
 It converts a change in intensity of illumination into
a change in photocurrent.
 These are the devices used to convert light energy
into electrical energy.
 In the outer photoelectric effect photo electrons
liberated are emitted out of the metal surface.
 In the inner photoelectric effect photoelectrons
liberated are in the metal surface.
 There are three types of photo cells.
1) Photo emissive cells 2) Photo voltaic cells
3) Photo conductive cells.
 Photo emissive cells depend upon outer
photoelectric effect whereas photo voltaic and
photo conductive cells depend upon inner
photoelectric effect.
 Photo emissive cells are of two types.
1. Vacuum type and 2. Gas filled type
 In the Vacuum type of photo emissive cell, an
evacuated glass tube has its inner surface coated
with an alkali metal.
To study stellar spectra potassium hydride
photosensitive surface is used.
In the vacuum type, current is directly proportional
to the intensity of incident radiation.
 In a gas filled emissive cell, an inert gas such as He,
Ar or Ne at a low pressure, some tenths of mm of
Hg, is filled. Gas filled cells produce much more
intense photoelectric current due to ionization by
collision in the gas. But there is no proportionality
between the current and intensity of incident
radiation.
 Photovoltaic cell is a true cell as it generates e.m.f.
without the application of any external potential.
When light is incident on a semi conductor coated
on a metallic plate covered by a semi transparent
film electrons are emitted and travel in the direction
opposite to the light rays.
NARAYANAGROUP
DUAL NATURE
The semi conductors used are cuprous oxide,
selenium.
The metal plates used are copper plate, iron plate.
The semi transparent films used are silver, gold,
platinum.
For small load resistances the current is nearly
proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
 In a photo conductive cell, conductivity of a semi
conductor is increased when light falls on it. But
the response is slow. The current is not proportional
to the intensity of light. Photo electric cells are used
 in exposure meters
 to compare intensities of illuminations of two light
sources.
 in recording and reproduction of sound in films
 in video cameras
 to study stellar spectra
 in electronic relay circuits such as Burglar’s alarm,
counting devices, switching on and off street lights,
etc.
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER -
(de-BROGLIE HYPOTHESIS) :
 Photoelectric effect and Compton effect proves that
radiation behaves like particles (photons), where
as Interference and Diffraction proves that radiation
behaves like waves.
So ‘radiation has dual nature’ i.e., radiation behaves
like particles when interacting with matter and
radiation behaves like waves when propagating in
a medium.
de Broglie Hypothesis
1) The universe consists of matter and radiation only.
2) Nature loves symmetry
3) If radiation has dual nature then matter also should
have dual nature.
 According to de Broglie particles like electron,
proton and neutron, also have both wave and
particle properties. The waves associated with
moving particle are called matter waves and the
wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength
of a particle.
hC
For a photon Energy, E   mC 2

where m = effective mass then wavelength
h h
 
mC p
where p = momentum of the photon
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 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V

de Broglie extended the same for particles also. (ix) The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle is
So if a particle of mass ‘m’ is moving with velocity independent of nature of the particle and these
waves are not electromagnetic. Diffraction effects
‘v’ then its momentum p = mv, hence de Broglie
have been obtained with streams of electrons,
wave length of the matter wave associated with is protons, neutrons and alpha particles.
h h (x) de-Broglie explains Bohr’s criterion to select the
given by   
p mv allowed orbits in which angular momentum of the
Davisson and Germer studied the scattering of h
electrons by a nikel target. The wavelength  of electron is an integral multiple of . According
2
diffracted electrons was determined by Davisson
and Germer. The experimental values of wavelength to his hypothesis, an electron revolving round the
 were found to agree with the theoretical nucleus is associated with certain wavelength ‘  ’
h
value   which depends on its momentum mv. It is given by
m v
Hence it is concluded that electrons behaves like h h
waves and undergo diffraction.  
mv p
 For definite sized objects like a car the
In an allowed orbit, an electron can have an integral
corresponding wavelength is very small to detect
multiple of this wavelength.
the wave properties. But the de-Broglie wavelength
of the electron is large enough to be observed. That is the nth orbit consists of n complete de-
Because of their small mass, electrons have a small Broglie wavelengths 2rn  n n , where n is
momentum and hence large wavelength   h / p . the principle quantum number.
Conclusions : where rn is the radius of nth orbit and  n is
h h the wavelength of electron in nth orbit
(i) deBroglie wavelength   p  m v
2rn 2
Where momentum p = mv ; m=mass, v= velocity n  (or) n  (0.53 n2 ) Å .
h n n
(ii) deBroglie wavelength  
2mK ln  2p 0.53nA
2
p
where kinetic energy, K   p  2mK
2m (a)
(iii) If a particle having charge q starting from rest is
accelerated through a potential difference V then
gain in kinetic energy, K=qV
h (b)
so, deBroglie wavelength   2 m qV
12.27 o 150 o
(iv) For electron   A A
V V Figure (a) shows the waves on a string have a
wavelength related to the length of the string
0.286 o 0.082 o
(v) For proton   A A allowing them to interfere constructively as shown
V V
If we imagine the string bent into a closed circle we
0.202
(vi) For dueteron   Å get an idea of how electrons in circular orbits can
E
interfere constructively as shown in figure(b). If
0.101
(vii) For  particle   Å the wavelength does not fit in to the circumference
V
0 .2 86 the electron interferes destructively, electron can
(viii) for neutron   Å not exist in such an orbit.
E
where E = kinetic energy in electron volts
8 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
W.E-11: A particle of mass ‘m’ projected horizontally W.E-16: Photons of energies 4.25eV and 4.7eV
with velocity u. If it makes an angle q , with the are incident on two metal surfaces A and B
horizontal after some time, then at that instant, respectively. The maximum KE of emitted
its de Broglie wavelength is
electrons are respectively TA eV and TB =( TA -
Sol: For a projectile horizontal component of velocity
is constant. 1.5)eV. The ratio de-Broglie wavelengths of
u photo electrons from them is A : B =1:2, then

find the work function of Aand B
 v x  u x ; V cos q  u Sol. Debroglie wavelength
gt v
h 1 l T
(k = k.E = T); l  T
B A
l l 
h h cos q 2km k
 de Broglie wavelength, l   A B

mv mu
TA
2  TA  2eV
W.E-12: Electrons are accelerated through a TA 1.5
potential difference of 150V. Calculate the de
Broglie wavelength.  WA  4.25  TA  2.25 eV
Sol. V = 150V; h=6.62 x 10–34Js, m=9.1 x 10–31kg,  TB  TA  1.5  2 1.5  0.5eV
e = 1.6 x 10–19C  WB  4.7  TB  4.7  0.5  4.2 eV
h 6.62 1034 0
l   1A HEISEN-BERG UNCERTAINITY
2Vem 2  9.11031 1.6 1019 150
PRINCIPLE
W.E-13: Find the ratio of de Broglie wavelength  The matter-wave picture elegantly incorporated the
of molecules of hydrogen and helium which Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. According to
are at tem peratures 27°C and 127°C the principle, it is not possible to measure both the
respectively position and momentum of an electron (or any other
h H h  mHe THe 8 particle) at the same time exactly. There is always
Sol. Since,   m  ;   mH TH

3
3mkT He some uncertainity  x  in the specification of
W.E-14: With what velocity must an electron travel position and some uncertainity  p  in the
so that its momentum is equal to that of a
0
specification of momentum. The product of x
photon with a wavelength of 5000 A h
( h  6.6 x1034 Js , me  9.1x1031 Kg ) and p is of the order of h (with   ) i.e.,
2
h 6.6 1034 xp  h .
Sol. mv   v  31 10
 1450 m / s
l 9.110  5000 10  Equation allows the possibility that x is zero, but
W.E-15: If 10,000V applied across an X-ray tube, then p must be infinite in order that the product
what will be the ratio of deBroglie wavelength is nonzero. Similarly, if p is zero, x must be
of the incident electrons to the shortest infinite. Ordinarily, both x and p are nonzero
wavelength of X-ray produced (e/m of electron
such that their product is of the order of  h .
is 1.7 x1011C / Kg )  Now, if an electron has a definite momentum p ,
Sol. Debroglie wave length of incident electron is
(i.e., p =0), by the de Broglie relation, it has a
h
l1  ........ 1 definite wavelength  . A wave of definite (single)
2meV
wavelength extends all over space. By Born’s
hc probability interpretation this mens that the electron
Shortest wavelength of x ray photon is l2  ..... 2
Ve is not localized in any finite region of space. That
l1 1 V   is, its position uncertainity is infinite  x    ,
    e   0.1
l2 c  m 
 2  which is consistent with the uncertainity principle.
NARAYANAGROUP 9
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
 In general, the matter wave associated with the proton is 6  108 m , then the m inim um
electron is not extended all over space. It is a wve uncertainity in its speed is
packet extending over some finite region of space.

In that case x is not infinite but has some finite Sol: p  mv 
value depending on the extension of the wave x
packet. Also, you must appreciate that a wave  1.034  1034
or v   1
packet of finite extension does not have a single mx 1.67 10 27  6  108  1 ms
wavelength. It is built up wavelengths spread
around some central wavelength. W.E-18: The correctness of velocity of an electron
 By de Broglie’s relation, then, the momentum of movign with velocity 50 ms-1 is 0.005%. The
the electron will also have a spread - an uncertainity accuracy with which its position can be
p . This is as expected from the uncertainity measured will be
principle. It can be shown that the wave packet 0.005  50
Sol: Here, v   0.0025ms 1
description together with de Broglie relation and 100
Born’s probability interpretation reproduce the
Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle exactly.  1.034 1034
x  
 The de Broglie relation will be seen to justify bohr’s mv 9.11031  0.0025
postulate on quantisation of angular momentum of  4634 105 m
electron in an atom.
Figure shows a schematic diagram of (a) a localised DAVISSON AND GERMER’S ELECTRON
wave packet, and (b) an extended wave with fixed DIFFRACTION EXPERIMENT
wavelength. i) The first experimental evidence of matter wave was
given by two American physicists, Davisson and
Germer in 1927. They also succeeded in measuring
the de - Broglie wave length associated with slow
electrons.
ii) A beam of electron emitted by electron gun is made
(a) to fall on nikel crystal cut along cubical axis at a
particular angle.
iii) Ni crystal behaves like a three dimensional diffraction
grating and it diffracts the electron beam obtained
from electron gun.
 iv) The diffracted beam of electrons received by the
(b) detector which can be positioned at any angle by
Figure (a) the wave packet description of an rotating about the point of incidence.
electron. The wave packet corresponds to a spread
of wavelength around some central wavelength (and
hence by de Broglie relation, a spread in
momentum). Consequently, it is associated with
an uncertainity in position  x  and an uncertainity

in momentum  p  . (b) the matter wave

corresponiding to a definite momentum of an
electron extends all over space. In this case,
p  0 and x   .
W.E-17: If the uncertainity in the position of
v) The energy of the incident beam of electron can
also be varied by changing the applied voltage to
the electron gun.
vi) According to classical physics, the intensity of

10 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
scattered beam of electrons was not the same but angle ‘  ’.
different at different angles of scattering. It is
maximum for diffracting angle 500 at 54 volt P.D.  
  90  and d  D cos  D sin
vii) It is seen that a bump begins to appear in the curve 2 2
for 44 volt electrons. With increasing potential, the 
bump moves upwards and becomes most using sin   cos
2
prominent in the curve for 54 volt electrons at
 f f
  500 . At higher potential the bump gradually l  2 d sin q  2 d  sin  cos  d sin f
 2 2
disappears.
l  d sin f
Incident beam

ADDITIONAL
X-RAYS :
Roentgen discovered the X-rays.
44V 48V i) Most commonly x-rays are produced by the
deceleration of high energy electrons bombarding
a hard metal target.
500 ii) The target should have
54V
a) high atomic weight
60V
b) high melting point
viii) If the de Broglie waves are associated with electron, c) high thermal conductivity
then these should be diffracted like x - rays. using
iii) They are electromagnetic waves of very short
the Bragg’s formula 2d sin   n , we can wavelength. i.e., order of wavelength 0.1A° to
determine the wavelength of these waves. 100A° , order of frequency 1016Hz to 1019 Hz,
Where ‘d’ is the distance between the diffracting order of energy 124eV to 124keV
180    iv) Most of the kinetic energy of electrons is converted
planes.    = glancing angle for incident
 2  into heat and only a fraction is used in producing x-
beam = Bragg’s angle. rays (less than 1% x - rays and more than 99%
ix) The distance between diffracting planes in Ni - heat).
crystal for this experiment is d = 0.91A0 and for v) Intensity of x-rays depends on the number of
n = 1;   2  0.91 10 10 sin 65 = 1.65A0 electrons striking the target which inturn depends
on filament current.
Now debroglie wave length can also be determined
vi) Quality of x - rays (hard /soft) depends on P.D
12.27 12.27
using the formula ;     1.67 A0 applied to x - rays tube.
V 54
vii) high frequency x-rays are called hard x-rays
0 =50 viii) low frequency x-rays are called soft x-rays
=65
ix) Penetrating power of x-rays is a function of
potential difference between cathode and target.
D

d
x) Interatomic distance in crystals is of the order of
the wavelength of x-rays hence crystals diffract x-
rays.
Atomic
planes xi) Production of x-rays is converse of photoelectric
effect.
Thus the deBroglie hypothesis is verified.
x) The Bragg’s formula can be rewritten in the form X-RAY SPECTRUM
containing inter atomic distance D and scattering
NARAYANAGROUP 11
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V

i) Continuous X-ray spectrum: ii) Characterstic X-ray spectrum:

a) It is produced when high speed electrons are
suddenly stopped by a metal target. 12
b) It contains all wave lengths above a minimum 10 K K
35KV

Intensity
wavelength  m . ( continuous spectrum ) For a 8
given accelerating potential,  m is called cut off wave 6
length. 4
c) Properties of continuous x - rays spectra are 2
min
independent of nature of target metal and they o -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10
depend only on accelerating potential. Wave length in A0
12 a) Produced due to transition of electrons from higher
10 50KV energy level to lower energy level in target atoms
8 40KV
b) Wavelengths of these x-rays depend only on atomic
Intensity

6 number of the target element and independent of

4 30KV
target potential.
2 20KV c) Characteristic x-rays of an element consists of K,
o -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 L,M and N series.
d) K-series of lines are obtained when transition takes
0
Wave length in A place from higher levels to k shell

d) hc 12400 0
min   A K L
eV V L
K M
M
1
 min it is Duane and Hunt’s law +
V
e) Maximum frequency of emitted x - ray photon is K
L
ev M
max  N
h
O
f) In this spectrum intensity first increases, reaches a
maximum value I and then decreases. e) This spectrum is useful in identifying the elements
max
g) Every spectrum starts with certian minimum wave by which they are produced.
length called limiting wave length or cut off wave
f) Relation among the energies Ek  Ek  Ek ,
length min .
h) With the increase in target potential, min and Ek  EL
wavelength corresponding to maximum intensity g) Intensity of x - rays Ik  Ik  Ik
 0 shifts towards minimum wavelength side. h) Relation among frequences k , k and L is
i) At a given potential the range of wave length of
1 1 1
continous x - rays produced is min to  . nkb  nka  nLa   
l Kb lKa lLa
j) Efficiency of x - ray tube
out put power hc
 100 h) EK  E L  hn K a 
input power lK a
input power P = VI. Where V is P.D applied to x -
ray tube I = anode current
12 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE

he iii) ak  ak  ak

EK  EM  hn K b 
lK b iv) The intercept on ‘Z’ axis gives the screening constant
‘b’ and it is constant for all spectral lines in given
he series but varies with the series.
EL  EM  hn La 
lK a
b = 1 for k series ( k  , k  , k  )
iii) Intensity and wavelength      graph b = 7.4 for L series
v) The wavelength of characteristic X-rays is given
 1 1
 1 2  2  2
by =R(Z-b)  n1 n2 


I vi) Ratio of wavelengths k  and k  lines from a given

 k 32
min 0 k k target is   27 .
k

As target potential V is increased vii) Significance :
a)  0   m in  decreases a) The elements must be arranged in the periodic table
as per their atomic numbers but not on their atomic
b) Wavelength of k  remains constant. weights.
b) Helped to discover new elements like masurium
c) diffrence between  and  increases
kmin (43) and illinium (61) etc.
d) diffrence between  k line and  k line remains c) Decided the positions and atomic numbers of rare

earth metals.
constant.
e) Difference between  k   0 increases. C. U. Q
MOSELEY’S LAW PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT
1. The rest mass of a photon is
i) “The square root of frequency ( v ) of the spectral
line of the characteristic x-rays spectrum is directly 1) zero 2) 1.6  10 19 kg
proportional to the atomic number(z) of the target 3) 3.1  10 30 kg 4) 9.1  10 31 kg
element.
2. The mass of a photon in motion is (given its
  Z or  =a(Z-b) frequency = x )
hx hx 3
 1) 2 2) hx 3 3) 2 4) zero
v c c
 3. Photoelectric effect supports the quantum
0 nature of light because
b=1 Z
1) There is minimum frequency of light above which
ii) The slope(a) of  -Z curve varies from series to no photo electrons are emitted
series and also from line to line of a given series. 2) The maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons
depends on both frequency and intensity of light
n1  Z1 1 
  3) Even when a metal surface is faintly illuminated,
For K series n 2  Z 2 1 the photoelectrons do not leave the surface
immediately
l2  Z1 1  4) The maximum K.E. of photo electrons depends
  
l1  Z 2 1 only on the frequency of light and not on intensity

NARAYANAGROUP 13
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
4. Which of the following statement is wrong? 13. Intensity of light incident on a photo sensitive
1) Einstein explained photo electric effect with the surface is doubled. Then
help of quantum theory 1) the number of emitted electrons is tripuled
2) Millikan determined the value of planck’s 2) the number of emitted electrons is doubled
constant depending upon the property of photo 3) the K.E of emitted electrons is doubled
electric effect 4) the momentum of emitted electrons is doubled
3) The maximum K.E. of the photo electrons 14. A point source of light is used in a photoelectric
depends upon the intensity of incident radiation effect. If the source is moved farther from the
4) As the frequency of incident photon increases emitting metal, the stopping potential
the corresponding stopping potential also increases 1) will increase 2) will decrease
5. In photoelectric emission, the energy of the 3) will remain constant
emitted electron is 4) will either increase or decrease
1) larger than that of the incident photons 15. If the frequency of light in a photoelectric
2) smaller than that of the incident photons experiment is doubled, the stopping potenital
3) same at that of the incident photons will
4) proportional to the intensity of the incident light 1) be doubled 2) be halved
6. A laser beam of output power ‘P’ consists only 3) become more than double
of wavelength  . If Planck’s constant is h and 4) become less than double
the speed of light is c, then the number of 16. With the decrease in the wave length of the
photons emitted per second is incident radiation the velocity of the
1) P  /hc 2) P  /h 3) hc/P  4) hc/P photoelectrons emitted from a given metal
7. In photoelectric effect, which of the following 1) remains same 2) increases
property of incident light will not affect the 3) decreases
stopping potential 4) increases first and then decreases
1) Frequency 2) Wavelength 17. Sodium surface is illuminated with ultraviolet
3) Energy 4) Intensity light and visible radiation successively and the
8. The best suitable metal for photo electric effect stopping potentials are determined. Then the
is potential
1) Iron 2) Steel 3) Aluminium 4) Cesium 1) is equal in both the cases
9. Photo electric effect can be explained only by 2) greater for ultraviolet light
assuming that light 3) more for visible light
1) is a form of transverse waves 4) varies randomly
2) is a form of longitudinal waves 18. In photo electric effect, the slope of the
3) can be polarized 4) consists of quanta straight line graph between stopping potential
10. When green light is incident on a metal, photo and frequency of the incident light gives the
electrons are emitted by it but no photo ratio of Planck’s constant to
electrons are obtained by yellow light. If red 1) charge of electron 2) work function
light is incident on that metal then 3) photo electric current 4) K.E. of electron
1) No electron will be emitted 19. From the graph shown, the value of Work
2) Less electrons will be emitted function if the stopping potential (V), and
3) More electrons will be emitted frequency of the incident light, v , are on y and
4) we can not predict x- axes respectively is
11. If the energy and momentum of a photon are V
E and P respectively, then the velocity of 3
photon will be 2
1) E/P 2) (E/P)2 3) EP 4) 3x107 m/s 1
v
12. The photo electric effect proves that light -1
-2
consists of -3
1) Photons 2) Electrons 1) 1eV 2) 2eV 3) 4eV 4) 3eV
3) Electromagnetic waves 4) Mechanical waves
14 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
20. A graph is drawn between frequency of the 27. The correct curve between the stopping
incident radiation (on X- axis) and stopping potential (Vo ) and intensity of incident light
potential (on Y-axis). Then the slope of the (I) is
straight line indicates
1) h.e 2) h/e 3) e/h 4) (e-h)
21. In an experiment of photo electric emission
for incident light of 4000 A0, the stopping
potential is 2V. If the wavelength of incident
light is made 3000 A0 , then the stopping
potential will be
1) Less than 2 volt 2) More than 2 volt
3) 2 volt 4) Zero
22. Light of wavelength  falls on a metal having 28. The photo electrons emitted from the surface
of sodium metal are
work function hc / o Photoelectric effect will 1) Of speeds from 0 to a certain maximum
take place only if 2) Of same de Broglie wavelength
1)    0 2)   2 0 3) Of same kinetic energy
4) Of same frequency
3)    0 4 )   0 / 2 29. The necessary condition for photo electric
emission is
23. Emission of electrons in photoelectric effect
is possible, if 1) h  h0 2) h  h0
1) metal surface is highly polished 3) Ek > h0 4) Ek < h0
2) the incident light is of sufficiently high intensity 30. At stopping potential, the photo electric
3) the light is incident at right angles to the surface current becomes
4) the incident light is of sufficiently low wavelength 1) Minimum 2)Maximum
3) Zero 4) Infinity
24. The work function of a metal
31. Stopping potential depends on
1) is different for different metals 1) Frequency of incident light
2) is the same for all the metals 2) Intensity of incident light
3) depends on the frequency of the light 3) Number of emitted electrons
4) depends on the intensity of the incident light 4) Number of incident photons
25. The process of photo electric emission depends 32. Work function is the energy required
on 1) to excite an atom
2) to produce X-rays
1) Temperature of incident light 3) to eject an electron just out of the surface
2) Nature of surface 4) to explode the atom
3) Speed of emitted photo electrons 33. Threshold wavelength depends on
4) Speed of the incident light 1) frequency of incident radiation
26. The threshold wavelength of lithium is 8000 2) work function of the substance
A0. When light of wavelength 9000 A0 is made 3) velocity of electrons
to be incident on it, then the photo electrons 4) energy of electrons
1) Will not be emitted 34. If the work function of a metal is 0 , then its
2) Will be emitted threshold wavelength will be
3) Will sometimes be emitted and sometimes not c 0 h 0 hc
1) hc 0 2) 3) 4) 
4) Data insufficient h c 0

NARAYANAGROUP 15
 DUAL NATURE
35. The work function of a metal is X eV When
light of energy 2X eV is made to be incident
on it then the maximum kinetic energy of
emitted photo electron will be
1) 2 eV 2) 2X eV
3) X eV 4) 3X eV
36. If the distance of 100W lamp is increased from
a photocell, the saturation current i in the
photo cell varies with distance d as
1 1
1) i  d2 2) i  d 3) i  4) i  2
d d
37. A source of light is placed at a distance 4m
from a photocell and the stopping potential is
then 7.7 volt. If the distance is halved, the
stopping potential now will be
1) 7.7 volt2) 15.4 volt
3) 3.85 volt 4) 1.925 volt
38. A milliammeter in the circuit of a photocell
measures
1) number of electrons released per second
2) energy of photon
3) velocity of photoelectrons
4) momentum of the photo electrons
39. The Einstein’s photoelectric equation is based
upon the conservation of
1) Mass 2)momentum
3) angular momentum 4) energy
40. The stopping potential of the photocell is
independent of
1) wavelength of incident light
2) nature of the metal of photo cathode
3) time for which light is incident
4) frequency of incident light
41. The maximum energy of emitted photo
electrons is measured by
1) the current they produce
2) the potential difference they produce
3) the largest potential difference they can
transverse
4) the speed with which they emerge
42. Three metals have work functions in the ratio
2:3:4. Graphs are drawn for all between the
stopping potential and the incident frequency.
The graphs have slopes in the ratio
1) 2: 3: 4 2) 4: 3: 2
3)6: 4: 3 4)1: 1: 1
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
43. The curve between current (I) and potential
difference (v) for a photo cell will be
1) I 2) I
V V
3) I 4) I
V V
44. Which conservation law is obeyed in Einstein’s
photo electric equation?
1) Charge 2) Energy 3) Momentum 4) Mass
45. In photo electric effect, the photo electric
current
1) increases when the frequency of incident photon
increases
2) decreases when the frequency of incident photon
decreases
3) does not depend upon the photon frequency
but depends on the intensity of incident beam
4) depends both on the intensity and frequency of
the incident beam.
46. The photoelectric current can be increased by
1) increasing frequency
2) increasing intensity
3) decreasing intensity
4)decreasing wavelength
47. The threshold wavelength for sodium is
5 x 10–7 m. Photoemission occurs for light of
1) Wavelength of 6 x 10-7 m and above
2) Wavelength of 5 x 10–7 m and below
3) Any wavelength
4) All frequencies below 5 x 1014 Hz
48. If Planck’s constant is denoted by h and
electronic charge by e, then photoelectric
effect allows determination of:
1) Only h 2) Only e
3) Both h and e 4) Only h/e
49. The electron behaves as waves because they
can
1) be diffracted by a crystal
2) ionise a gas
3) be deflected by magnetic fields
4) be deflected by electric fields

16 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
50. A nonmonochromic light is used in an 58. Maximum kinetic energy (E k) of a
experiment on photoelectric effect. The photoelectron varies with the frequency ( v )
stopping potential of the incident radiation as
1) is related to the mean wavelength
2) is related to the longest wavelength
3) is related to the shortest wavelength Ek Ek
a) b)
4) is not related to the wavelength
51. The incident photon involved in the V V
photoelectriceffect experiment
1) completely disappears
2) comes out with increased frequency c)
Ek
d)
Ek
3) comes out with a decreased frequency
4) comes out with out change in frequency V V
52. In a photoelectric experiment, the maximum
velocity of photoelectrons emitted 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
1) depends on intensity of incident radiation 59. Which one of the following is true in
2) does not depend on cathode material photoelectric emission
3) depends on frequency of incident radiation 1) photoelectric current is directly proportional to
4) does not depend on wavelength of incident the amplitude of light of given frequency
radiation 2) photoelectric current is directly proportional
53. The number of electrons emitted by a surface to the intensity of light of given frequency at
exposed to light is directly proportional to moderate intensities
1) Frequency of light 2) Work function 3) above the threshold frequency the maximum
3) Thereshold wavelength 4) Intensity of light kinetic energy of photoelectrons is inversely
54. Emission of electrons in photo electric effect proportional to the frequency of incident light
is possible, if 4) the threshold frequency depends on the intensity
1) metal surface is highly polished of incident light
2) the incident light is of sufficiently high intensity
60. If the work function of the metal is W and the
3) the light is incident at right angles to the surface
frequency of the incident light is , then there
4) the incident light is of sufficiently low wavelength
55. When orange light falls on a photo sensitive is no emission of photoelectrons if
surface the photocurrent begins to flow. The 1) v < W/h 2) v > W/h
velocity of emitted electrons will be more when 3) v  W/h 4) v  W/h
surface is hit by 61. Kinetic energy with which the electrons are
1) red light 2) violet light emitted from a metal surface due to
3) thermal radiations 4) radio waves photoelectric effect is
56. When the amplitude of the light wave incident 1) Dependent of the intensity of illumination
on a photometal sheet is increased then 2) Dependent on the frequency of light
1) the photoelectric current increases 3) Inversely proportional to the intensity of
2) the photoelectric current remains unchanged illumination
3) the stopping potential increases 4) Directly proportional to the intensity of
4) the stopping potential decreases illumination
57. Which of the following is dependent on the 62. When ultraviolet radiation is incident on a
intensity of incident radiation in a photoelectric surface, no photoelectrons are emitted. If a
experiment second beam causes emission of
1) work function of the surface photoelectrons, it may consist of :
2) amount of photoelectric current 1) radio waves 2) infrared rays
3) stopping potential
3) visible light rays 4) X-rays
4) maximum kinetic energy

NARAYANAGROUP 17
 DUAL NATURE
63. The maximum kinetic energy (Ek) of emitted
photoelectrons against frequency v of incident
radiation is plotted as shown in fig. The slope
of the graph is equal to
K
Ek
V
1) charge on electron
2) work function of emitter
3) Planck’s constant
4) ratio of Planck’s constant and chargeon electron
64. Einstein’s photoelectric equation states that
Ek = h v - W, In this equation Ek refers to :
1) kinetic energy of all ejected electrons
2) mean kinetic energy of emitted electrons
3) minimum kinetic energy of emitted electrons
4) maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons
65. The function of photoelecrtic cell is
1) to convert electrical energy into light energy.
2) to convert light energy into electrical energy
3) to convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy
4) to convert DC into AC.
66. Photoelectric effect can be explained only by
assuming that light:
1) is a form of transverse waves
2) is a form of longitudinal waves
3) can be polarised 4) consists of quanta
67. When light falls on a photosensitive surface,
electrons are emitted from the surface .The
kineticenergy of these electrons does not
depend on the:
1) Wave length of light
2) thickness of the surface layer
3) type of material used for the layer
4) intensity of light.
68. Photoelectric effect is described as the ejection
of electrons form the surface of a metal when:
1) it is heated to a high temparature
2) light of a suitable wave lenght is incident on it
3) electrons of a suitable velocity impinge on it
4) it is placed in a strong electric field
69. Though quantum theory of light can explain a
18
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
number of phenomena observed with light, it
is necessary to retain the wave-nature of light
to explain the phenomena of:
1) photoelectric effect 2) diffraction
3) compton effect 4) black body radiation
70. In the following diagram if V2  V1 then
f
Photo electric
current
2
1
V1 V2 potential difference
1) 1  2 2) 1  2 3) 1  2 4) 1  2
71. When an X-ray photon collides with an
electron and bounces off, its new frequency
1) is lower than its original frequency
2) is same as its original frequency
3) is higher than its original frequency
4) depends upon the electron’s frequency
72. A point source of light is used in a photoelectric
effect. If the source is removed farther from
the emitting metal, the stopping potential
1) will increase 2) will decrease
3) will remain constant
4) will either increase or decrease
73. De-Broglie wavelength depends on
1) mass of the particle 2) size of the particle
3) material of the particle 4) shape of the particle
74. The deBroglie wavelength associated with a
particle of mass m, moving with a velocity v
and energy E is given by
1) h/mv2 2) mv/h2
3)h/ 2mE 4) 2mE / h
75. Choose the correct statement
1) Any charged particle in rest is accompanied by
matter waves
2) Any uncharged particle in rest is accompanied
by matter waves
3) The matter waves are waves of zero amplitude
4) The matter waves are waves of probability
amplitude
76. An electron of charge e and mass m is
accelerated from rest by a potential difference
V. The de Broglie wavelength is
1) Directly proportional to the square root of
NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
potential difference. 1) More 2) Less 3) Same
2) Inversely proportional to the square root of 4) More for lighter particles and less for heavy
potential difference particles
3) Directly proportional to the square root of 84. The wavelength of matter waves does not depend
electron mass on
4) Inversely proportional to the cube root of 1) Momentum 2) Velocity 3) Mass 4) Charge
electron mass 85. The wave nature of matter is not observed in
77. Which of the following particles - neutron, daily life because their wave length is
proton, electron and deuteron has the lowest 1) Less 2) More
energy if all have the same de Broglie 3) In infrared region 4) In ultraviolet region
wavelength 86. The ratio of the wavelengths of a photon and
1) neutron2) proton 3)electron 4) deuteron
that of an electron of same energy E will be
78. The momentum of a proton is p. The
[m is mass of electron]
corresponding wavelength is
1) h/p 2) h p 3) p/h 4) hp 2m E 2m EC
1) 2) 3) C 4)
79. A wave is associated with matter when it is E 2m E 2m
1) stationary 87. One of the following figures respesents the
2) in motion with a velocity variation of particle momentum with
3) in motion with speed of light associated de Broglie wavelength
4) in motion with speed greater than that of light
80. An electron of mass 9.1 x 10-31kg and charge
1.6 x 10-19 C is accelerated through a potential a) P b)P
difference of V volt. The de Broglie wavelength
(  ) associated with the electron is
 
12.27 12.27 0
1) A0 2) A c) P d)P
V V
1
3) 12.27 V A0 4) A0  
12.27 V
81. The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule of 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
thermal energy KT (K is Boltzmann constant 88. A point source causes photoelectric effect
and T is absolute temperature) is given by from a small metal plate. Which of the following
curves may represent the saturation
h h
1) 2) photocurrent as a function of the distance
2mKT 2mKT between the source and the metal?
1
3) h 2mKT 4) a
h 2mKT
82. The wavelengths of a proton and a photon are b
same. Then current c
1) Their velocities are same
2) Their momenta are equal d
3) Their energies are same
4) Their speeds are same distance
83. If the value of Planck’s constant is more than 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
its present value, then the de Broglie 89. Matter waves are:
wavelength associated with a material particle 1) electromagnetic waves
will be 2) mechanical waves
3) either mechanical or electromagnetic waves
NARAYANAGROUP 19
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
4) neither mechanical nor electromagnetic waves 98. If a proton and an electron are confined to the
90. The incorrect statement is same region, then uncertainity in momentum
1) Material wave (de-Broglie wave) can travel in 1) for proton is more, as compared to the electron
vacuum 2) for electron is more, as compared to the proton
2) Electromagnetic wave can travel through vacuum
3) The velocity of photon is the same as light passes 3) same for both the particles
through any medium 4) directly proportional to their masses
4) Wavelength of de-Broglie wave depends upon 99. Which phenomenon best supports the theory
velocity that matter has a wave nature ?
91. The magnitude of the de-Broglie wavelength 1) electron momentum2) electron diffraction
(  ) of an electron (e),proton(p),neutron (n) 3) photon momentum 4) photon diffraction
and  - particle (  ) all having the same 100. The wavelength of de-Broglie wave associated
energy of MeV, in the increasing order will with a thermal neutron of mass m at absolute
follow the sequence:
temperature T is given by (Here, k is the
1) e ,  p , n ,  2)  , n ,  p , e Boltzmann constant)
3) e , n ,  p ,  4)  p , e ,  , n h h h h
92. Moving with the same velocity ,one of the 1) 2) 3) 4)
2mkT mkT 3mkT 2 mkT
following has the longest deBroglie
wavelength ASSERTION & RESONING
In each of the following questions, a statement
1)  -particle 2)  -particle is given and a corresponding statement or
3) proton 4) neutron reason is given just below it. In the statements,
93. Debroglie wavelength of a particle at rest mark the correct answer as
position is 1) If both Assertion and Reason are true and
1) zero 2) finite Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
3) infinity 4) cannot be calculated 2) If both Assertion and Reason are true but
94. Debroglie wavelength of protons accelerated Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
by an electric field at a potential difference v
is 3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
4) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
0.108 0.202 0.286 0.101 101. Assertion (A) : For a fixed incident photon energy,
1) 2) 3) 4)
V V V V photoelectrons have a wide range of energies
95. Debroglie wavelength of uncharged particles ranging from zero to the maximum value K max
depends on
Reason (R) : Initially, the electrons in the metal
1) mass of particle
are at different energy level.
2) kinetic energy of particle
102. Consider the following statements A and B,
3) nature of particle 4) All above
identify the correct choice in the given
96. Debroglie wavelength of a moving gas
answers.
molecule is
A) Tightly bound electrons of target material
1) proportional to temperature
scattered X-ray photon,resulting in the Compton
2) inversely proportional to temperature effect.
3) independent of temperature
B) Photoelectric effect takes place with free
4) inversely proportional to square root of
electrons.
temperature
103. The frequency and intensity of a light source
97. The particles that can be accelerated by an are both doubled. Consider the following
electric field is statements.
1) proton 2) electron (A) The saturation photocurrent remains almost the
3) alpha particle 4) all above same.

20 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
(B) The maximum kinetic energy of the C.U.Q - KEY
photoelectrons is doubled.
1) Both A and B are true 1) 1 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3 5) 2 6) 1 7) 4
2) A is true but B is false 8) 4 9) 4 10) 1 11) 1 12) 1 13) 2 14) 3
3) A is false but B is true 15) 3 16) 2 17) 2 18) 1 19) 4 20) 2 21) 2
4) Both A and B are false 22) 3 23) 4 24) 1 25) 2 26) 1 27) 2 28) 1
STATEMENT TYPE 29) 2 30) 3 31) 1 32) 3 33) 2 34) 4 35) 3
36) 4 37) 1 38) 1 39) 4 40) 3 41) 3 42) 4
In each of the following questions, a statement
is given and a corresponding statement or 43) 4 44) 2 45) 3 46) 2 47) 2 48) 4 49) 1
reason is given just below it. In the statements, 50) 3 51) 1 52) 3 53) 4 54) 4 55) 2 56) 1
mark the correct answer as 57) 2 58) 4 59) 2 60) 1 61) 2 62) 4 63) 3
1) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; statement 64) 4 65) 2 66) 4 67) 4 68) 2 69) 2 70) 4
II is a correct explanation of statement I. 71) 1 72) 3 73) 1 74) 3 75) 4 76) 2 77) 4
78) 1 79) 2 80) 1 81) 1 82) 2 83) 1 84) 4
2) Statement I is true, Statement II is true,
85) 1 86) 3 87) 4 88) 4 89) 4 90) 3 91) 2
Statement II is NOT a correct explanation for 92) 1 93) 3 94) 3 95) 4 96) 4 97) 4 98) 3
statement I. 99) 2 100) 3 101) 1 102) 4 103) 2 104) 3 105)1
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false 106) 2 107) 3 108) 1
4) Statement I is false, Statemenet II is true.
104. A proton and an electron both have energy 50
eV. LEVEL-I (C.W)
Statement-I: Both have different wavelengths PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT
Statement-II: Wavelength depends on energy and
not on mass. 1. The frequency of a photon associated with an
105. Statement I: Though light of a single frequency energy of 3.31 eV is (given h = 6.62 x 10-34 Js)
(monochromic light) is incident ona metal, the 1) 0.8 x 1015 Hz 2) 1.6 x 1015 Hz
15
3) 3.2 x 10 Hz 4) 8.0 x 1015 Hz
energies of emitted photoelectrons are different.
2. A radiation of wave length 2500 A0 is incident
Statement II: The energy of electrons just after
on a metal plate whose work function is 3.5
they absorb photons incident on the metal surface
eV. Then the potential required to stop the
may be lost in collision with other atoms in the metal fastest photo electrons emitted by the surface
before the electron is ejected out of the metal. is (h = 6.63×10-34Js & c= 3×108 m/s)
106. Statement I: The de Broglie wavelength of a 1) 1.86V 2) 3.00 V 3) 1.46V 4) 2.15 V
molecule (in a sample of ideal gas) varies inversely 3. The work function of a metal is 2.5 eV. The
as the square root of absolute temperature. maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
Statement II:The deBroglie wavelength of a emitted if a radiation of wavelength 3000 A0
molecule (in sample of ideal gas) depends on falls on it is
temperature. (h = 6.63×10-34Js and c= 3 ×108 m/s)
107. Statement-I: A metallic surface is irradiated by a 1) 1.12 ×10-19J 2) 4.8 ×10-19J
monochromatic light of frquency v  v0 (the 3) 3.2 ×10-19J 4) 2.61×10-19J
4. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV.
threshold frequency). The maximum kinetic energy
The longest wavelength of light that can cause
and the stopping potential are K max and v0 are also photoelectric emission from this substance is
doubled. approximately
Statement-II: The maximum kinetic energy and 1) 220 nm 2) 310 nm 3) 540 nm 4) 400 nm
he stopping potential of photoelectrons emitted 5. A laser used to weld detached retains emits
from a surface are linearly dependent on the light with a wavelength 652 nm in pulses that
frquency of incident light. [AIEEE-2011] are of 20ms duration. The average power
108. Statement I: Davisson-Germer experiment during each pulse is 0.6W. The energy in each
established the wave nature of electrons pulse and in a single photon are
Statement II: If electrons have wave nature, they 1) 7.5 1015 eV , 2.7eV 2) 6.5 1016 eV , 2.9eV
can interface and show diffraction. [AIEEE-2012]
3) 6.5 1016 eV , 2.7eV 4) 7.5  1016 eV ,1.9eV

NARAYANAGROUP 21
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
6. Electrons ejected from the surface of a metal, 14. Ratio of debroglie wavelengths of uncharged
when light of certain frequency is incident on particle of mass m at 270 C to 1270 C is nearly
it, are stopped fully by a retarding potential of
3 volts. Photo electric effect in this metallic 1) 1.16 2) 0.16 3) 1.33 4)0.8
surface begins at a frequency 6 x 1014s-1. The 15. A particle is projeted horizontally with a
frequency of the incident light in s-1 is [h=6 x velocity 10m/s. What will be the ratio of de-
10-34J-sec;charge on the electron=1.6x10-19C] Broglie wvelengths of the particle, when the
1) 7.5 x 1013 2)13.5 x 1013 velocity vector makes an angle 300 and 600
3) 14 x 10 14
4) 7.5 x 1015 with the horizontal
7. The threshold wavelength for emission of 1) 3 :1 2) 1: 3 2) 2 : 3 4) 3 : 2
photoelectrons from a metal surface is 16. A positron and a proton are accelerated by the
6×10-7m. The work function of the material of same accelerating potential. Then the ratio
the metal surface is . of the associated wavelengths of the positron
1) 3.3×10-19J 2) 6.67×10-19J and the proton will be [ M = mass of proton,
-19
3) 1.23×10 J 4) 2.37 ×10-19J
8. The maximum velocity of an electron emitted m = mass of positron]
by light of wavelength  incident on the M M m m
1) 2) 3) 4)
surface of a metal of workfunction  is where m m M M
h = Planck’s constant, m = mass of electron
and c=speed of light LEVEL-I (C.W) - KEY
1/ 2 1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 2 5) 4 6) 3 7) 1
 2(hc   )  2(hc   )
1)   2) 8) 3 9) 3 10) 4 11) 4 12) 2 13) 3 14) 1
 m  m
15) 1 16) 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
 2( hc   )   2(hc   )  LEVEL-I (C.W) - HINTS
3)   4)  
 m   m 
9. The work function of nickle is 5eV. When light  12400 
of wavelength 2000A 0 falls on it, emits 1. E = hv 2. V0e    in A0  0  eV
photoelectrons in the circuit. Then the  
potential difference necessary to stop the  12400 
fastest electrons emitted is (given h=6.67×10- 3. K .E.   0
 0  eV
34
Js)   in A 
1) 1.0V 2) 1.75V 3) 1.2V 4) 0.75V 12400
MATTER WAVES 4.  in A0 = E in eV
10. If an electron and a proton have the same KE, hc
the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths of 5. E  pt ; E  in each photon  
proton and electron would approximately be 
1) 1 : 1837 2) 43 : 1 3) 1837 : 1 4) 1 : 43 6. K.E. = V0e and V0e = h[  0 ]
11. If electron is having a wavelength of 100 Ao, where V0 is the stopping potential and 0 is the
then momentum is (gm cm s-1) units
Threshold frequency
1) 6.6 x 10-32 2) 6.6 x 10-29
3) 6.6x 10 -25
4) 6.6 x 10-21 hc 1 E  0
7. 0  8. E    mv 2 9. V0 
12. The de-broglie wavelength of an electron and 0 2 e
the wavelength of a photon are same. The ratio
between the energy of the photon and the h h
10.   11. P 
momentum of the electron is [M 2006] 2mE 
1) h 2) c 3) 1/h 4) 1/c hc
13. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated
through the same potential difference. The 12. E E 
e   ph ; ph  ph  ph  C
ratio of wavelengths associated with proton meV  h  h
and alpha particle respectively is   e
1) 1: 2 2 2) 2:1 3) 2 2 :1 4) 4:1  e 

22 NARAYANAGROUP
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p q m
8. The work function of metals A and B are in
1
13.   q  m 14.   the ratio 1:2. If light of frequencies f and 2f
 p p T are incident on metal surfaces A and B
h respectively, the ratio of the maximum kinetic
15.   , P  m  v Take v component energies of the photo electrons emitted is
P
(2000 M)
h h
16.   ,   2Vmq 1) 1:1 2) 1:2 3) 1:3 4) 1:4
p 9. The threshold wave length for photo electric
emission from a material is 5,200A0, photo
LEVEL-I (H.W) electrons will be emitted when this material is
PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT illuminated with mnochromaic radiation from
1. The threshold wavelength for a surface having a
a threshold frequency of 1) 50 watt infrared lamp 2) 1 watt infrared lamp
15 8
0.6 x 10 Hz is (given c = 3 x 10 m/s) 3) 1 watt ultraviolet lamp
1) 4000 Ao 2) 6000 Ao 4) 50 watt sodium vapour lamp
3) 5000A o
4) 3500Ao MATTER WAVES
2. Two photons of energies twice and thrice the 10. A particle having a de Broglie wavelength of
work function of a metal are incident on the 1.0 Ao is associated with a momentum of (given
metal surface. Then the ratio of maximum h = 6.6 x 10-34 Js)
velocities of the photoelectrons emitted in the 1) 6.6 x 10-26 kg m/s 2) 6.6 x 10-25 kg m/s
two cases respectively, is 3) 6.6 x 10-24 kg m/s 4) 6.6 x 10-22 kg m/s
11. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron
1) 2 :1 2) 3 : 1 3) 3 : 2 4) 1 : 2
having 80 eV of energy is nearly
3. The photo electric work function for a metal
surface is 4.125 eV. The cut-off wavelength for (1 eV  1.6 x10 19 J , Mass of electron =
this surface
1) 4125 Ao 2) 2062.5 Ao 91031 kg, Planck’s constant
3) 3006.06 Ao 4) 6000Ao  6.61034 Js) (nearly) (2001 E)
4. The energy of emitted photoelectrons from a
metal is 0.9 eV. The work function of the metal 1) 140 Ao 2) 0.14 Ao 3) 14 Ao 4) 1.4 Ao
is 2.2 eV. Then the energy of the incident 12. Electrons are accelerated through a p.d. of
150V. Given m = 9.1x10-31kg,e =1.6x10-19 c,
photon is
h = 6.62x10-34 Js, the de Broglie wavelength
1) 0.9 eV 2) 2. 2 eV 3) 4. 4 eV 4) 3.1 eV
associated with it is
5. A photoelectron is moving with a maximum
1) 1.5 Ao 2) 1.0 Ao 3) 3.0 Ao 4) 0.5 Ao
velocity of 106 m/s. Given e=1.6x10-19 c, and
13. If accelerating potential of an alpha particle
m = 9.1x 10-31 kg, the stopping potential is
is doubled than its new debrolgie wavelength
1) 2.5 V 2) 2.8 V 3) 2.0 V 4) 1.4 V
becomes
6. A metal of work function 4eV is exposed to a
radiation of wavelength 140×10-9m.Then the 1
stopping potential developed by it 1) times of initial 2) 2 times of initial
2
(h = 6.63×10-34Js and c= 3×108 m/s) 3) 1/2 times of initial 4) 2 times of initial
1) 6.42 V 2) 2.94 V 3) 4.86V 4) 3.2 V 14. The ratio of the deBroglie wavelenths of
7. Threshold wavelength for a metal having work proton, deuteron and alpha particle
function wo is  .Then the threshold accelerated through the same potential
wavelength for the metal having work function difference 100V is
2 w o is 1) 2 : 2 :1 2) 1: 2 : 2 2
1) 4  2) 2  3)  /2 4)  /4 3) 1: 2 : 2 2 4) 2 2 : 2 :1

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LEVEL-I (H.W) - KEY 3. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 300 nm and

1) 3 2) 4 3) 3 4) 4 5) 2 6) 3 7) 3 intensity 1.0 W/m2 falls on the surface of a
photoelectric material. If one percent of the
8) 2 9) 3 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2 13) 1 14) 4 incident photons produce photoelectrons, then
the number of photoelectrons emitted from an
LEVEL-I (H.W) - HINTS area of 1.0 cm2 of the surface is nearly (in per
V1 E1  0 second)
c 1) 9.61 x 1014 2) 4.12 x 1013
1.  2. V 
v 2 E2  0 3) 1.51 x 1012 4) 2.13 x 1011
12400 4. Light rays of wavelengths 6000 A and of
3.  in A0 = E
in eV photon intensity 39.6 watts/m2 is incident on a
metal surface. If only one percent of photons
1 2 incident on the surface emit photo electrons,
4. E  K .E  0 5. mv  eV0
2 then the number of electrons emitted per
 12400  second per unit area from the surface will be
  in A0  0  w0 
hc [ Planck constant = 6.64 x 10-34 J - S; Velocity
6. V0    7. of light = 3 x 108 ms-1]
0
e 1) 12 x 1018 2) 10 x 1018 3) 12 x 10174) 12 x 1015
KE1 E1  W1 hv1  w1 hf  w 1 5. Light of wavelength 4000 Ao is incident on a
8.  =   metal surface of work function 2.5 eV. Given
KE2 E2  W2 hv2  w2 2hf  2 w 2 h=6.62 x 10-34 Js, c = 3 x 108 m/s, the maximum
NE hc h KE of photoelectrons emitted and the
9. P ,E  10. P  corresponding stopping potential are
t   respectively
h 150 1) 0. 6 eV, 0.6 V 2) 2.5 eV, 2.5 V
11.   12.   3) 3.1 eV, 3.1 V 4) 0.6 eV, 0.3 V
2mE V
1 6. The K.E of the electron is E when the incident
 h P2 wavelength is  . To increase the K.E of the
13. V 14.   , V q
P 2m electron to 2E, the incident wavelength must
be
LEVEL-II (C.W)  hc 2hc 
1) 2  2) 3) 4)
2 E   hc E   hc
PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT 7. A photon of energy 15 eV collides with H-atom.
1. A photometal is illuminated by lights of Due to this collision, H-atom gets ionized .The
wavelengths 1 and 2 respectively. The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron
maximum kinetic enegies of electrons emitted is :
1)1.4 eV 2) 5 eV 3)15eV 4) 13.6eV
in the two cases are E1 and E2 respectively. 8. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed.
The work function of metal is. The wavelength  of the light falling on the
E2 1  E12 E11  E2 2 cathode in gradually changed. The plate
1) 1 2) 1  2 current I of the photocell varies as follows :
I
I
E11  E22 E2 2  E11
3)    4)   
1 2 1 2 1) 2)
2. Light of wavelength  strikes a photo sensitive
O 
surface and electrons are ejected with kinetic O 
energy E. If the kinetic energy is to be
increased to 2E, the wavelength must be I I
changed to  where
3) 4)
 
1)    2)    2 3)      4)    
2 2 O  O 

24 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
9. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, 14. If the momentum of an electron is changed by
the graph between the kinetic energy of pm , then the de Broglie wavelength associated
photoelectrons ejected and the frequency of with it changes by 0.5%. The initial momentum
incident radiation is : of electron will be
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy 1) pm/200 2) pm/100 3) 200pm 4) 100pm
15. When the mass of an electron becomes equal
1) 2) to thrice its rest mass, its speed is
2 2 2 1 1
Frequency Frequency 1) c 2) c 3) c 4) c
3 3 3 4
16. Which of the following figures represents the
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy
variation of particle momentum with the
3) 4) associated de Broglie wave-length ?
P P
Frequency Frequency 1) 2)
10. The graph shown in figure show the variation
of photoelectric current (i) and the applied  
voltage (V) for two different materials and for P P
two different intensities of the incident
3) 4)
radiation.
i
 

1
17. The de Broglie wave present in fifth Bohr orbit
3
is :
2
4
V 1)
Identify the pairs of curves that correspond
to (a) different material (b) same intensity of
incident radiations. 2)
1) Curve 1 and 3, Curve 2 and 4
2) Curve 1 and 2, Curve 3 and 4
3) Curve 1 and 4, Curve 2 and 3 3)
4) Curve 1 only, Curve 2 and 4
MATTER WAVES 4)
11. A proton when accelerated through a p.d. of V
volt has a wavelength  associated with it. HEISEN-BERG UNCERTAINITY
An  - particle in order to have the same PRINCIPLE AND DAVISSON-
wavelength  must be accelerated through a
GERMER EXPERIMENT
p.d. of
1) V/8 volt 2) V/4 volt 3) V volt 4) 2V volt 18. The correctness of velocity of an electron
12. An electron of mass m and charge e initially moving with velocity 50 ms-1 is 0.005%. The
at rest gets accelerated by a constant electric accuracy with which its position can be
field E . The rate of change of de-Broglie measured will be
wavelength of this electron at time t ignoring 1) 4634  103 m 2) 4634  105 m
relativistic effects is 3) 4634  106 m 4) 4634  108 m
h eEt  mh h 19. If the uncertainity in the position of an electron
1) 2 2) 3) 2 4) is 10-10 m, then the value of uncertainity in its
eEt E eEt e.E
13. If the velocity of a particle is increased three momentum (in kg-ms-1) will be
times, then the percentage decrease in its de 1) 3.33 x 10-24 2) 1.03 x 10-24
-24
Broglie wavelength will be 3) 6.6 x 10 4) 6.6 x 10-20
1) 33.3% 2) 66.6% 3) 99.9% 4) 22.2%
NARAYANAGROUP 25
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
20. a) Name the experiment for which the 1  P m0
adjacent graph, showing the variation of 13.   14.  15. m 
intensity of scattered electrons with the angle V  P v2
1
of scattering   was obtained. c2
b) Also name the important hypothesis that 0.005  50
18. Here, v   0.0025ms 1
was confirmed by this experiment. 100
1) A) Davission and Germer h 1.034  1034
I x   31
 4634  10 5 m
experiment mv 9.1 10  0.0025
B) de Broglie hypothesis h 1.034  10 34
2) A) Photo electric effect 19. p   10  1.034  1024 kg  ms 1
x 10
B) de Broglie hypothesis 20. A) Davission and Germer experiment
50 0 3) A) Thermionic emission B) de Broglie hypothesis
B) de Broglie hypothesis
 4) A) Photocell
LEVEL-II (H.W)
LEVEL-II (C.W) - KEY
1) 4 2) 3 3) 3 4) 3 5) 1 6) 3 7) 1 PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT
8) 3 9) 4 10) 1 11) 1 12) 1 13) 2 14) 3 1. When a metal surface is illuminated by a
15) 1 16) 4 17) 4 18) 2 19) 2 20) 2 monochromatic light of wave - length  , then
LEVEL-II (C.W) - HINTS the potential difference required to stop the
ejection of electrons is 3V. When the same
hc hc
1.  W  E1;  W  E2 surface is illuminated by the light of
1 2 wavelength 2  , then the potential difference
hc hc 2hc hc required to stop the ejection of electrons is V.
2. use    and    Then for photoelectric effect, the threshold
1 1
wavelength for the metal surface will be
 n  hc  1) 6  2) 4 / 3 3) 4  4) 8 
3&4. P    
 t    2. If U.V. Light of wavelengths 800 A and 700 Ao can
o

 12400  1   E liberate electrons with kinetic energies of 1.8eV and

5. K .E    in A0  0  6.  4 eV respectively from hydrogen atom in ground
     2E state, then the value of planck’s constant is
7. Energy of photon ionization energy + K .Emax =15ev 1) 6.57 x 10-34 Js 2) 6.63 x 10-34 Js
-13.6ev=1.4ev 3) 6.66 x 10 Js-34
4) 6.77 x10-34 Js
10. (a) Curves 1 and 3 (different materials due to 3. In a photoelectric effect experiment, photons
different stopping potentials) of energy 5 eV are incident on a metal surface.
(b) Curves 2 and 4 (same intensity due to same
current) They liberate photoelectrons which are just
stopped by an electrode at a potential of -3.5
h h
11.   p  2mvq (  = constant); v1q1m1  v2 q2 m2 V with respect to the metal. The work function
of the metal is
eE 1) 1.5 eV 2) 3.5 eV 3) 5. 0 eV 4) 8.5 eV
12. Here u  0, a  ' v  ?.t  t
m 4. The number of photons emitted per second by
eE a 62W source of monochromatic light of
v  u  at  0, t ; de-Broglie wavelength, wavelength 4800 Ao is
m
h h h 1) 1.5 x 1019 2) 1.5 x 1020
   3) 2. 5x 10 20
4) 4 x 1020
mv m  eEt / m  eEt 5. Photons of frequencies 2.2 x 1015 Hz and
Rate of change of de-Broglie wavelength 4.6 x 1015 Hz are incident on a metal surface.
d h  1  h The corresponding stopping potentials were
   
dt eE  t 2  eEt 2 found to be 6.6 V and 16.5 V respectively.

26 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
-19
Given e = 1.6 x 10 c, the value of universal 12. If the energy of a particle is reduced to one
planck’s constant is fourth, then the percentage increase in its de
1) 6.6 x 10-34 Js 2) 6.7 x 10-34 Js Broglie wavelength will be
-34
3) 6.5 x 10 Js 4) 6.8 x 10-34 Js 1) 41% 2) 141% 3) 100% 4) 71%
6. If stopping potentials corresponding to 13. The de Broglie wavelength associated with an
wavelengths 4000A0 and 4500A0 are 1.3V and electron of velocity 0.3 c and rest mass 9.1 x
0.9V respectively, then the work function of 10-31kg is
the metal is 1) 7.68 x 10-10 m 2) 7.68 x 10-12 m
1) 0.3eV 2) 1.3eV 3) 1.8eV 4) 5eV -12
3) 5.7 x 10 m 4) 9.1 x 10-12 m
7. In a photoelectric experiment anode potential 14. The two lines A and B shown in figure are the
is plotted against plate current graphs of the de Broglie wavelength  as a
I
1
function of ( is the accelerating
V V
potential) for two particles having the same
C
charge.
B A 
B

V
1) A and B will have same intensities while B and
A
C will have different frequencies
2) B and C will have different intensities while A
and B will have different frequencies.
3) A and B will have different intensities while B
and C will have equal frequencies. 1/ V

4) B and C will have equal intensities while A and Which of the two represents the particle of
B will have same frequencies. heavier mass ?
MATTER WAVES 1) A 2) B
3 3) Both A and B 4) Data insufficient
8. An electron moves with a speed of c. Then HEISEN-BERG UNCERTAINITYPRINCIPLEAND
2
its mass becomes....times its rest mass. DAVISSON-GERMEREXPERIMENT
1) 2 2) 3 3) 3/2 4) 4 15. The uncertainity in the position of a particle is
9. Photons of energy 2.0 eV fall on a metal plate equal to the de-Broglie wavelength. The
and release photoelectrons with a maximum uncertainity in its momentum will be
velocity V. By decreasing  by 25% the h 2h  3
maximum velocity of photoelectrons is 1) 2) 3) 4)
doubled. The work function of the metal of the  3 h 2h
material plate in eV is nearly 16. If the uncertainity in the position of proton is
1) 2.22 2) 1.985 3) 2.35 4) 1.80 6  108 m , then the minimum uncertainity in its
10. A proton when accelerated through a p.d of V speed will be
volt has wavelength  associated with it .An 1) 1 cms 1 2) 1 ms 1 3) 1 mms 1 4) 100 ms 1
electron to have the same  must be 17. From Davisson-Germer experiment an 
accelerated through a p.d of particle and a proton are accelerated through
V the same pd V . Find the ratio of the de
1) volt 2) 4V volt 3) 2V volt 4) 1838V volt Broglie wavelengths associated with them
8
11. The momentum aphoton of electromagnetic 1) 1: 2 2 2) 2 2 :1 3) 1: 2 4) 2 :1
radiation is 3.3x10–29 kgms–1. The frequency
of these waves is: LEVEL-II (H.W) - KEY
1) 3 2) 1 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1 6) 3 7) 4
1) 3.0x103 Hz 2) 6.0 x103 Hz
8) 1 9) 4 10) 4 11) 4 12) 3 13) 2 14) 1
3)7.5 x1012 Hz 4)1.5  1013 Hz 15) 1 16) 2 17) 1
NARAYANAGROUP 27
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
4. A source of light is placed above a sphere of
LEVEL-II (H.W) - HINTS radius 10cm. How many photoelectrons must
hc hc 1 1  be emitted by the sphere before emission of
1.   eV0 or hc     eV0
 0   0 
photoelectrons stops? The energy of incident
photon is 4.2 eV and the work function of the
hc  n  hc  metal is 1.5 eV.
2.  w  eV0 3. E  w  eV0 4. P    
  t    1) 2.08 x 1018 2) 1.875 x 108
18
5. hv  w  eV0 6. h = w+K.E  h = w+ V0 e 3) 2.88 x 10 4) 4 x 1019
5. Figure shows the variation of the stopping
m0 1 2 hc
8. m  9. mv max  h  w & h  potential V0  with the frequency  v  of the
v2 2 
1 incident radiations for two different
c2 photosensitive material M 1 and M 2 .What are
10. V1  q1  m1  V2  q2  m2
the values of work functions for M 1 and M 2
v2 respectively
pc 1 h 1 2
11.   12.   13.   c vo
h E m0V M1 M2
1) hv01 , hv02 2) hv02 , hv01
1 h h
14. Slope  m 15.  p  
x 
h
16. p  mv  or O v01 v02 v 3) hv01 , hv01 4) hv02 , hv02
x
h 1.034 1034 6. From the above figure the values of stopping
v  
mx 1.67  1027  6  108
 1 ms 1
potentials for M 1 and M 2 for a frequency
h h
17.   p  v3   v02  of the incident radiatioins are V1 and
2mqV
V2 respectively. Then the slope of the line is
LEVEL-III equal to
V2  V1 V1  V2 V2 V1
1. When a surface 1 cm thick is illuminated with 1) v  v 2) v  v 3) v  v 4) v  v
light of wave lenght  the stopping potential 02 01 02 01 02 01 02 01
7. Photoelectric effect experiments are
is V0 ,but when the same surface is illuminated performed using three different metal plates
by light of wavelength 3  , the stopping p, q and r having work functions  p  2.0eV ,
V0
potential is . The threshold wavelength q  2.5eV and r  3.0eV respectively. A
6
for metallic surface is: light beam containing wavelengths of 550 nm,
450 nm and 350 nm with equal intensities
1) 4 2) 5 3) 3 4) 2
illuminates each of the plates. The correct I-
2. A photon of energy 2.5 eV and wavelength  V graph for the experiment is : [Take
falls on a metal surface and the ejected
hc  1240 eV nm]
electrons have velocity ‘v’. If the  of the I I
incident light is decreased by 20%, the p
maximum velocity of the emitted electrons is q
doubled. The work function of the metal is 1) 2) p
r q
1) 2.6 eV 2) 2.23 eV 3) 2.5 eV 4) 2.29 eV V r V
3. When a metal surface is illuminated by light
of wavelengths 400 nm and 250 nm, the
maximum velocities of the photoelectrons I I
ejected are V and 2V respectively. The work r
function of the metal is q
3) 4) r
1) 2hc x 106 J 2) 1.5hc x 106 J p q
6
3) hc x 10 J 4) 0.5hc x 106 J V
p
V

28 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V DUAL NATURE
8. An electron accelerated under a p.d. of V volt 13. The kinetic energy of  -particles at a distance
has a certain wavelength  . Mass of the 5  10 14 m from the uranium nucleurs will be
proton is 2000 times the mass of an electron. (in joules). Which is moving in a field of 1mega
If the proton has to have the same wavelength volt potential difference
 , then it will have to be accelerated under 1) 6.4  10 13 2) 4.3  1013 3) 2.1 1013 4) 3.4  1014
p.d. of (volts) 14. The stopping potential for the photoelectric
1) 100 2) 2000 3) V/2000 4) 2000 emitted from a metal surface of work function
9. The graph between the stopiing potential V0  1.7 eV is 10.4 V. Find the wavelength of the
radiation used. Also identify the energy levels
and 1/   is shown in figure, 1 , 2 and 3 in hydrogen atom, which will emit this
are work functions. Which of the following is wavelength
correct 1) 1024 A0 , n  3 to n  1
V0
2) 1024 A0 , n  2 to n  1
Metal 1 Metal 2 Metal 3
3) 2044 A0 , n  2 to n  1
1 2 3
 4) 2044 A0 , n  3 to n  1
0.001 0.002 0.004 1/  nm 1  15. A graph regarding photoeletric effect is shown
between the maximum kinetic energy of
1) 1 : 2 : 3  1: 2 : 3 2) 1 : 2 : 3  4 : 2 :1 electrons and the frequency of the incident
3) tan  is directly proportional to hc / e , where light. On the basis of data as shown in the
h is Planck’s constant and c is the speed of light graph, calculate the work fucntion
4) ultraviolet light can be used to emit
Kmax (eV)
photoelectrons from metal 2 and metal 3 only.
10. For certain photosensitive material, a stopping 8 1) 2 eV 2) 4 eV
potential of 3.0 V is required for light of 6
4
wavelength 300 nm, 2.0 V for 400 nm and 1.0V 2 A D
for 600nm. The work function of the material 0
-2 10 20 30
is (nearly) -4 f 1014 Hz  3) 4.2 eV 4) 2.5 eV
C
1) 2.5 ev 2) 1.5 ev 3) 2.0 ev 4)1.0 ev
11. An electron (mass m ) with an initial velocity 16. Light of wavelength 180 nm ejects
photoelectrons from a plate of metal whose
v  v0iˆ  v0  0  is in an electric field E   E0iˆ work fucntion is 2 eV. If a unifrom magnetic of
( E0 = constant > 0). Its de Broglie wavelength 5  10 T be applied parallel to the plate, what
5

at time t is given by would be the radius of the path followed by

0 electrons ejected normally from the plate with
 eE0t  maximum energy
 
1) 1  eE0t  2) 0 1  mv  3) 0 4) 0t 1) 0.148 m 2) 0.2 m 3) 0.25 m 4) 0.3 m
 mv0   0  17. Light described at a place by the equation
12. An electron (mass m ) with an initial velocity E  100 V / M    sin  5  1015 s 1  t  sin 8  1015 s 1  t 
v  v0iˆ is in an electric field E  E0 ˆj . If falls on a metal surface having work fucntion
h 2.0 eV. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy
0  of the photoelectrons
mv0 , its de Broglie wavelength at time t 1) 3.27 eV 2) 5 eV 3) 1.27 eV 4) 2.5 eV
is given by 18. The electric field associated with a light wave
0 e 2 E 2t 2 is given by E  E0  sin 1.57 107 m1   x  ct   .
1) 0 2) 0 1  m 2 v 2
0 Find the stopping potential when this light is
0 0 used in an experiment on photoelectric effect
2 2 2
 2 2 2
 with the similar having work function 1.9 eV
3) 1  e E t 0
2 2
4)  1  e E2 0 t2  1) 1.2 V 2) 1.1 V 3) 2 V 4) 2.1 V
mv 0  m v0 

NARAYANAGROUP 29
 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V

19. Electrons with de-Broglie wavelength  fall

 V  Vx2  Vy2
on the target in an X-ray tube. The cut-off
wavelength 0 of the emitted X-rays is 2 e2 E02t 2 h
Resultant velocity is V  V0  m 2v 2  
0 mv
2mc 2 2h
1) 0  2) 0  2Ze 2
h mc 13. K.E =qv- 4  r
0
2m2c 2  2
3) 0  4) 0   hc
h2 14. E = K .Emax  w ; 
20. A photocell is illumuniated by small bright E
15. From the graph
source placed 1m away. When the same
source of light is placed 1/2m away, the number threshold frquency  f 0   10 1014 Hz
of electrons emitted by photocathode would 8 1.610 19
1) increase by a factor of 2 2) decrease by a factor of 2 h 14
 6.4 10 34 J
20 10
3) increase by a factor of 4 4) decrease by a factor of 4
work function = hf 0  4eV
LEVEL-III - KEY hc
1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1 6) 2 7) 1 16. E   6.9eV ; K .Emax  4.9eV
8) 3 9) 3 10) 4 11) 1 12) 3 13) 3 14) 1 
15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 1 19) 1 20) 3 mv 2 P 2 KEm
Bqv   Bq   Bq 
r r r
LEVEL-III - HINTS
B2q2r 2
 1 1  eV0  1 1  K .Emax  ; r  0.148m
1. eV0  hc     hc    2m
  0  6  3 0 
17. E  100 sin 5  1015 t  100sin 8  1015 t
hc
2  8 1015
v  12400  max 
1
 1 ;K .Emax  h max  w;K .Emax  3.27eV
2. v
2
hc use E    A0  2
2 
2 1.57 107  3  108
hc 1 18.    0.75  1015 Hz
3.  w  mv 2 2
 2 6.62  1034  0.75  1015
4. Stopping potential energy = eV0  E   E eV  3.1eV
1.6 1019
E   9 109 ne eV0  E  w ; V0  1.2V
V0   ; n = no of electrons
e r
 
h

h h2
5. W  hv 19. p E 
2mEk = k 2m 2
6. hv01  eV1  hv02  eV2
hc h2 2mc 2
h V1  V2  also   Ek  2m 2 (or) 0 
h
e V1  V2   h V02  V01  ; e  V  V
0

 02 01  1
7. Explain based on graph between V & I for different 20. I 
r2
metals and light of different wave lengths.
8. V1  q1  m1  V2  q2  m2 LEVEL-IV
9. W  hv MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE
12400 1. Photoelectric effect supports quantum nture
10. Vs e  hv  w   w ; w =1ev
 in A0 of light because :
eE0t h 1) there is a minimum frequency of light below which
11. V  V0  ; no photoelectrons are emitted
m mv
2) the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
eE0 depends only on the frequency of light and not on
12. Vx  V0 ; Vy  V0  at = V0  t
m its intensity.
30 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
3) even when the metal surface is faintly illuminated,
the photoelectrons leave the surface immediately
4) electric charge of the photoelectrons is quantized.
2. If the wavelength of light in an experiment on
photoelectric effect is doubled :
1) the photoelectric emission will not take place
2) the photoelectric emission may or may not take
place
3) the stopping potential will increase
4) the stopping potential will decrease
3. The frequency and intensity of light source are
both doubled. Which of the following
statement (statements) is (are) true ?
1) The saturation photocurrent gets doubled.
2) the saturation photocurrent remains almost the
same
3) the maximum KE of the photoelectrons is more
than doubled.
4) the maximum KE of the photoelectrons get
doubled.
4. In which of the following situations, the heavier
of the two particles has smaller de Broglie
wavelength ? The two particles :
1) move with same speed
2) move with the same linear momentum
3) move with the same kinetic energy
4) have fallen through the same height
5. When a monochromatic point source of light
is at a distance of 0.2m from a photoelectric
cell, the cut-off voltage and the saturation
current are respectively 0.6V and 18.0 mA. If
the same source is placed 0.6m away from the
photoelectric cell, then :
1) the stopping potential will be 0.2 V
2) the stopping potential will be 0.6 V
3) the saturation current will be 6.0 mA
4) the saturation current will be 2.0 mA
6. In a photoelectric experiment the wavelength
of the incident light is decreased from 6000A0
to 4000A0 while the intensity of radiation
remains the same. Choose the correct
statement(s)
1) the cut-off potential will increase
2) the cut-off potential will decrease
3) the photoelectric current will increase
4) the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons
will increase
NARAYANAGROUP
DUAL NATURE
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Passage I:
o
Photoelectric threhold of silver is   3800 A .
o
ultraviolet light of   2600 A is incident on
silver surface. (Mass of the electron
9.111031 kg )
7. Calculate the value of work function in eV.
1) 1.77 2) 3.27 3) 5.69 4) 2.32
8. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy
(in eV) of the emitted photoelectrons.
1) 1.51 2) 2.36 3) 3.85 4) 4.27
9. Calculate the maximum velocity of the
photoelectrons.
1) 72.89  108 2) 57.89  108
3) 42.93  108 4) 68.26  108
Passage II:
A 100 W point source emits monochromatic
0
light of wavelength 6000 A .
10. Calculate the total number of photons emitted
by the source per second.
1) 5 1020 2) 8  1020 3) 6  1021 4) 3  1020
11. Calculate the photon flux (in SI unit) at a
distance of 5 m from the source. Given
8 1
h  6.6 1034 Js and c  3  10 ms .
1) 1015 2) 1018 3) 1020 4) 1022
0
12. 1.5 mW of 4000 A light is directed at a
photoelectric cell. if 0.10 per cent of the
incident photons produce photoelectrons, find
current in the cell. [Given h  6.6  1034 ms 1
and e  1.6  1019 C ]
1) 0.59  A 2) 1.16  A 3) 0.48  A 4) 0.79  A
Passage III:
When a particle is restricted to move along x-
axis between x=0 and x=a, where a is of
nanometer dimension, its energy can take only
certain specific values. The allowed energies
of the particle moving in such a restricted
region, corrospond to the formation of standing
waves with nodes at its ends x = 0 abd x = a.
The wavelength of this standing wave is
related to the linear momentum p of the
particle according to the de Broglie relation.
The energy of the particle of mass m is related
to its linear momentum as E  p 2 / 2m . Thus,
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 DUAL NATURE JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- V
the energy of the particle can be denoted by a 18. In a permoting photoelectric experiment to
quantum number ‘n’ taking values study photoelectric effect, intensity of
1,2,3,..........(n=1, called the ground state) radiation  I  , frequency of radiation  v  ,
corrosponding to the number of loops in the
standing wave. Use the model described above work function 0  of the photosensitive
to answer the following three questions for a
emitter, distance  d  between emitter and
particle moving along the line from x=0 to x=a.
13. The allowed energy for the particle for a collector are changed or kept constant. Match
particular value of n is proportional to the changes given in Column - I to their effect
given in Column - II.
1) a 2 2) a 3/ 2 3) a 1 4) a 2 Column - I
14. If the mass of the particle is m  1.0  10 30 kg A) 0 is decreased, keeping v and I constant
and a=6.6 nm, the energy of the particle in its B) d is increased, keeping I , v, 0 constant
ground state is closest to C) v is increased, keeping I , 0 , d constant
1) 0.8 meV 2) 8 meV 3) 80 meV 4) 800 meV D) I is increased, keeping v , 0 , d constant
15. The speed of the particle that can take discrete Column - II
values is proportional to p) Saturation photoelectric current increases
1) n 3/ 2 2) n 1 3) n1/ 2 4) n q) stopping potential V0  increases
16. Statement-I: When ultraviolet light is incident r) Maximum KE  K max  of photoelectrons
on a photo cell, its stopping potential is v0 and increases
the maximum kinetic energy of the s) Stopping potential remains the same
photoelectrons is K max increase. LEVEL-IV - KEY
Statement-II: Photoelectrons are emitted with 1) 1,2,3 2) 2,4 3) 1,3 4) 1,3,4 5) 2, 4
speeds ranging from zero to a maximum value 6) 1, 4 7) 2 8) 1 9) 1 10) 4 11) 2
because of the range of frequencies present 12) 3 13) 1 14) 2 15) 4 16) 4
in the incident light. [AIEEE-2010] 17) A-s, B-q, C-r, D-p 18) A-q,r, B-s, C-q,r, D-p,s
1) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; statement
II is a correct explanation of statement I. LEVEL-IV HINTS
2) Statement I is true, Statement II is true, 5. (b) Stopping potential remains the same as it
Statement II is NOT a correct explanation for
depends on the frequency of incident radiation.
statement I.
3) Statement I is false, Statement II is true (D) Saturation current  intensity of incident
4) Statement I is true, Statemenet II is false
17. Wavelengths associated with different 1
radiation  2 . Since r becomes three times
particles are given in Column - I. Match these r
wavelengths with their values given in Column-  0.6m 
II.  , saturation current becomes
 0.2m 
Column-I
A) Wavelength associated with an electron 18.0mA
2
 2.0mA .
accelerated through a pd of 1V  3
B) Wavelength associated with an  -particle
accelerated through a pd of 1V hc
6. As K max  eV0   0 , when  decreases, V0
C) Wavelength associated with a proton 
accelerated through a pd of 1V and K max increase.
D) Wavelength associated with a photon of energy
124.2 eV hc
7. E  hv ; 8. E  W .E.  K .E.
Column - II 
p) 10nm q) 0.10 A0 r) 0.286 A0 s) 12.27 A0 1 2
9. K mv
2
32 NARAYANAGROUP