EXPERIMENT 1

OBJECTIVE
To determine resistance per em of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential
difference versus current.
APPARATUS
A voltmeter (0-3) V and (0-3) A of appropriate range,
resistance wire, a an ammeter a

battery
piece of
(battery
sand
eliminator), a rheostat, a metre scale, one way key, connecting wires and a
paper.

46
 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE
47
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Fig. 3.01A)

Battery
HH Rheostat

Unknown resistance
wire
- w

L
Fig. 3.01A. Circuit diagram.

THEORY

According to the Ohm's law "the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the physical conditions
(temperature, dimensions, pressure) of the conductor remains the same. If I be the current
flowing through a conductor and V be the potential difference across its ends, then according to
Ohm's Law,
I V
V«I or V= RI
where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor.

or
R ...Working formula
R depends upon the material, temperature and dimensions of the
conductor.
In S.I. units, the potential difference measured in volt and the
Vis currentI in ampere,
the resistance R is measured in ohm.
(1) To establish the current-voltage relationship, it is to be shown that the ratio VII
remains constant for a given resistance, therefore a graph between the
and the current () must be a straight line.
potential difference (V)

(2) The constant ratio gives unknown value of resistance,

PROCEDURE (Stepwise)
1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 3.01A.
2. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given in the arrangement diagram
(Fig. 3.02).
3. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper to remove the
insulations, if
any.
4. Make neat, clean and tight connections according to the circuit diagram. While mak-
ing connections ensure that +ve marked terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are
joined towards the +ve terminal of the battery.
 cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS-XI
48
and ammeter, and also
note the zero
zero eerror,
r if
the least count of voltmeter
5. Determine
any. ammeter and voltmeter a
slide the rheostat contact and see that are
6. Insert the key K,
working properly.
such that a measurable current passes
the sliding contact of the rheostat
7. Adjust
coil or the resistance wire.
through the resistance voltmeter and current I from
Note down the value of potential difference V from
8.
ammeter.
contact slightly so that both ammeter and voltmeter show full
9. Shift the rheostat
divisions readings and not in fraction.
voltmeter and ammeter.
10. Record the readings of the
observations.
11. Take at least five sets of independent

Rheostat
One way
key

Battery eliminator
or Battery

Resistance wire

www
uluhnlu

Ammeter

Voltmeter
Fig. 3.02. Arrangement diagram.
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE
49
RRRAGNMGOWAGRIMASRBRANRIOSRRNRRARE
INote. In case of battery eliminator, stops (9 to 11) are as follows
9. Turn the nob at 2 V in battery eliminator and put the constant point in rheostat at
fixed position. Now record the reading in voltmeter and ammeter.
10. Without disturbing the rheostat, turn the nob of battery to different voltage such
that 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 V and record corresponding readings in voltmeter and ammeter.
11. Take at least five set of independent readings.]
12. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals, stretch it and find
its length by the metre scale.
13. Record your observations as follows.

OBSERVATIONS
1. Length
Length of the resistance wire l = . . cm.
2. Range
Range of the given ammeter =
...
A
Range of the given voltmeter = . . V.
3. Least count
Least count of ammeter =. A.
Least count of voltmeter = . . . . V.
4. Zero error
Zero error in ammeter, e = A.
Zero error in voltmeter, e, . . V.
5. Zero correction
Zero correction for ammeter, cj =-e j . A.
Zero correction for voltmeter, c2 =-e . .

6. Table for Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings

Serial No. of Ammeter Reading I (A) Voltmeter Reading V(V

Obs. Observed Corrected Observedd Corrected (Ohm)
I=Io+C Vo V Vo+C2
(1) (2a) (26) (3a) (3b) (4)
1. *°°*

2. *****

3. *****

4. ***° *****

5. ***°*

Mean value of resistance, R = . . . ohms.

CALCULATIONS
1. Find ratio of V and I for each set of observations.
50 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSIcs_y
AAEAAWOBANARGAAGAMAO -XI
2. Plot a graph between potential difference V (column 36) and current I (colas.

taking V along X-axis and I along Y-axis.

shown in Fig. 3.03.
The graph comes to be a
traight line,26),as
straidn

resistance be calculated.
From graph, the can

AB AI
In AABC, tan CB AV 1)

cot AV
AI .2)

R 4

but AI
then, R cot 4)
R . Q.
V
3. Constant ratio gives resistance of the wire.
4. Resistance of the wire per cm = . . Q cm,

Graph.between Potential Difference and Current

Scale,:
X-axis:1cm 0.5 V of potential difference
-axis 1 cm 0.25 mA of current

20 30

********
Potential difference Vin volts
*************?**?***?************
**********"****A******

Fig. 3.03. Graph between potential difference

and current. It is a straight line.

RESULT
Resistance per cm of the wire is.... Q cm
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE
51
PRECAUTIONS

1, The connections should be neat, clean and

2. Thick copper wires should be used for
tight.
the connections after removing the insula-
tions near their ends by rubbing with sand paper.
8. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of
proper range.
4. A low resistance rheostat should be
used.
5. The key should be inserted only while
taking observations to avoid heating of resis-
tance (otherwise its resistance will increase).
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.
3. Rheosttat may have high resistance.