IR English PDF 2022

SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 1
International Relation Notes
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Paper-III General Knowledge and General Studies

Unit I- World Politics
 Emerging World Order in the post Cold War era,

USA’s hegemony and its resistance, UN and Regional
Organizations, Dynamics of International Economy,
International Terrorism and Environmental issues.
 Foreign Policy of India: Evolution, Determinants,
India’s relations with USA, China, Russia, European
Union and Neighbouring Countries, India’s role in
UN, NAM, BRICS, G- 20, G- 77 and SAARC.
 Geo-political and Strategic issues in South Asia, South
East Asia, West Asia and Far- East and their impact
on India.
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

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INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS
Issues of Honkong :-
 China was 2 specialAdministrative regions.
1. Hongkong
2. Macau
 Hongkong was under british rule till 1997.
 When it was made free an agreement was signed between britishers and Chinese govt.
under which it was given status for 50 years.
 In this period one country two system mechanism was adopted. It means Hongkong has
separate constitution, govt, legislature policeman.
 But china wants to occupy Hongkong, therefore it passes laws from time to time which
enables china to occupy hongkong.
 In 2020, national security law was passed. Under which if someone promoted separatism,
from china, extrenism terrorism and terrosimin china and and hurts chinese sovereigvity
then that person can be arrested.
 This law was opposed in Hongkong but China adopted suppressive policy
Biggest Economy
China Highest exporter, importer
Han- majority
Monglos minorities
Vighuss Xinthiang
Regior
Chinease foreign policy :-
Practical
1. Praquatic
2. Aqqressive
Wolf
3. Non Transparent
diplomacy
Affected from "ART OF WAR" – SUN- TZU
"The supreme Curt of war is to Subdue the Enemy without fighting " – SUN-TZU
Issue os Tibbet :-

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1911  Tibbet declared independence

1950  China attaked and occupied Tibet
1951  Tibet accepted chinease supremacy
Impact :_
1. Long border with India
2. Chinease expansionist policy
3. India's privilege became uncertain
4. Buffer state policy of British period ended.
 In 1954 Panchsheel agreement was singed on the issue of Tibbet and Panchsheel principles
were written in its preamble.
1. Territorial Inteqrity and Sovereignty
2. Non interference in internal matters
3. Peaceful co existence
4. Policy of non aggression
5. Mutual Benefit and Respect
 in 1959 Tibetian revolt happened
 And India gave refuge to Dalai lama.
 After this border dispute started.
Present Policy of China in Tibet .

 China is settling people of har origin in Tibet.
 So that demography could be changed.
 China is developing large scale in infrastructure
Eg. Rail, Road, Dam etc.
India recognizes chinease sovereignty over Tibet but opposes Human rights violation.
Tibetian refuqees are given shelter in India and exile govt functions from India.
Dalai lama is given refuge in India.
In 2020 USA passed "Tibetian Policy and support Act" which opposes Human rights voilation.
and protects religions and democratic rights of Tibtian Buddhist & is concerned about
environmental exploitation.

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Daulat Bag Oldi

Western Sector 2150 Km
Johnson line
Eastern Sector
LAC 1140 Km
Central Sector
Mcmahon line
1914
Border Dispute with China :-
India-China border can be divided into 3 parts.

1. Western sector :-
 Here main dispute is regarding occupation of AKSAI CHIN.
 India's claim is through Johson line. Which was created in british period using revenue
records of Ladakh princely state.
 China does not accept legality of this line because china was not informed about it.
 After war of 1962, China occupied AKSAI CHIN.
 Present control is depicted through LAC.
 This line is not completely defined. Thereforce tensions do arise from time to time.
2. Central Sector :- It includes hillyregions of Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand.
3. Eastern Sector :-
 India's claim is through Mc Mohan line.
 It was formed in Shimla conference of 1914.

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 Where British India was represented by Henry Mc Mahon.

 China does not consider this line as legal.
 And claims almost whole Arunachal Pradesh.
 China calls it South Tibbet.
 In last few years Chinease claim over this has increased. Such as protest against visits of
Indian P.M. this region.
 Issuing stoppled visa to residents of Arunachal Pradesh.
 Development of villages near border.
 and Development of infrastructure.
 Claim over Tawang Monestry.
Tawang Monastery :- It is 2nd largest Monastery of Tibbetion Buddhists situated in Tawang.

It is believed that next Dalai lama may come from Tawang. If it Happens then Tawang may
become center of Tibetion Revolt. Therefore china wants to occupy Tawang.
1. McMahon line is legal because in 1914, Tibet was a Sovereign nation.
2. China accepts other lines drawn by imperialistic forces.
Sikkim :-
 Sikkim was merged in India in 1975. But China opposed it and called it India's
expansionary policy.
 China used to consider whole Sikkim as disputed.
 In 2003, China recognized Sikkim as part of India.
 But still considers finger tip region situated at North Sikkim as disputed.
Doklam Dispute :-

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3 plateau regions are disputed between china and Bhutan.

1. Jakarlung
2. Pasamlung
3. Doklam
 Sino-British treaty was signed between china & British India.
 according to this treaty, these plateau are under China due to this treaty.
 But India and Bhutan reject this claim.
 In 2017, China was constructing road in Doklam. Which was opposed by India. Because-
(i) A friendship treaty between Bhutan & India in 2007. According to which
responsibility to protect Bhutan is on India.
(ii) This region is situated near Chicken neck Corridor or siligudi corridor. Which
connects N-E states with rest of the India. Therefore strategically important.
In 2013 :-
 A Border defence and co-operation agreement was signed between India and China
 According to which, until the border disputes is resolved. Status-quo will be maintained on
the border.
 Road construction was violationof this Agreement.
 For around 4 months, Deadlock remained India adopted.
2 Pronged strategics :- at ground level, forces were kept strong and along with this
diplomatic channel was also kept open.
Both Sides with drawn their forces.
Exents of 2020 :-
 In 2020, various clashes happened between India and China at border.
 China encroached on the border.
 Main points of conflict were –
1. Daulet beg oldi/depsang plain/Chip Chap river
2. Galwan River
3. Hot spring
4. Kongka la/Gogra
5. Pangong Lake area
6. Demchok
7. Chumar
 A violent clash happened in Galwan Valley on 14 th June, 2020.
 In which 20 solders of India martyred. Around 40 chinease sddicrs were also killed.

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 It was first such clash after 1975, When a soldier martyred.

Causes behind Chinease Aggression :-
1. India is developing Infra. on the border.
e.g. - Daulat beg oldi Air strip. Construction
construction of Highway between darbuk-shyok Daulat Begoldi
2. Chinese role in Corona period is being criticized both at global and global level.
China wants to divert attention from this issue.
3. India has inclined toward USA in last few years.
For eg. Formation of QUAD, therefore china wants to create pressure on India.
China-Pakistan relations
"Efforts" (After 2020)
 Talks are organised at the level of military officers.
 Till now 13 rounds of negotiations have been completed.
 2 process are adopted
1. De-esclation
2. Disengagement
 This process is being exerted in phased, co-ordinated and Verified manner.
 At first issue of lake pangong was resolved in which Indian forces moved behind finger-3
and chinease force moved behind finger-8
 Disengagement has been done at some other places although some conflicting points are
still present
eg. Hot spring
Efforts made to solve border dispute :-
 1988 – Rajiv Gandhi visited China
& Joint Border workring group was formed.
 1993 – Agreement on peace and tranquility on border was signed.
 1996 – Agreement for confidence building measures.
 2003 – Special representatives were appointed.
22 rounds of Negotiation have been completed.
Present special representative – Ajit Doval
 2005 – Strategic partnership agreement was signed
Political parameters and guiding principles were divided.
eg. Clear and identifiable geographical indicator should be used for border demarcation
and to protect interest of people living on border.
 2013 – Border defence and co-operation agreement
 2018 – Wuhan summit
 2019 – Mahabalipuram summit
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Suggestions :-
1. LAC should be completely defined.
2. This dispute is very complex, therefore both parties should have patience.
3. Disputes in other regions should be solved so that trust can be strengthen
4. The central sector should be resolved first.
5. Agreement should be followed/adhered to
Maritime Dispute :-
1. Indian Ocean –
(i) Chinease activities have been increased in India ocean.
eg:- Policy of string of pearls – it's a policy of encircling India.
China is developing ports at strategically important locations around India.
Payra &
chirragong
Bangladesh
Gwadar
Pakistan
String of
Pearls Humban tota
Shri Lanka
(ii) Devlopment of Naval Bases on (coco) KoKo Island of Myamar & on Djibouti (Africa)
(iii) Activities of Chinease submarines have increased and China is using ships having
capacity more than required. These activities affect following interest of India.
Maritime boundary of India can be threatned.
 Maritime trade can be affected specially oil and gas import.
 Exploitation of fishing and other resources.

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 India influence in Indias ocean will decline

 Relation with neighbor will affect
India's Response :-
India is developing active relations with littoral nations of Indian ocean.
e.g. Indian ocean – RIM Association
Double fish Hook strategy
Under which USA's Diago Garcia and Developing Duqam port foman also developing Sabang
port of Indonesia
 QUAD
 Development of chabhar port in Iran
 Malabar exercise (QUAQ contries)
 Can use Reunion Island of France.
South China sea dispute
China
Taiwan
Paracel
Scar borough
Islands
Shoal
Phillipins
Spratly
Island
Vietnam
Brunei
Malaysia
 Paracel, spratly and Scarborough island are located in south china sea. Which are part of
Vietnam, Malaysia, Phillipines.
 China has occupied these island groups
 Artificial island are being developed.

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& also militarizing the Islands.

 China has claimed arround 80% of south China sea.
 Basis of this claim is "9 Dash line"
 Which is historical
Impacts :-
 Interest of small countries are being affected.
 because china is exploiting natural resources.
 China is violating international laws. Such as UNCLOS
 South China sea is an important trade route.
 Militarization may cause conflicit between super powers
 International order will get afferted.
Reaction :-
 International community does not recognise claim of China
 Freedom of Navigation & Air transportation are supported
 The ASEAN organization has supported rule based system formation of QUAD
 European countries have deployed their Navy in this region.
Economic Relations :-
At present, Bilateral trade is around 90 billion dollars
In which export of India = 22 Billion Dollar
In which export of China = 68 Billion Dollar
This trade is inclined toward china.
Impacts :-
 Increases current account deficit
 Which may cause Boi Crisis.
 Affects forex reserve.
 Domestic manufacturing India gets affected. Due to which on unemployment issue.
 Qualities of Chinease product is very low which. Which afferts consumer interests
 Chinease products are national security.
eg. In telecom sector
 China uses unfair trade practises.
 Dumping
India's Reation :-
 India banned such Chinease apps which are threat to notional security.

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e.g. Tik-tok, Huwaie is excluded from 5G trial

 Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan has been launched so that important dependency can be
reduced.
 Anti Dumping trial
 Economic and strategic Dialogues are organized in cochin India raised this issue.
 Effort have been made to increase export to China
 India has left RCEP. (Regional Comprehensive Economic partnership)
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Announced in 2013

Silk Road Maritime silk
Economic Belt Road
 It is an ambitious infrastructure project in which China is being connected to Europe, Asia,

Africa, Indian ocean, pacific ocean, through land and sea routes.
It has 2 components
(i) Silk road economic Belt
(ii) Maritime silk road
Under it following projects are being developed :-

Highway
Railway
Silk Road Economic
Industrial park
Belt
Energy Projects
Transmission line
Broad band line etc
In Sea
Ports Marine
Ship repair centres
Godowns etc.
 Around 100 countries are included in it.
Objectives :-
"Economic objective"
 New markets for exports will be available.
 Chinease companies will get investment opportunities.
 Acceptibility of Chinease currency will increase
 Chinease financial Institution will provide debt

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Strategic objectives :-
 China wants to establish It self as a super power.
 China will influence decision of member countries.
 China wants to reduce effect of USA, India, Russia.
Imparts :-
Positive :- Economic Activities will increase, which will generate employment opportunities.
Negatives
(i) It affects sovereignty of member countries.
(ii) Member Countries are caught into "Debt map"
eg. Srilanka, Pakistan
(iii) China is occupying regions and territories in these countries
eg. Hambantota port
(iv) China is interferes in internal matters of member countries.
eg. Myanmar-Militiary (Democratic)
(v) Will damage Environment
(vi) Exploits local population
(vii) It will generate conflict between super power.
eg. USA-China
India's Reaction :-
 India opposed BRI project because one of its part that is CPEC passes through POK
(China-Paskistan Economic corridor)
 Chinease activities in this region are a threat to sovereignty of India.
 India Highlighted the negative impacts of this projects.
 India-USA-Japan have launched Asia-africa growth corridor.
 India became member of Blue Dot Network which is an international initiative
 It indicates viability of infrastructure projects.
 G-7 has recently lanched Built-Back-Better World (B 3) intiative which is seen as a reaction
to BRI project .
 European Union has launched an initiative named Global Gateway.
 300 Billion euro will be used for infrastructure Development By 2027

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Brahmaputra River Dispute
4 Dams :-
1. Dagu
2. Tioxu
3. Zangbo
4. Ziacha
 China is developing dams on Brahmputra river which are opposed by India.
Because :-
1. River water can be controlled and problem of flood and drought can be generaled in India.
2. Hydroelectricity project of India will get affected.
3. It will damage river ecosystem
4. It may cause water sharing dispute with Bangladesh
5. China is exploiting resources of Tibbet.
6. It is a earthquake prone region.
 India and china signed an agreement to share information related to water. But china does
not observe it.
 China claim is there projects are run off the river type in which water is not stored at large
scale, India reject this claim.
 Because satellite pictures clearly indicate that water is being stored at very large scale.
Solution :-
 Transparency should be adopted in river related information
 India, China, Bangladesh should sharing water management.
China-Pak relation
 China-Pak relation started in 1963. When Pakistan gave shaksgam Valley to China from
POK.
 In India Pakistan wars China supported Pakistan.

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 China is developing infrastructure in Pakistan.

Eg. CPEC(Announced in 2015). Till now An investment of 62 Billion dollar has been made.
 This project is part of BRI. Under which Railways, roads, ports, energy project etc. are being
made.
 It starts from kashgar, xinjiang province of China and extends upto Gwadar in Baluchistan.
Following main projects are being developed
1. Karot Dam (POK)
2. Qaid-e-Azam sadar energy park (Banawalpur, Pak)
3. Sahiwal Coal power plant (Pakistan)
4. Karachi-Peshawar Rail line
Impacts (Same as BRI) :-
 Pakistan nuclear and missile programmes are sponsered by china
 On strategic issues china support Pakistan, eg. – supporting terrorist based in Pakistan.
 China opposed membership of India in NSG (Nuclear supplier group) and supported
membership of Pakistan.
"Issue of Taiwan "
 In 1949, Chinese civil war ended and 2 China came into existence.
1. People republic of China (PROC) also called main China.
2. Republic of China (ROC) also called Taiwan.
 China does not recognize Taiwan as an independent and sovereign Country. Which is
opposed by Taiwan.
 China has adopted one China policy

Under this policy, China imposes a Conditions on other Conditions that they
can not maintain simultareous diplomatic relation with Taiwan & China both
 India, U.S.A. and other countries accept this policy.

 Few thinkers believe that India should accept one China policy only when China accepts
one India policy.

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INDIA-U.S.A RELATIONS
India U.S.A relation are divided into three times periods
1. from 1947 -1991 : relations were not good in this period .U.S.A was inclined towards
Pakistan
2.1991-2005: policy of cooperation and coercion was adopted for eg. Sanctions on nuclear test.
and cooperation against global terrorism.
3. from 2005- till now: relations were positive in this time period .nomber of disputes were less
area of cooperation are extensive .
Civil Nuclear Deal:
 Announced in 2005
 and it came into force in 2008.
Main provisions –
1 .India U.S.A will have nuclear trade it means nuclear material and technology will be
provided
2. India will be granted an open waiver in NSG (nuclear supplier group)
3. India will separate its civil and military nuclear plant
4.IAEA (international atomic energy agency) safeguard will be followed and they will be
allowed to inspect.it is called additional protocol of IAEA.
Two companies of U.S.A shown interest for investment India nuclear interest
A.Westing House
B.GE –Hitachi
 In 2010 civil liability for nuclear damage act was passed. Whose some section was opposed
by these companies.
 In 2015 ,American president visited India and this dispute was resolved but this investment
could not be materalised even today
Dispute between India and U.S.A

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1.Dispute of IPR :
 U.S.A accuses India for not respecting IPR .specially software entertainment,
pharmaceuticals.
 During corona period ,India demanded from U.S.A that IPR should be waived off on
vaccine
 Initially biden govt was reluctant on this issue but recently they have endursed the
waiving off on IPR on vaccine.
 If will help in supplying vaccine to least developed and developing countries
 U.S.A also stopped supply of raw materials for manufacturing medicines .although
pressure from India,raw material supply has been started
 Earlier disputes –GLIVEC, IPR DISPUTE,NEXAVARY, IPR DISPUTE
2. HI-B VISA DISPUTE :
 It is a temporary work visa given to skilled worker

 India is the largest beneficiary of this program (visa ) specially IT industry
 In U.S.A right wing republic parties opposes this visa program. they accuse that this
program has caused unemployment in U.S.A
 Donald trump administration was making stringent rules for this visa program .such as
increasing minimum income limit, abolishing H - 4 VISA given to spouses
 Although biden govt is positive towards this issue
3.Climate change :
 In U.S.A, there are 2 main ideologies regarding climate change

A. Conservative approach :
 Donald trump support this ideology .they reject climate change and global warming.
Because of this trump administration left paris agreement.
 According to India this ideologly is making running away developing countries from their
duty
 They should provide finances and technologies to least developed & developing countries
from their duty
B. LIBERAL APPROACH :
 Leaders of democratic party supports them .they accuse India that 3 rd largest carbon emitter
country
 India reject this claim because per carbon emission to still very low and some amount of
carbon is necessary for India developmental objectives
 India will decided policy for reducing carbon by itself .

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4. CAATSA-(Countering American adversaries through trade sanctions act)
 This act was passed by US congress .under it, if any country dues energy and defence trade
with Iran , Russia and north Korea then U.S.A can impose sanctions on that country.
 India has deep energy and defence relationship with iran and Russia
 This act affects these relations
 Specially S-400 missile defence system deal with Russia
 If U.S.A impose sanctions on India after this deal then it will affects India military capacity
against china and QUAD objective will be difficult to achieve
 India has demanded U.S.A to waiver off this deal from CAATSA:
“PROTERTIONIST POLICIES”
Trump govt adopted various protectionist policies.

Eg: increase in import duties .
Abolishing facility of gsp (general system of preference)
GSP (Generalised systems of preferences):-

 This system was launched in 1976 .under it exemption on import duties are given to
developing and least developing countries
 India was the largest beneficiary of this benefit but trump govt abolished this mechanism
 It affected India trade worth 5.6 billion dollar
 India was also pressurized to reduce import duties .for eg: the case of Harley Davidson
 India export promotion policies were challenged in WTO by U.S.A.
Area of co-operation:
 India –US relations are defined as “comprehensive strategic partnership”
 Both countries have share values such as democracy protecting human rights
,international co-operation for global issues, freedom of navigation rule based global
order etc.
 Highest political leadership make frequent visits such as in 2020 U.S president Donald
trump visited India and nauarte trump event was organised
 For ministred co-operation more than 50 dialogue plateform have been setup out of them
most important is “2+2”dialogue .in it defence and external affairs minister participate .it
is a plateform of security ,defence and strategic of both countries partnership.
Other countries –“2+2 dialogues”
 India –U.S.A -1st “2+2 dialogues”- 2018 (6 Sept) –Japan

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2nd “ 2+2 dialogues “- 2019 -Russia

3 rd “2+2 dialogues “2020 (27 oct) – Australia
Outcome of 3rd dialogue
A. BECA (BASIC EXCHANGE AND CO –OPERATION AGREEMENT ):

 Under this ‘geospatial intelligence ‘ between the defence ministries of both countries will
be shared
 Geospatial maps and charts will be shared
 Sharing of data received from satellites , survalliance aircraft, UAVs.
 Four fundamental agreements – these agreements are signed by US with its closed and
allied countries to sell high technology and to promote military coopration.
1.GSOMIA :
 General security of military information agreement
 Signed in 2002
 For security of military imformation
2.LEMOA :
 logistics exchange memorandum of agreement
 Signed in 2016
 Forces of both the countries can use military basis of one another for following tasks
a. For refueling
b. Repair
c. Disaster management
d. Search and rescue operation
3. COMCASA :
 communication compatibility and security agreement
 Signed -6 sept 2018 (in first 2+2 dialogue)
 Use of same communication channel
 Inter operability
B. JOINT STATEMENT ON ASIA –PACIFIC REGION:
 Indo –US common goals underlined in this area
 Rules of law transparency independent navigation
 Need for a free open and prosperous environment
 Emphasized the rule based system in south china sea
 Criticized the chinease communist party in the region and china’s role in covid 19 pandemic
C.OTHER CO-OPERATION:
 Technical support in earth observational earth science
 Agreement electronic exchange on customs data
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 Support in traditional india medicine

 Discussion on the situation in Afghanistan and support for peace keeping
D.QUAD SUMMIT: Quadrilateral security dialogue

 It is a grouping of 4 countries (india,australlia ,japan ,U.S.A )
 A quadrilateral security dialogue is organized amoung them
 Informally the co-operation started during 2004 tsumani relief work
 In 2007,first time meeting of QUAD Foreign ministers was organized on the sidelines of
Asian summit
 But due to resistance of china ,this effort could not succeed
 This grouping was revived from 2017
 In march 2021, virtual summit was organized and in sept 2021 in person summit was
organized in U.S.
IMPORTANCE OF QUAD:
 Indo pacific region is central to this region .which is geopolitically most important
 Important sealines of communication passes through this region which are important for
global trade
 China influence is increasing in this region
 China has generated border and maritime dispute which are threat to free operation
inclusive and prosporous indo-pacific.
 It also disturbs a rule based order
 These countries can co-operate infield of technology, supply chain ,management ,disaster
management and humanitarian assistance
 and humanitarian assistance
 This group can supplement help india’s defence capabilities
 Promoting high standards of infrastructure
“Challenges of QUAD”
1. Objective and vision of this grouping are not clear
2. There are difference regarding definition of indo –pacific
3. China has called it ASIAN –NATO
4. INDIA-RUSSIA relations have affected due to it
5. There are some dispute among these countries
Eg.. Vaccine supply – Climate change
Way forward
 Formal summits of this group should be organized

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 A secretariat should be formed for this group

 Its vision and objective should be clarified
 Should include other countries as well
Eg: Indonesia, Singapore ,UAE ,Oman etc.
U.S.A support India in export control regimes

Such as:
1. MTCR (missile technology and control regime )
2. Wasenar arrangement
3. Australlia group – chemical and biological weapon
4. Nuclear supplier group :- (India – not a member of this group)
DEFENCE CO-OPERATION:
 In 2005, defence framework agreement was signed .
 In 2015,defence technology and trade initative was signed
 Under it, technology transfer and defence investment was emphasized
 Major defence imports from U.S.A
1. C-130 J (Hercules Aircraft)
2. C-17 (Globe master)
3. chinook
4. apache
5. P8I (Poseidon Aircraft)
MALABAR EXERCISE:
 Naval war exercise started in 1992.
 In 2007, japan participated for the first time
 Since 2015,japan is continuously participating in it
 In 2020 ,Australia also participated in it
 It means, it is an important war exercise of QUAD group ,which indicates maritime
importance of Indio- pacific
 U.S.A gave major defence partner status to India, which was upgraded to STA in 2018.
 It means India can use all advanced technologies available in U.S. defence market.
 India is first such country ,which is not a military ally or military partner and still given
this status (STA-1)
4 foundational agreements between India and U.S.A
CO-OPERATION FOR COUNTER TERRORISM –

 U.S.A stopped financial assistance given to Pakistan

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 Pakistan was included in greylist of FATF
FATF:
 Financial action task force
 Established 1989 ,in Paris
 Members -39 (37 countries ,2 organization )
 India is also member
 Objective = to combat terrorist financing and money laundering
 India is trying to push Pakistan in dark list .which means no foreign investment ,trade
,assistance.
 With help of U.S.A , Masood azhar chief of Jaish - mohammad was declared international
terrorist
U.S hegemony in world politics:

 In world politics, if a country become so powerful that it dominate political, economical,
cultural sectors of other countries , then this concept is hegemony .
Hegemony can be established in 3 ways :

1. Hegemony as a military power :
 After the end of cold war, U.S.A established such hegemony in 1990, Iraq, attacked Kuwait .
 U.S.A in intervened in this war and first gulf war started.
 Operation dessert storm and operation desert shield were launched under leadership of
U.S.A.
 U.S.A used advanced technologies in this war ,it is also called computer war.
 The war was broadcasted in the whole world, therefore it is also called video game war.
 U.S.A also earned money from this war.
 In 1998,US embassies in Daar-Us –Islam (Tanjaniya) and Nairobi (Kenya) were attacked by
terrorists .
 In reaction, operation infinite reach was started.
 Air strikes were conducted on Sudan and Afghanistan.
 On 11th Sept ,2001 (9/11) terrorist attack was done on U.S.A total 4 attacks were conducted.
 Out of them two were on world trade center which was center of U.S economy. One attack
was conducted on U.S headquarter (Defence) fourth attack was planned on U.S congress
but it falied .
 There attacks were carried out under leadership of Osama –bin-laden.
 In this attack 3000 people died .
 In response ,U.S.A launched operation enduring freedom.

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 Afghanistan was attacked and Taliban was removed from power.

 In 2003, U.S.A attacked Iran (without UNSC permission) It was called operation Iraqi
freedom.
 Declared objective of this attack is to eliminate weapon of mass destruction but actual
objective was to capture oil resources of Iraq .
 Around 50,000 people were killed in this war. In 2006, saddam hussian was hanged.
2. U.S. hegemony as structural power :
 U.S.A is the largest economy in the world
 U.S.A controls global financial institutions .
 eg; World Bank ,IMF etc.
 In world trade, U.S.A share is around 15% through which protectionist and liberalist trade
policies .
 Decisions of WTO are takes inconsent with U.S.A .
 U.S.A’s currencies dollar is used for global transactions.
 U.S.A also influenced academic field and got MBA degree recognized .
 U.S.A controls global public goods such as sea lanes of communication internet,
information etc.
3. HEGEMONY AS A SOFT POWER:

 It refers to U.S.A capacity of developing manufactured consent .
 U.S.A propagated various ideologies.eg:
1.Theory of success
2.concept of modernity
3.democratic government
4. human rights
5.idea of good life etc …
 It Influenced lifestyle of other countries such as blue jeans ,Coca-Cola
 U.S.A established superiority of English language
 To spread ideologies of English language.
 To spread ideologies, Hollywood is used .
Obstacles in us hegemony:
1. US constitution is based on complete separation of power .it means the executive can
never become most powerful body.
2. US society is an open society where citizens have freedom of expression .so people can put
pressure on the government of U.S.A

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3. NATO partners of U.S.A

4. At present , world is moving towards multipolarity and new powers are coming into
existence.
Eg: China, India, Russia ,brazil
5. US withdrawal from Afghanistan is a blot on US hegemony.
INDIA’S RESPONSE:
1. COMMUNIST RESPONSE: we should not have active relations with U.S.A because U.S.A
hegemony will negatively effect India.
2. CAPITALIST RESPONSE:
3. We have proactive relations with U.S.A and should take advantage of US hegemony.
4. OTHERS:
 India should work for creations of multipolar world.
 At present, India take advantage of us hegemony and is also working for multipolar
world.
o BRICS, SCO etc.
o China (OROR, AJIB)/India, Japan, S. Korea, E. Union
o QUAD Alliance
o G-4 group
o AUKUS
o Protective Policy of US
INDIA-RUSSIA RELATIONS
Disintegration of USSR-
 In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became president of USSR. He adopted 2 main policies.
(i) Perestroika
(ii) Glasnost
Perestroika :-
 It’s a Russian term which means restructureing
 Restructuring was done in political and Economical fields.
 In Political field, Power was decentralized and more political power was given to soviets.
 In Economic field, govt control over market was reduced.
Glasnost :-

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 Russian term which means openness.

 Russian Society was opened and citizen were given freedom of expression.
 Press was also allowed to criticize government.
 Because of thise policies, separatist movement started in soviets.
and finally in 1991, soviet union was integrated.
Bilateral strategic partnership eral Relations

 During cold war period, India adopted policy of Non-alignment but India was ideologically
inclined towards USSR.
 On Kashmir issue India got support from USSR.
 In 1971, a treaty of peace, friendship and co-operation was signed.
 Which helped in winning Bangladesh war.
Political and strateqic relation :-

 India-Russia relations are defind as "Special and privileged strategic partnership "
 Since year 2000, India-Russia summit is being organized.
 In which Indian P.M. and Russian president participate.
 This summit is alternatively organized in India and Russia
 20th summit was organized in 2019 in Russia.
 Due to Corona Pandemic in 2020 Summit could not be organized
 On 6 December, 2021, 21st Summit was organized in New Delhi .
Key out comes of 21st summit – 2+2 Dialogue between
 First India Russia was organised.
 Russia is the only country other than QUAD with whom such dialogue was organized.
 Joint production in defence sector is being promoted.
 6 Lakh Ak-203 Kalashiknov rifiles will be manufactured in Amethi, U.P.
 Agreement for Military {Technology} co-operation :- From 2021 to 2031.
 Reciprocal exchange of logistics agreement. will be singned will Russia. Under which, both
both countries can use milltary bases of one another.
 It is equivalent to LEMOA agreement signed with USA.
 India will purchase $-400 Air defense system.
 India asserted that if follows an Independent foreign policy which hints at US CAATSA
(countering American adversaries through Sanctions out)
 Geo political hotsports like Afganistan and middle east were discussed and their imact on
central Asia was also out lined.
 Maritime security is another domain of shared concern.
 Issue of China's aggressive posture along the northern border was also Brought
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1. Energy co-operation
 Russia has abundant energy resources.
and India is dependent on imports for its energy needs.
 India ONGC has invested in Passion Energy fields at the same time Russia Roseneft has
acquired India's ESSAR group. It is among the largest FDI in India.
2. In field of atomic energy, Civil Nuclear Deal has been signed.
In India Kudan Culum, Russia has setup a nuclear energy plant.
Defense Co-operation :-
 India has purchased maximum defence equipment from Russia.
T-72 – Battle tank
INS-Vikramaditya (Aircraft carries)
INS-Chakra (Nuclear submarine)
MIG-21
Fighter Jets
MIG-29
Suknoi
 Till now-Buyer-seller Relation
 But at present joint production and Technology transfer are been emphasized.
S-400
 Most advanced, Missile defence system (can destroy 36 missiles at a time)
 Developed in 2007
 It is capable of destroying all types of aerial attacks. Such as aircraft, drone attacks, missile
attacks etc.
 It can locate targets at 600 km and can destroy them at 400km range. Upto altitude of 30km
 Cost of deal = 5.43 Billion dollar (40,000 crore INR)
 China, Turkey, Saudi Arab, Qatar  Have also purchased S-400
 India and Russia jointly developed Brahmos.
Trade Co-operation :-
 Bilatural trade between India-Russia is around 7.5 Billions dollars
 It is way below its potential.
 By 2025, a trade target of 30 billion dollar is set up.
 The main cause of low trade is lack of direct connectivity
 Chennai-valdivostok maritine link will be established.
 India will invest around 1 Billion dollar in far east region of Russia
 India Russia are negotiating a free trade agreement.

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 India, Russia, Iran launched INSTC (International North south transport corridor) in year
2000
 In which India will be connected to Russia through Iran and Caspian sea.
 At present 13 countries are Included in INSTC.
 This project could not be completed due to sanctions on Iron.
Ukraine Crisis:-
 Before 1991, Ukraine was Part of USSR
 It has Russian influence.
 Russia wanted to include Ukraine in Eurasian economic union.
 But European union opposed it and an Economic package was given to Ukraine.
 Ukraine's president rejected this offer, because of which videl protest happened in Ukraine.
 To protect Russian Speaking people, Russian forces entered into Crimea.
 After a referendum, Russia captured/Annexed Crimea. (2014)
 After this incident western countries imposed economic sanctions on Russia
 After this separatist movement started in Lushank and Donetsic of Ukraine
 Which led to civil war in Ukraine.
 At present force of Both countries are deployed at Ukraine-Russia border. Because of which
tensions are very high.
 European union and Nato are supporting Ukraine.
RIC (Russia-India-China)
 Idea of this forum was given by Russia.
 Because all 3 countries have various areas of co-operation.
eg. –
To reduce Amarican Hegemoney in world Politics.
Formation of Multipolar world.
Protesting interest of developing countries.
Energy co-operation
Co-operation for counter terrorism.
 Meeting of their foreign minister of these 3 countries.
 First meeting was organized in 2002. 18th meeting was organized November, 2021
 In 2018 During G-20 Summit a meeting between president of Russia, China and India's PM
was organized.
 Because of disputes between and China, this triangle coud not succeed .
RCP (Russia-China-Pakistan Triangle)

 It is an informal triangle. Which came into existence in last few years.

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 Russia's inclination towards China and Pakistan has increased.

 Russia and China signed energy and defence agreements.
eg.- S-400 defence system. Supply of Natural Gas.
 Russia's member of BRI project.
 On India China border dispute, Russia response was not satisfactory.
From India point of View
 Russia supported China and Pakistan on Afghanistan.
 Even defence relations with Pakistan are also started.
 This triangle is circumstantial because India has inclined towards USA
 Western countries have imposed economic sactions on Russia.
 To improve the relation India-Russia Summit was organized.
EUROPEAN UNION
→ It is a regional political Organisation.
→ Members = 27
→ It represents 7.5% population of would and 22.5% GDP of world.
→ It ensures free flow of Goods, Services, Investment & Human Resources.
→ These countries have common foreign and defence policy.
Historical Background:-
→ In 1951, paris treaty was signed and European Coal & steel community was formed.
→ 6 countries were members.
→ In 1957, Rome Treaty was signed & European Economic Community was established.
→ In 1967, there two organisations were merged.
→ In 1973, UK become its members, after which other countries also joined it.
→ In 1993, Maastricht Treaty was signed and European Union came into existence and concept
of European Citizenship was accepted & came into existence.
→ In 1998, the Monetary Union was established (found)
→ In year 2002, 19 countries gave up there domestic currency, and adopted Euro as their
Currency.
→ There countries are called Eurozone countries (19).
→ In 1985, schengen agreement was signed which came into force in 1995.
→ It is Visa free zone.

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→ It includes 26 Countries.
→ In 2007, Lisbon Treaty was signed which came into force in 2009.
Present structure & Governance of European Union is from Lisbon Treaty.
Structure of European Union:-

→ There 7 main institution in European Union.
1. European Council:-
→ Highest Decision making Authority.
→ Main Function :- To provide guidance to European Union.
2. European Union:-
→ It function like council of ministers.
→ It formulate common, defence & Foreign policy.
3. European Parliament:-
→ Its main function is enacting law.
4. European commission:-
→ It function like Bureaucracy.
→ European commission negotiate agreement with other countries.
 HQ of above 4 Institution is in Brussels. (Belgium)
 Brussels is known as capital of European Union.
5. European Central Bank:-
→ Its main function: Formulating Monetary Policy
HQ: FrankFurt, Germany
6. European Court of Justice:-
→ Function: Interpretation of laws & resolving disputes.
HQ: Luxembourg
7. European Court of Auditor:-
→ Function:- Auditing
HQ :- Luxembourg
BREXIT
1973 - U.K. became a member of European Union.
1975 - A referendum held in which the people voted to remain with the economic
community.
 The demand for BREXIT was raised by the U.K. Independence Party, Whose main leader is
Boris Johnson.
 Causes of BREXIT:-

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1. The European Union is a Political Organization whose rules and regulations have to be
followed by Britain, which affects its sovereignty.
2. Large numbers of migrants from eastern europe enter the U.K. which affects Job
opportunities, in the U.K.
3. Britain Contributed to the European Union budget but did not receive a proportionate
benefit.
4. On 23 June 2016, a referendum was held on the issue of BREXIT, in which 51.9% people
supported BREXIT.
5. The Process of BREXIT was initiated in accordance with article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty.
6. Britain officially left the European Union on 31 January 2020.
7. An agreement was signed between the U.K. and the European Union on 24 december
2020, which regulater the Post-BREXIT relationship between the European Union and
the U.K.
Provision of agreement:-
 Business: Free trade between Britain and the European Union will remain the same
as it was
Before, athough more documents will have to be processed for trade, which
will delay trade.
 Quota: No quota Fixed for commodities.
 Visa: U.K. Citizens will need a visa to stay in the European Union for more than
90 days, that
Means there will be no free movement.
 Professional
degree: Will not be recognized Like, Doctor, engineer, Lawyer etc.
 Fishing Policy: U.K. will exit from European Union common fisheries policy.
 Review rules: This deal can be reviewed in every 5 years, it can be extended or
terminated.
INDIA-EUROPEAN UNION RELATIONS

 July 2020 – 15th India-European Union Summit (Virtual).
 It Discussed about co-operation in the fields of climate change, Science, Space, water and
air quality and nuclear energy.

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 High level discussion for free trade agreement between India-European Union strategic
partnership for 2025 to be released.
 Civil nuclear deal was done.
 A Naval security dialogue was Launched for naval cooperation.
 Cooperation will be established between CBI and Europol against Crime and terrorism.
 Renewal of Science and technology agreement.
 The Shared Value between India-European Union is:-
(i) Diversity exists in both the Union of India and European.
(ii) Both Support democracy, rule based system, Human rights etc.
 European Union describes chinese activities in Ladakh as a matter of Concern.
 European Union is the largest trading partner of India, while India is the 9th largest
trading partner of the European Union.
 May 2021:- Meeting was held between 27 leaders of India-European Union (Video
conference)
 Result:- (i) Promote free trade.

(ii) Ensuring market access/reach.
(iii) Emphasis on increasing investment.
(iv) Negotiations started for agreement on Geographical indication (GI)
(v) Clean energy & climate agreement b/w European Union-India.
(vi) Connectivity Partnership were started in the digital, transport,
energy and people to people sectors.
(vii) India – European Union human rights dialogue was started.
(viii) Agreement on Cooperation on international Security.
(ix) Consensus on a free open, inclusive and rules based indo-pacific.
 India's metro projects financed by the European investment Bank, Like-Ladakh metro,
Bangalore metro, Kanpur metro etc
INDIA & ITS NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES

(SOUTH-ASIA)
INDIA – PAKISTAN
Problems of Pakistan
1. Democratic values in Pakistan are very weak because Pakistan was created in
undemocratic manner.
2. Pakistan remained under a military Rule for a long period.

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Aayub Khan = 1958-69Yahya Khan = 1969-71

Zia-ul-Haq = 1978-88
Parviz – Musharaf – 1999-2008
3. Pakistan has more than 1 centre of Power such as Government Militory, ISI, Religious
Groups, Terrorists Group because of this Negotiation Process gets repeatedly affected.
4. Pakistan Foreign Policy is based on Anti-India Agenda.
5. Pakistan has excersice interference of Global powers become of which Pak's soureignity is
not respected
Eg :- USA & China
6. Pakistan Economy is in bad shape
7. At present pak is going through balance of Payment crisis and caught into debt trap.
Kashmir Dispute:-
 J&K was under Dogara dynasty in 1947 Hari Singh was king during that time.
 Kashmir Valley was muslim majority.
 Jammu was Hindu Majority.
 Ladakh was Buddhist Majority
 At the time of Independence two kinds of Agreement were signed.
1. SSA (Stand still Agreement)
 It was a temporary agreement.
 According to which trade & transport was maintained as it was.
 J&K signed SSA with Pakistan so that normal life doesn't get affected.
2. IOA (Instrument of Accession) :-
 It was a permanent Agreement.
 According to which sovereignity was transferred.
Pak Violated SSA and J&K was attacked by Tribals.
 on 6th oct 1947, Tribals attacked on Punch district of J&K.
 On 22 nd oct, tribals reached Baramullah which was close to Srinagar.
 Under such circumstances, Hari Singh asked India for Help.
 On 26th oct 1947 India & J&K signed IOA and J&K was merged in India.
 On 27th oct 1947, Indian Army reached J&K and a war between India & Pak Started.
 On 1st Jan 1948 India raised this issue in united Nation (UN)
 UN Organized a 5 member organization.
 UNCIP :- United nations commission on India and Pakistan.
Recommendation :-
1. Ceasefire should be declare. (ceasefire was declared on 1 Jan. 1949)
2. United nations military observation group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was
formed to keep cease fire in check
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3. Pakistan would withdraw its force from this region.

4. India will aslo withdraw its forces from this region. However, India can maintain such
no. of forces which are necessary to maintain law & order.
5. After observing above condition a plebescite should be conducted in J&K
 Both India & Pak rejected thses recommendations.
Other external efforts :-
1. Mac Naugton Proposal
2. Owen Dixon Commission
3. Graham Commission
These 3 efforts also failed
 Popular leader of J&K, sheikh Abdullah become PM of Jammu Kashmir.
 He signed an agreement with Jawahar lal Nehru. According to which J&K was given
special status for temporary period.
 And Art. 370 was added in Indian Constitution.
 A separate constitution assembly was formed in J&K which sectified IOA.
 On 26 Jan 1957, new constitution of J&K came into force which called J&K as an integral
part of India.
War of 1965 :-
 This war was faught in 2 phases.
 1st attack  April 1965  on Run of Kutch.
 India's response was not satisfactory
 On 5th Aug 1965 operation Zibralters was launched by Pakistan and attacked on J&K
 On 21st sept 1965 ceasefire was declared with mediation of USSR.
Condition/Cirumstances before War :-

 Due to India's defeat in 1962 was, Indian forces moral was law.
 Positive Relation between China & Pak were started.
 In 1964, Jawahar Lal Nehru died
 Personality of Lal Bahadur shashtri was considered as weak.
 Pakistan got Patton tank from USA.
Tashkent Agreement :-
 10 Jan. 1966
 India's representative Lal Bahadur Shastri & Pakistan
representative – Aayub khan
Mediator – USSR
Provisions :-

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1. Forces of both the countries will go at position of pre 5 Aug 1965.

It means land acquired in was will be return.
2. More Prisoncrs will be released.
3. All types of dispute will be resolved through negotiation under mediation of UN.
 In 1971 Bangladesh liberation war was happened .
Shimla Agreement :-
 On 2nd July 1972
 India's representative Indira Gandhi
 Pak's representative  Zulfikar Ali
Provisions :-
 Internalisation of Kashmir dispute was rejected.
 It's a Bilateral dispute which will be resolve through bilateral efforts.
 Pak recognized Bangladesh as an Independent country.
 Line of control (LOC) was decide
 Land acquired in war will be returned
 War prisoners will be released.
 India & Pak cooperate in field of science & Tech.
Terroism in Kashmir :-
 In 1989 Terriorism started in Kashmir.
 Following groups are active in J&K
1. Terrorist Groups
Objective :- To separate J&K from India and merge in Pakistan.
They use violence.
Its groups are :-
Jaish – a- Mohammad
Hijab – ul- Mujahiddin
Lashkar –a – Taiyaba
Harkat –ul-Jihad – a Islam
Alkayada
IS
2. Separatist Groups :-
Main objective: - To spread separatistideology by living within J&K society
 They call for shut down
 Stone pelting is promoted.
 Main group: - Hurriyat Conference
 est – 1994
 Leader – Syed Ali shah Gilani
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 In 2002 Division of Huriyat Conference took place & leader :- Mirwaiz Omar Faroukh
 Liberal face of Hurriyat Conference.
3. JKLF (Jammu Kashmir liberation Front)

 Leader – Yaseen Malik
 Earlier it was terrorist group but later on surrendered.
 Its main demand  Independent J&K
4. Political Party :-
1. NC :- National Conference  Umar Abdullaha
2. DDP :- People Democratic Party  Mahbooba Mufti
Objective :- Restoration of Art 370
 There 2 Parties have formed Gupkar alliance
 In may 1998 Pakistan & India conducted Nuclear Experimentbecause of which tensions
increased.
 In Feb. 1999, Indian PM- Vajpayee visited Pakistan through bus route.
 And Lahore declaration was issued.
 In 1999, Kargil war happened in which Indian won.
 At present main demand of Indian govt. is that pak should and terrorist activities. only
then negotiation can happened.
 On 5 th Aug. 2019 :- India abolished art 370 & 35 (A)
 Impacts (abolishing Art 370 & 35 (A))
Positive
1. Separatist Ideology in J&K will weakened
2. Progressive laws of Indian Parliament will how be implemented in J &K as well
Jammu & Kashmir
3. J &K is divided into two UTs
Ladakh
4. Ladakh will get autonomy, so that cultural of Ladakh can be preserved and
development can be insured.
5. Investment will be attract in J&K which will lead to economic progress.
6. Social Equality will be enforced in J&K
7. Injustice towards women, Dalits and refugees will be aliminated.
8. Security forces will be now under central government so that better coordination can
be established.
9. Political corruption will reduce.
10. Importance of separatists have reduced.

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11. Delimitation could be done so that influence of Jammu will increase in Polity.
12. It has been classified at global level that J&K is the internal matter of India and external
intervation will not be accepted.
Negative :-
1. For short term J&K people may face some problems but for long term peace this step
was necessary.
ON 24th Feb 2021, India and Pak force issued a Joint statement. According to which
ceasefire Agreement of 2003 Will be followed.
Indus-River water Treaty :-

 Signed on 19 Sep. 1960 with mediation of world Bank
 India Representative – Jawahar Lal Nehru
Pak Representative – Ayub Khan
 Indus & its tributarieswere divided into 2 parts
Eastern River Western River
Ravi Indus
Beas Jhelum
Satlaj Chenab
Given to :- India Given to :- Pak
 It means 80 % water of Indus Basin was given to pak & remaining 20% to India.
 India can also use western river water for navigation drinking and irrigation water supply
in J&K, Hydro electricity power projects of limited capacity etc.
 For enforcement of this agreement permanent Indus river water Commission was
established.
A machenism been developed to resolve dispute :-
Disputes Solution
1. Question (Permanent Indus commission)
2. Difference Neutral expert
3. Dispute arbitration
 At present India is using 95% water of its share for complete use of water following projects
have been developed.
 Shahpur Kandi Dam
 Ujh dam
 Ravi beas link canal
Frequent demands to abolish this treaty is raised but practically it is not possible because.
1. Large scale infrastructure needs to be develop

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2. J&K region is an earthquake prone region where large scale infrasture can't be
developed.
3. River ecosystem will get affected.
4. This agreements was not abolished in war period.
5. It may effect India's credibility at global level.
 This agreement is inclined towards Pakistan therefore it should be renegotiated.
Other disputes between India & Pak (regarding rivers)

1. Tulbul dispute :-
 Jhelum river is navigable from sopore village to Baramulla.

 But in winters water availability in the river drops which affects navigation.
 To resolve this problem India decided to build tulbul Bairage.
so that a minimum flow can be maintained in the river.
 Pakistan objected that this project is a violation of Indus river water treaty
 India suspendedthe project.
 After attacks of Uri and Pulwama. India decided to restart this project.
2. Kishanganga Project Disput :-

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 Kishanganga river originate from Gurez region of Ladakh

 In POK it is called  Neelam river
 It is a tributary of Jhelum river
 India diverted its water and develop a hydro electricity project in Bandipur
 Pak objected that it’s a violation of Indus river water treaty
 Two international arbitration have been conducted on this issue which gave its verdict
in favour of India.
3. Baglihar project dispute :-
 This project is developed on Chenab river.
 Total capacity is – 900 MW
 It was completed in 2 phases.
 After objection of Pak, a swis engineer Raymond Laffile was appointed as a neutral
expert. Who suggested some minor changes in his report.
Like :- Reducing Height of Dam
Reducing storage capacity
 India accepted this suggestion and this dispute got resolved.
4. Other disputes :-
Dispute Project River
1. Pakal Dul Marcusadar River
2. Ratle Chenab
3. Lower Kalnai Chenab
4. Miyar Nallah Chenab
Sir creck dispute:-

 It is 96 km estuary (marshy)
 Situated in Kutch of Gujarat
 In 1908 a dispute accured between ruler of Sindh and Kutch and to resolve it a British sir
creek was appointed.
Because of which this region is also called sir creek.
 Sir creek used some disputable maps in which its eastern edge is depieted by a green line.
 According to pak it is an International Border.
 Where as India consider this green line only indicative line according to India Thalweg
principle should be used here.
 Thalweg principle: - When a water body is situated between two countries then
international border will pass through mid channel of that water body.
Importance of sir creek :-

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 Natural resources are present in abundant amount here like gas, oil, fisherics etc.
 This region also affect maritime boundary.
 This region is also used for criminal and Terrorist activities
 International arbitration can be used to resolve dispute.
 In 1965 as well an International tribunal was formed under leadership of UK.
Siachin Dispute :-
 LOC between India & pak was decided in 1972. It is clearly defined upto point NJ9842. But language
is not clear after it.
 According to Pak LOC extends towards Karakoram pass.
While according to India, LOC extends towards saltororidge
Area in between is called siachin.
 In 1984 India operated operation Meghdut and accupied siachin. Since then this area is
under Indian accupation.
 In 1965 as well an International tribunal was formed under leadership of UK.
Importance of siachin :-
 This region is strategically very important because it lies between Aksia chin and
Sakshgham valley.
 If India demilitarized this region then Pak & China can occupied it.
 Position of Ladakh may also become weak.
 Avlanchar frequently occur in this region due to which large no. of soldiers are killed.
 To reduce losser to soldiers. India should adopt technological solutions.
Kartarpur Corrider :-
 Situated in Punjab province of Pak.

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 Guru Nanak spent his las 18 years in Kartarpur Therefore it has religious importance in the
sikh religion.
 Gurudwara Darbar sahib is situated in kartarpur which has being connected to Gurudwara
dera Baba situated in Amritsar India.
 It is called Kartarpur Corridor.
 It idea was first noted in 1999.
 It is 6 km long corridor (4Km in Pak & 2 Km in India)
 This corridor can be accesses without any visa it will strengthern cultural relations. But
Khalistani activities may increased in India.
INDIA–SRILANKA RELATIONS

ShriLanka is an Island country in which people of sinhale community are in majority
Wherear as Tamil are in minority.
 Tamil community is mainly centred or settled in northern & provinces.
 After Independence, political power of sinhales increased significantly
Because of which various discriminations committed against Tamils
like :- Citizenship related discrimination
Lingustic related discrimination
Religion related discrimination
Political related discrimination
 To protest against these discrimination Tamils formed LTTE :-
LTTE :- Liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam
 Objective :- To create a separate Tamil nation

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 Established :- 1976
 Leader :- V. Prabhakar
 In 1983 LTTE attacked on SriLanka Army due to which civil war started in SriLanka.
 In 1987 India intervened in this civil war & Rajiv Jayewardene accord was signed.
Rajiv Jayewardene Accord :-
Provisions :-
1. Tamil Language will be recognized as official language.
2. Tamil majority provincial goverments will be given more political powers.
3. Northern & Eastern provinces will be merged after a referaendum.
4. LTTE will surrender.
5. For assistance in this process, an Indian peace keeping force (IPKF) will be sent to SriLanka.
Drawbacks :-
1. LTTE refuse to surrender
2. Decision to send IPKF has Proved to be a blunder
3. Around 1100 Soldiers of IPKF martyred and around 2500 wounded.
4. In 1989, IPKF was called back.
5. Because of India's intervention in this issue Tamil sentiments got hurt.
6. Therefore in 1991 India's PM was killed (assasinated)
 After this incident India stopped interfering in Tamil issue.
 In 2005 Mahindra Rajpakshe became president of SriLanka who launched a massive
campaign against LTTE and finally in 2009. LTTE was completely eliminated.
 And Prabhakar was also killed along with his family members.
Issue of Human Rights violation :-

 In 2009 during last phase of Tamil war large scale human rights violation took place.
 Around 40,000 civilian got killed and around 3 lakh people got internally displaced.
 Regarding this issue resolutions are introduced in united nation Human right council again
& again.
 In which India response is influenced by the domestic politics.
 In 2010 India's voted against resolution and in 2012 votes in favour of resolution.
 And in 2014 India abstained from voting
Suggestions :-
1. Justice should be given as soon as possible in Human right violation issue.
2. Rehabilitation of internally displace people.
3. Reconstruction of northern region
4. 13th constitutional amendment should be enforced ASAP

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This amendment is a result of Rajiv Jayewardhene Accord.

5. Harmony should be established in between Tamil and sinhale community.
Problem of Fishermen :-
 Maritime distance between India & SriLanka is not very much.
 And because of which fishermen enters in territory of one another. Which creates
conditions of tensions.
 Indian Fishermen's use Bottom Travelers which result in over exploitation of fishing
resources. And it also damages biodiversity.
 SriLankan navy also use firing to stop fishermen.
Effort made to resolve problem :-
1. This issue is being discussed at level of highest political leadership
2. To resolve the dispute a joint political group has been formed.
3. For coordination between navies a hotline has been setup.
Suggestions :-
1. Multiday fishing should be encouraged.
2. An area of 5nm should declare common are on both side of maritime boundary in which
fishermens are warn.
3. GPS based warning system should be installed in boats.
4. It is an issue related to livelihood.
5. Therefore its humanitarian angle should always be consider.
Kachchatheevu Island :-
 It is a desert Island which is situated between India and SriLanka.
 After Independence both countries claim this Islands
 In 1974, India handed over this Island to SriLanka Although Fishermens were allow to dry
their nets over this island.
 But at present SriLanka doesn't allow fishing in this region.
 In assembly of TN repeated resolutions are passed to take back this island.
Chinese Activities in SriLanka :-

 China supported SriLanka on issue of human Right issue. Because of this good relations
developed between China & SriLanka.
 SriLanka is a member of BRI project.
 China is developing infrastructure in SriLanka like Hambantota port.
Colombo port
City project etc.
 China also intervened in SriLankan politics.

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Political crisis of 2018 started due to Chinese interventions.

 Present President is inclined toward China.
India's Activities in SriLanka :-
 India supports peaceful resolution of Tamil issue.
 India & SriLanka have signed a civil nuclear Agreement.
 India has constructed 50,000 housing unit in Northern part of SriLanka.
 India is developing Kankesanthurai port in North SriLanka.
 Trincomalee Petroleum hub is being developed.
 West coast terminal on Colambo port.
(East Coast terminal project was cancelled by SriLanka earlier)
 In 1998 India & SriLanka signed FTA.
 ETCA is under negotiation.


Economic & Technological cooperation Agreement.
 India and SriLanka are members of SAARC & BIMSTEC.
 India is developing Hambantota Airport.
SAARC :- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

 Founded – 1985
 HQ – Kathmandu, Nepal
 Member – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, SriLanka, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan.
 Objective – To promote socio – economic, development stability & welfare economics.
BIMSTEC :-
 Bay of Bengal Initiative for multi sectoral technical and economic cooperation
 HQ – Dhaka
 Founded – 1997
 Memb – 7

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INDIA–AFGHANISTAN RELATIONS
 Till 1973 Afghanistan had monarchical government. In 1973 monarchy was replaced by
republican government.
 In 1978 a communist government was est in Afghanistan .
 Communist govt. implemented land and reforms reforems. Which was opposed by Tribal
society of Afghanistan.
 And therefore Army of Mujahideen were formed.
 Communist govt became weak and because of this in 1979. USSR attacked on
Afghanistan.
 It was started between USSR & Mujahideen in Afghanistan which is called civil was of
Afghnistan.
Mujahideen had support of USA because of this USSR couldn't succeed.
 In 1988 Geneva Agreement was signed. And in 1989 forces of USSR were withdrawn.
 In 1996 Taliban came into power.
 It is a terrorist organization which ruled in
 Afghnistan from 1996-2001
Taliban foundation - 1994

Leader - Mohammed Omar
Present Leader - Hibatullah Akhundzada
Other leader - Mullah Mansoor
 Talibans literally means – students

 Taliban provided shelter to terrorist in Afghanistan.
Re-establishment of Taliban in Afghanistan:-

 29 February 2020 – USA Taliban agreement was signed, by which it was decided that the
USA forces would withdraw from Afghanistan.
 The territory of Afghanistan will not be used against the USA and its allies.
 This agreement gave Political recognition to the Taliban.
 May 2021 – The Taliban launched a military operation and began to take control of various
areas of Afghanistan.

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 The President of the USA announced that by 31 August 2021, the USA forces would
withdraw from Afghanistan, but on 15 August 2021, the Taliban took control of Kabul.
 USA forces had to withdraw from Afghanistan.
Impact:-
1. The defeat of the Afghan army.
 Lack of Loyallty to democratic government.
 Afghan forces had no experience of fighting alone.
 Lake of morale
 Corruption
2. Humanitarion Crisis arose, in which the future of women and youth was questioned.
3. Democracy Failed in Afghanistan.
4. Afghanistan can become a Shelter for terrorism.
5. Violence will increase.
Impact on U.S.A.:-
1. USA Lost the war on terrorism.
2. The image of the USA as a superpower was destroyed.
3. Weak leadership was demonstrated by the USA
4. Investments made by USA will be used by Taliban Like – modern weapons etc.
5. The leadership of USA at international level has weakened and its influence in this region is
also reduced.
Impact on India:-
1. Operation Devi Shakti was launched to rescue indian's trapped in Afghanistan.
2. Security of minorities in Afghanistan is a matter of concern for India.
3. India has invested around $ 3 billion in Afghanistan Like –
- Construction of Parliament building.
- Salma dam (friendship dam)
- Zaranj-Delaram highway.
- Mi-35 helicopters and 3 cheetah helicopters were given.
4. Connect central Asia Policy will be affected as Afghanistan is Considered to be the gateway
of central asia.
5. Pakistan-China-Taliban axis came into existence.
6. India does not have much contact with Taliban, hence Lack of diplomatic options.
7. Terrorism may increase, especially in Kashmir.

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8. Drug trafficking may increase.

Impact on Pakistan:-
1. The relations between Pakistan and Taliban are very Strong.
2. Taliban's help will be Sought against India.
3. Afghanistan's resources can be exploited by Pakistan.
4. Pakistan will get Taliban support on Durand Line issue.
5. Pakistan's relations with USA have deteriored.
6. Tehrik-i-Taliban can be strong in Pakistan too.
Impact on China:-
1. China-Taliban relationship are established.
2. Afghanistan can be made a member of BRI Project.
3. It can be used to put pressure on India.
Way ahead:-
1. Back channel diplomacy should be used to make contact with Taliban.
2. Work together with Iran, Russia and other regional power.
3. The international community must come together to ensure peace.
INDIA-BANGLADESH RELATIONS
 At the time of Independence Pakistan was divided into east and west Pakistan.
 West Pak Committed many descriminations against east Pakistan such as economic discrimination,
linguistic discrimination, racial discrimination Political discrimination etc.
 These discriminations were opposed by Easter Pakistan public and therefore Aawami league was
formed under sheikh-Mujib-UR-Rehman.
 In election of 1970, Awami league got majority. It Means Mujib-UR-Rehman was going to be PM.
But military govt of Pak cancelled the election result.
 Due to which large scale protest hold in Eastern Pakistan.
 On 25th March 1971, Mujib-UR-Rehman and his associates were arrested.
 Pakistan launched operation search light under which atrocities were committed against people of
East Pak and because of this number of refugees increared in India
 To oppose army in East Pak Mukti vahini was established.
 In Aug 1971 India and USSR signed peace friendship and cooperation agreement.
 On 3rd Dec 1971, Pak launched operation changez Khan and was started.
 On 4th Dec. Indian Navy launched operation Trident and Karachi port was attacked.
& therefore Naval day is celebrated on 4th Dec.
 This was continued till Dec. 1971 in which India won and on 16th Dec Bangladesh got freedom.
 Pakistan General A.K. Niyazi surrendered with his 93,000 soldiers.

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 Shaikh Mujib- UR- Rehman become president of Bangladesh

 He was assasinated in 1975
 Ziya-UR-Rehman became new president who founded.
 BNP  Bangladesh Nationalist Party
 After few years he was also assasinated.
 Present leader of BNP  Khalida Ziya
It is a main opposition Party.
 Awami league is in Power
 Main leader – Shaikh Hasina
She is in power since 2009
 When Awami league comes in Powers then India-Bangladesh relation remain good.
Boundary Dispute :-
Maritime Boundary Dispute :-
9000 KM India
25,000 KM
16,000 KM Bangladesh
 New more Island is situated between India and Bangladesh (also known as Puruasa Island)
 Dispute started with Ownership of this Island.
 Maritime boundary also became disputed due to this Island.
 Bangladesh raised this issue in PCA which gave its verdict in Favour of Bangladesh.
 India accepted this verdict & dispute got resolved it means India accepted internation rules,
laws and institutions.
Land Boundary Dispute :-
 162 Enclaves were situated on India-Bangladesh Border.
 That land of a country surrounded by another country.
 Basic eminities were not available to people living in enclaves like, education, health,
electricity, water etc.
 In 1974 an agreement was signed for exchanged of enclave. But It could not be implemented
without lack of constitutions amendment.
 In 2015 100th constitutional amendent was done and this dispute got resolve.
 India got = 51 enclave
 Bangladesh = 111 enclave
 It means Bangladesh got more land.
River disputes between Bangladesh –India:-
1. Ganga River Dispute :-
 Calcatta port is situated on Ganga river Tributory Hoogly.

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 For year long functioning. Hoogly river should have minimum 40,000 cusec
water.
 In winter water availability in Ganga river reduces which affects functioning
of port.
 to resolve this problem, Farakka Bairage was develop on Ganga river.
 Bangladesh opposed this Bairage.
 In 1996 Ganga river water treaty was signed.
 According to which if water availability in the river is less than 70,000 cusec then water
will be equally distributed.
2. Teesta River dispute :-
 Teesta river originates from Sikkim and enters in Bangladesh through West Bengal.
 It is a tributary of Brahamputra rivers.
 Most of the water of this river is used for Agriculture purposes in India.
 There is dispute due to water distribution.
 Till now agreements have been agreed.
Year Bangladesh India Rivers
1983 36% 39% 25
2011 37.5% 42.5% 20%
- But due to opposition from West Bengal, these agreement could be enforced.
- At present Bangladesh is demanding equal distribution of water.
3. Barak River Dispute:-
- This river origion from Manipur Hills and enters in Bangladesh.
- India has developed Tipaimukh Hydroelectricity project on it.
- Which was opposed by Bangladesh Became permission/consent from Bangladesh was not
taken.
- India has assured that benefits of this Hydroelectricity project will be shared with
Bangladesh as will.
Dam→Maitrisetee
Sabroom (Bangladesh, Tripura Ramgarh (Bangladesh)
4. Fenny River:-
- This river forms, border b/w India and Bangladesh in Tripura.

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- But it often changes its course and also the dispute about share of drinking water.
- At present this dispute has been resolved.
Bangladesh = 4096 km
China = 3488 km
Pak = 3323 km
Nepal = 1751 km
Myanmar = 1643 km
Bhutan = 699 km
Afghanistan = 106 km
 Importance of Bangladesh:-
1. India & Bangladesh have border of 4096 km. for its better management support from
Bangladesh is important.
2. Many organized crimes are active in Border areas ex: weapon trafficking, drugs
trafficking, Human trafficking, illegal infiltration, cattle trafficking, smuggling of Fake
currency.
3. India's BSF & Bangladesh BGF (Bangladesh Guard force) compensation has been
established b/w these forces.
4. Many insurgent groups are active in North-east states who get shelter in Bangladesh. ex.
ULFA- united liberation front of Assam
5. Bangladesh can provide alternative routs to connect with North-Easter states.
ex. Calcutta-Dhaka-Agartala
Calcutta-Dhaka-Shillong-Guwahati
6. Bangladesh can help in development of North-east states as will.
ex. Import-Export (Trade), For foreign trade port of Bangladesh can be used.
7. 54 River between India and Bangladesh can be used for transportation.
8. Both are members of SAARC & BIMSTEC.
9. India & Bangladesh are negotiating on CEPA Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement.
10. To reduce rising influence of china cooperation of Bangladesh is important.
11. A bridge has been developed on fenny river which connects sabrum of Tripura to
Ramgarh of Bangladesh. Through this chitgong port Bangladesh can be used Bridge
→Maitrisetu

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INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS
 Political Background:-
- In 2008, Democracy was est. in Maldives.
- And Moh. Nasheed became president.
- In 2012 he. Was accused of terrorism & corruption and he was removed from power.
Nasheed was inclined towards India.
- Abdullah Yameen became new President who was inclined towards china.
- In 2015 a lower court sentenced Nasheed and his political associates.
- In 2018 a supreme court of Maldives cancelled verdict of lower court.
- Yameen refused to accept this verdict and emergency was imposed in Maldives.
- Later an election were conducted in Maldives & Moh. Ibrahim solih became new
president. Who is inclined towards India.
 Chinese Activities:-
- Diplomatic relation b/w China and Maldives started in 2011.
- In 2012 China supported in change of power.
- Maldives is a part of BRI project and infrastructure are being develop in Maldives by
china.
- Because of Chinese interference contract of Male Airport was taken away from India's
GMR infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. And given to a Chinese company.
- During Political crises of 2018 china warned India against military interference.
 India's Activities:-
- In 1988 India did military intervention in Maldives and failed the attempt of coup. This
operation is called operation Cactus.
- Maldives is dependent on India for education, Health and employment opportunities.
- In 2014, India provided drinking water to Maldives under "operation Neer"
- India plays a positive or constructive role for formation of democratic government.
- Indian PM Participated in oath taking ceremony of Maldives president.
- Maldives gave its Highest civilian award to Indian PM→ Nishan→Izzuddin
- Maldives was given aid of $ 1.4 billion.
- A Ferry Service has been started between kochi-male.
- Mission – SAGAR (security and growth for all in Region)→ under it food & medicine are
provided to Maldives during pandemic.
- Maldives has given a line of $ 50 million in defence.
- India & Maldives are cooperating against terrorism.
- India is developing where Uthuru Thila Falhu in Maldives (Naval Port)

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INDIA-NEPAL RELATIONS
 Cultural Relations:-
- India & Nepal has religious links. Both are Hindu majority country.
- Four main priests are appointed in Pashupatinath temple of Nepal. Among which one
belongs to India.
- There priests are given special status in India's Puri & Rameshwaram.
- Place of birth of lord Buddha → Nepal and Place of action is in – India.
- In 1950, friendship treaty was signed b/w Nepal and India. according to which open
Border will be kept b/w both countries.
- Nepali citizens can work in India as well. Like Gorakha Regiment of Indian Army.
- Nepali, language has been added in 8 th schedule of Indian constitution.
- Nepal's monarchy is related to Rajasthan's mewar.
- Nepal's majority tribe:- Madheshi who have maritel relations with India.
 Political Background:-
- Till 1990, Nepal had absolute Monarchy, which was replaced by a constitutional
Monarchy.
- In 90's a violent Maoist movement started in Nepal.
- In 2006, an agreement was signed b/w Monarchy and Maoist under which Monarchy
was abolished and Political Recognition was given to Maoist.
- At present Nepal has 3 main political parties.
1. Nepali Congress Leader – Shree Girija Prasad Koirala
2. Nepali Congress Present Leader – Sher Bahadur Duba
3. Sanyukt Madheshi Front→sub party Janta samajwadi party
4. National Communist party leader→ Pushp kamal dahal (Prachand) K.P. sharma oli.
- At present Nepal is going through a political crises in which a political struggle is going
between Pushp kamal & K.P. sharma oli.
- Oli dissolved parliament and new elections declared but supreme court cancelled this
verdict.
- Supreme court also cancelled merger of Communist political parties.
 Constitutional Development:-
- In Nepal a constitutional assembly was formed in 2008. But it failed in enacting
constitution.
- Therefore 2nd constitution assembly was formed.
- On 20th September 2015 New constitution of Nepal came into force and Nepal became a
secular country.
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- They adopted Federalism.

- Progressive ideas were adopted in Nepal constitution.
- Although majority tribe of Nepal→ Madhesi opposed it.
- They alleged that states are formed in such a way that madhesi majority become
minority in those newly formed states.
Therefore Madhesi's enforced an economic blockade in Nepal.
- Nepali Political Parties accused of India of these economic blockade.
- Due to which India-nepal relations got affected. And Nepal started inclining towards
china.
TERRITORIAL DISPUTES
 Kala Pani Dispute:-
- This area is situated at Tri- junction of India-Nepal and china.
- In 1815 an Anglo-Nepal was happened in which Nepal got defeated.
After war in 1816 treaty of sugali was signed according to this treaty kali river was
considered as Border b/w India and Nepal.
Kali River's Eastern part → Nepal
Western Part → India
- There is dispute regarding origin of kali river. according to India Kali river originate
from the east of kala pani region it means this region should be Under India. But nepal's
Claim is Kali river originates from the Limpiyadhura it means Limipiyadhura lipulekh
pass, and kalapani region should come under Nepali lerritory.
- Recently Nepal released new political maps in which kalapani region, lipulekh pass and
limpiyadhura are considered as part of Nepal.
- This region is strategically important for India. Because Chinese activities can be
abserved or monitored from this region.
- ITBP – Indo Tibetan Border Police. ITBP set a Post in this region in 1963.
- This region is also important for Kailash Mansarover Pilgrimage.
 Susta Dispute:-
- This region is situated in UP on India & Nepal Border.
- In this region Gandak river was accepted as a border between India & Nepal.
But river changed its course due to which susta region came under India.
 Chinese Activities in Nepal:-
- During issue of Madhesi's China supported Nepal and during emergency oil was
supplied.
- Nepal is a member of BRI project.

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- China is a developing of infrastructure in Nepal. Like: Tibbet- Nepal Railway line,

Pokhara airport etc.
- Nepal is excessively dependent on India for its Maritime trade.
To reduce this dependency china has opened its port for Nepal i.e. Tianjin port.
 India's Response against Chinese act in Nepal:-
- Chinese Activities in Nepal is an issue of concern for India. Therefore India should adopt
following measures.
- India is included in many constructive works in Nepal which should be appropriately
advertised. So that the positive perception can be made among public.
- Sovereignty of Nepal should be respected.
- A message should be again to Nepal political parties that china can not replace India in
India-Nepal relations because India is in favorable position geographically.
- India & Nepal have deep cultural relations.
 India Activities in Nepal:-
- 61% Foreign trade of Nepal conducted with India. 98% maritime trade is conducted
through India's Calcutta port.
- India has allowed usage of Visakhapatnam port as well.
- India provide oil, gas, medicine etc. to Nepal.
- An oil pipe line is being laid down between Motihari – Amlekhganj so that an
uncorrupted supply of oil can be ensured.
- India has also developed Hydroelectricity Project in Nepal like:-
Pancheshwas HEP river Mahakali
Upper karnali HEP river karnali
Arun-IIIrd river Arun (Tributary of kosi river)
- India also purchase electricity from Nepal for which transmission lines have been set up.
- India was Ist country, to help Nepal after Earthquake.
- Economic aid of →$1 million was given out of which $250 million were given as a grant.
- India is providing vaccine during corona virus to Nepal.
- For cooperation b/w two countries a joint commission has been set up in which both
countries foreign ministers participate.
- To resolve border dispute a joint working group has been formed.
- Nepal political parties alleges that Friendship treaty of 1950, undermine Nepal
sovereignty. Therefore this treaty should be renewed. India has given its consent for
renew.

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WEST - ASIA
 India's Interest in West Asia:-
- India is dependent on imports for its energy needs. Maximum import is done through
this region.
- Large, number of Indians live in this region. Protecting this interest is important for
India.
Like: To evacuate Indians trapped in yamen, "Operation Rahat" was launched.
- Food arrangements were made for Indians in Saudi Arab.
- Hindi language is recognized in courts of UAE.
- India get highest remittances from this region which an important source of foreign
currency for India.
- Many Terrorist organisations are active in this region. We get intelligence inputs about
them.
- There countries provider market for India export.
- There countries have surplus capital which can be used for investment in India.
- Saudi Arab has announced an investment of $100 Million in India.
Aramco company of Saudi Arab will installed a refinery in Maharashtra Ratnagiri.
(Reliance Group)
- Many Indians visit this region for Haj Pilgrimage.
- Connectivity can be established with Europe and Eurasia with this route.
ex: INSTC – International North-South Transport Corridor.
- Pressure can be created on Pakistan.
- Security of Arabian sea.
 Problems of West-Asia:-
- There is lack of democracy in this region most of the countries have monarchy,
dictatorship and theocracy.
- Religious extremism is wide spreaded in these region.
- Siya leader Iran – sunni leader Saudi Arab conflicts which are in struggle for region
political dominance.
- Many terrorist organizations are active in this region. ex: ISIS, algaeda etc.
- External intervention in this region is very high i.e. Russia & USA intervention.
- Economy is excessively dependent on oil resources.
- Lake of civil Rights among citizens specially women rights.
 Arab Spring:-
- Countries of North Africa and western Asia where Arabic Language is spoken are called
Arabian countries.
- In these countries dictatorship was replaced by democracy.

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This event was called Arab spring.

- It was started from December 2010 from Tunisia where Moh. Ben Ali was a dictator.
People of Tunisia protested against exploited policy of Ben Ali.
And Ben Ali was removed from power.
- This event inspired people of Egypt and Egyptian dictators Hosni Mubarak was
removed from the power.
- In Libya there was dictatorship of Gaddafi which was opposed by people but Gaddafi
adopted the suppressive policy. Therefore security council intervened and Gaddafi was
killed.
- In yamen there was dictatorship of Abdullah saleh he was also removed from power
after protests.
- Protest happened in countries like Saudi Arab and Bahrain however power could not be
changed.
- In Syria dictator was Bashar-al-assad to remove him from power a resolution was
introduced in security council and Russia & Iran supported Assad. But it was violated by
Russia. Which led to Syrian civil war?
 Causes Behind Arab spring:-
1. Dictatorship rule & lack of democracy.
2. Exploitative policies of government.
3. Weak economic conditions.
4. Intervention of external powers.
5. Effective use of social media.
6. Shia-sunni conflict.
 Impacts of Arab spring:-
- Immediate impacts of Arab spring was positive but in long term it was not successful
because:-
1. Democratic governments were unstable therefore they could rule for a longer period.
2. Civil war started in Syria and yamen.
3. Anarchy spread in Libya.
4. Influence of Terrorist organizations has increased. ex: ISIS, algaeda etc.
5. Refugee crisis started in Europe.
6. Humanism crisis started because common life has been disturbed.
7. Shia – sunni conflict has intensified.
It is believed that Arab spring was not natural but it was instigated by western
countries.
 Syrian Civil war:-
- It started in 2012. Many groups are active in this war as:

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(i) Bashr-Al-Asaad:-
- He is dictator president of Syria belongs to Shia community.
- therefore he has support of Iran.
- He is an important ally of Russia in western Asia.
- Russian Naval Base is situated in Syria.
- Protest started against him during Arab spring. He used chemical weapons against
Rebels.
(ii) Free Syrian Army:-
- It is mainly sunni organization which has support of Saudi Arab and USA.
(iii) Jabot-Al-Nushra:-
- It is a branch of Al-Qaeda in Syria.
- It played a major role rise of ISIS.
(iv) ISIS:- Islamic states of Iraq and Syria.
- It is also known from other names as.

- ISIL-(Islamic state of Iraq and syria)
- Daish
- Islamic state
- Establishment by-Abu-Bakar-Ali-Bagdadi.
- It is an Extremist sunni terrorist organization.
- He received system of khalifat.
- Bagdadi declared himself khalifa because of which extremist elements from all over
world attracked towards him.
- They also used social media to spread their ideology. Which led to self-radicalization
and number of lone wolf attack increase in world?
 Impact of ISIS on India:-
- some youth from India also joined ISIS.

- siya – sunni conflict may intensify in India.
- Terrorist activities may increase.
- Presence of ISIS has been observed in Kashmir as well.
- Communal harmony may get disturb.
- problem of refugees may also started.
(v) Kurd:-
- Kurd is a tribe which live in Iraq, Syria & Turkey.

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- Their main demand is formation of Kurdistan.

- Turkey consider kurd organization as terrorist organization
- In Iraq they have autonomy.
- Kurdish forces fought against ISIS at ground level.
- Turkey also a attacked them.
- Syrian democratic force-YPG
(vi) Yemen Crisis:-
- Yemen was ruled by Abdullah saleh for very long time.

- During his rule a sea leader Al-Houthi started a separatist movement.
- His Followers are called Houthi rebels.
- During Arab spring Abdullah saleh was removed From Power and mansoor hadi
became new President of Yemen with help of Saudi Arab.
- During his rule Houthi rebels, became strong and they occupied a large territory of
Yemen.
- Mansoor Hadi had to take shelter in Saudi Arab.
- A coalition of sunni countries is formed under the leadership of Saudi Arab. Which
conducted air strikes on Yemen.
[Before attack India evacuated its citizens from Yemen by operation: Rahat]
- Because of there attack a humanitarian crisis started in Yemen.
- Even the food assistance to Yemen was also stopped because in attacks hodeidah Port
of Yemen was also destroyed.
- An agreement was signed to restore Hodeidah Port by mediation of UN. Although
this agreement could not be implemented.
- Recently houthi rebels attacked on oil resources of Saudi Arab.
- Houthi rebels have support of Iran.
(vii) Impact on India:-
- It is a huge humanitarian crisis which has caused a livelihood crisis in front of Indians
living in Yemen.
- Shia- suuni conflict will intensify.
- Oil prices in international market will increase.
- International trade may get affected.
- Conflict between Iran and Saudi Arab has intensified which may cause political
disturbance in this region.
- Al-Qaeda is beneficiary of this crisis.
 US–Iran Conflict:-

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- In 1979 an Islamic Revolution took place in Iran and monarchy was replaced by
theocracy.
- Iran shah took shelter in USA and because of this American embassy was seized and
persons in embassy were taken hostages.
- They were kept hostages for 444 days. due to which relations between US - Iran
deteriorated.
USA supported Iraq in Iran – Iraq war.
- Iran is making Nuclear weapon since 2003 although Iran is signatory of NPT. Therefore
economic sanctions were imposed on Iran due to which Iranian economy became weak.
- In 2013, Hasan Rohani became president who supports dialogue.
- P5+1(USA, UK) and Iran: Negotiation started b/w these France, Russia, china,
(Germany-1)
- In 2015 a nuclear deal was signed which is also known by – JCPOA [joint comprehensive
plan of action] according to this agreement Iran assessed that it will stop its nuclear
program In response Iran economic sanctions will be removed.
- In 2018, American president declared that USA will exist from this agreement (Nuclear
deal)
Ex: economic sanctions were again imposed on Iran.

- In 2020 USA killed a senior commander of Iran's Army, Qaseem sulemani.
Because of which was conditions arise between USA & Iran.
- New President of USA may again join this deal.
 Chabhar Port:-
- Situated in Iran which is being developed by India.
- Along with port chabhar especial economic zone and chabhar Zahedan rail line had also
being developed.
- Idea of this project was proposed in 2003. But due to economic sanctions on Iran this
project has delayed.
 Importance of Chabhar Port:-
- It will strengthen India – Iran relation and it will.
Support India's policy of multi alignment in west-Asia.
- It will economically beneficial for India and trade will be boosted.
- Rising influence of china in Iran can be Countered.
- It will help in connectivity with Afghanistan and central Asia.
- Which will help in successful execution of connect to central Asia.
[Afghanistan:- Gateway of central Asia]
- Gwadar port (Pak) is situated near Chabhar Port, this project will counter the strategic
important of Gwadar port.

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- In INSTC Iran Bandar Abbas port is being used.

 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC):-
- Establishment 1981 (Abu Dhabi), Member: 6 (Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Behrain),
Head Quarter: Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
- It is a powerful organization of sunni countries in this region.
 Crisis of Qatar:-
- In 2017 GCC. Countries broken their diplomatic relation with Qatar.
- They ended their land and air connectivity with Qatar.
- Qatar was supporting terrorist organizations.
i.e. Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt)
- National News channel of Qatar-Al-Jajeera was interfacing in internal matters of other
GCC. Countries members.
- Qatar was supporting Iran.
- Turkish Naval base in Persian Gulf is situated in Qatar.
- In January, 2020 diplomatic relations have been restored.
- Qatar has left OPEC.
- OPEC- organization of petroleum Exporting countries. Establishment-1960, H.Q.-Vienna
(Austria), member- 13
- Function of OPEC- To control Oil prices in international market.
- For this purpose oil supply is controlled.
[In last few years influence of OPEC has reduced because USA witnessed shale oil
solution]
- For this purpose two main technology were used.
1. Horizontal drilling
2. Hydraulic Excluding/Franking.
- Increase in Gwar price in Rajasthan related to shale gas revolution.
 Israel Palestine Conflict :-

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 Religious Importance of Jerusalem:-

- It is important for three religions:
1. Islam:-
- Al-Aqsa mosque is situated in Jerusalem which is 3 rd holiest site in Islam.
- dome of rock is situated here.
2. Jews:-
- Holiest site of Jews – Holi of Holies is situated in Jerusalem .
- At present Holiest site of Jews is – Western Wall.
- It is believed that western wall is nearest to Holi of Holies.
3. Christian:-
- Jesus Christ was crucified in Jerusalem. Therefore a church has been built here.
- Initially this region was occupied by Jews but later on Jews settled in other
European countries. Arab Palestinians occupied this region and this region is
under ottoman Empire.
- In 19th century demand for nation states increased in Europe.
- In 1897 Jews started Zionist movement whose main objective was creation of a
separate jewish state.
- In 1917, Foreign minister of Britain Balfour declares that after I st world war Britain
would support Zionist movement. It is called Balfour declaration.
- After Ist world war ottoman Empire was dissolved and the region of Palestine
came under Britain.
- Britain executed Balfour declaration because of which number of Jews increased
in this region.
- During 2nd world war large scale atrocities were committed against Jews due to
which number of Jews increase in this region.
- In 1947, this dispute was raised in UN.
- UN adopted two state solution it means this region is divided into almost 2 equal
parts. And two new countries were proposed – Israel, Palestine
- Jerusalem will be declared as International Zone under UN.
- Jews accepted this solution but Arab states rejected it.
- On 14th May, 1948 Britain gave independence to this region and on the very same
day Israel Named new state came into existence.
 Ist Arab–Israeli War (1948-1949):-
- On 15th May, 1948 a coalition of Arab states attacked on Israel.
- This war continuce around 1 year.
- It is called Ist Arab-Israeli war.

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Outcomes:
1. Israel occupied around 75% region.

2. Gaza strip came under Egypt and West Bank under Jordan.
3. Jerusalem was divided into 2 parts
Eastern Jerusalem – Jordan
Western Jerusalem – Israel
4. Many Palestinians became Refugees.
 6 Day War (Also Known by- June War):-
- This war happened from 6 June – 10 June 1967 between Israel and Arab states coalition.
- Israel got one sided victory in this war.
- Israel occupied Gaza strip, West Bank, Jerusalem, Golan Heights and senai peninsula.
Commander - Moshe Dayan
- Yam kippers war-1973 - Arab states could not defeat Israel.
 Camp David Accord(1978):-
- This Accord war signed b/w Egypt-Israel with mediation of USA (Jimmy carter
President) Egypt was given back- senai peninsula Diplomatic. relations started b/w
Israel & Egypt in 1979.
 First Intifada (December, 1987):-
- It is an Arabic term which means violent uprising under it terrorist attack, law downs,
protest are conducted.
- It continued from 1987 to 1993 At them time Palestinian Terrorist Organization hams
came into Existence which has support of Iran & Hijbullaha.
 OSLO Accord (1993 & 1995):-
- Between Israel & PLO with mediation of USA PLO founded-1964, Leader-Yasser Arafat,
main Faction-Fatah, Present leader-Mahmoud Abbas (President of Palestine)
- In OSLO accord PLO accepted two state solutions it means Israel war recognized.
- Although this accord couldn't be fully excluded.
- At Present Fatah ruled over – western bank
- West Bank is divided in 3 parts out of which one part is under Palestine.
 2nd Intifada (2000-2005):-
- 2nd Intifada war launched from 2000 to 2005.
- In 2005, Israel forces were withdrawn from Gaza strip and blockade was imposed
around it.
- Because of which a humanitarian crisis started in Gaza strip.
- In 2007 Hamas came into power at Gaza strip.
- Hamas is frequently including in terrorist activities which results in war conditions.

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- USA has shifted its Embassy to Jerusalem it means USA has officially recognized
Jerusalem as capital of Israel.
- Israel has named a Hill in Golan Heights after Trump Heights.
 Abraham Accord (Sept. 2020) Game Changer Middle East:-
- By Mediation of USA.
- With this agreement UAE & Bahrain established diplomatic relation with Israel.
- This accord will lead to peace in west Asia.
- Israel has got recognition.
- UAE and Bahrain will get Israel Technology and investment.
- Earlier Egypt in 1979 & Jordan in 1994 est. diplomatic relation with Israel.
- This accord will weaken Palestinian Movement. (also one state solution but can't be
practical)
- Two state solutions are considered as a remedy for Israel-Palestine Conflict.
India supports two states Principal. It means two countries named Israel & Palestine
should be formed.
 Problems:-
- Terrorists activities of hamas.
- Jewish settlements in west bank.
- Occupation of Jerusalem.
- Division of Drinking water.
[Fresh water source only- Sea of Galilee]
- Palestinian wants a corridor ship to connect Gaza strip ex: West Bank.
- There is a question over credibility of mediation because USA inclined towards Israel.

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South–East Asia
 India-Myanmar Relation:-
- Till 1937, Myanmar was part of British India.
- It got independence in 1948.
- Main leader- Aung sun [assassinated before independence]
- After independence democratic govt. was established where main leader was:UNU- is
nil [Also leader of Non Alignment movement]
- In 1962 for way of Burmese socialism military executed a coup and junta govt. was
established which was a military govt.
- India opposed military government.
- In 1989 elections were concluded in Myanmar in which Aung sang sue kyi National
league for democracy.
- In 1990, these election results were cancelled and Aung sue kyi was House arrested.
- For her efforts to established democracy she was awarded Noble Peace price in 1991.
- International pressure increased over military government due to which in 2008, new
constitution of Myanmar was located [saffron revolution]
- In 2010, election were conducted in which a military supported party USDP [Union
Solidarity Development Party]
- It is main opposition party of Myanmar.
- NLD boycotted these elections.
- In 2011 Aung sang sue kyi was released.
- She participated in 2015 elections in which NLD won but could not became president
because her two sons have British citizenship.
According to constitution of Myanmar Presidential candidates family member must have
Myanmar citizenship.
- In 8th November, 2020 general elections were concluded in which NLD won.
They won 397 parliamentary seats out of 476 seats.
- Myanmar military alleged fraud in election & on Feb. I st 2021 Myanmar president &
Aung sang sue kyi was arrested, state of emergency is declared in Myanmar.
- It means again a military Coup was exclude in Myanmar under leadership of Min. Aung
Hlaing.
 Problems in Myanmar's Democracy:-

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- 25% seats in Myanmar's parliament are reserved for military.

- For constitutional Amendment movement more than 75% votes an needed.
- In means Constitutional Amendment can be done without support of military.
- Ministries of Home, Defense and border affairs are under military.
- Myanmar has two vice presidents among which one comes from military.
- Military has authority to impose emergency.
- Western Countries criticize military coup but it has got support from china.
 Rohingya Crisis:-
- Rohingya is a tribe which lives in rakhaine province of Myanmar which is mainly
Muslims.
- Myanmar's citizens & Government consider them as Bangladeshi infiltrators.
- Rohingya's were deprived of citizenship rights in citizenship Act of 1982.
- Frequent riots occur against them, and because of which Rohingya have to migrate.
- They are living life of Refugees.
- Maximum Rohingya refugees are in Bangladesh.
- Recently it is decided that Rohingya's will be settled in floating Island named Bhasan
char, in Bangladesh.
- Around 50,000 Rohingya are that in India.
- Extremist elements have also infiltrated among the Rohingyas.
And Arakan Rohingya salvation Army has been formed.
[They are believed to be responsible for Bodh Gaya terrorist attacks.]
- Indian government consider Rohingya's as illegal infiltrators because they did not enter
directly from Myanmar but through Bangladesh.
 Importance of Myanmar:-
- Myanmar is called- Gateway of South-East Asia.
- We get alternative route through Myanmar to connect with North east states of India.
- For development of North east states.
- Many insurgent groups are active in North east states who got shelter in Myanmar.
- To act against them cooperation from Myanmar is needed.
- Boundary b/w Myanmar & India-1643km. for its Border management cooperation from
Myanmar is needed.
- For successful execution of look east & act east policy Myanmar is needed.
- India has Cultural relations with Myanmar. Even Indian Community also lives in
Myanmar.
1. Kalandan Multimodal Transport Corridors :-

- Started in 2008.

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2. IMT Highway :-
- India-Myanmar-Thailand Highway.
- Total length 1360km.
- This highway will also be connected to Vietnam, Cambodia and laos.

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ASEAN
Association of South East Asian Nation
Established = 8 August 1967 (Bangkok)
10 Members = - Thailand - Brunei [1984]
- Singapore - Laos & Vietnam [1995]
- Malaysia - Myanmar [1997]
- Indonesia - Cambodia [1999]
- Philippines
 Headquarter: - Jakarta
 First Summit was organized in 1976 in Bali (Indonesia)
 34th Summit was organized in June 2019 in Thailand .
 35th Summit will be organized in Thailand from 31 Oct to 6 Nov 2019.
 The relation among member countries is regulated by the Principle' The ASEAN Way' according to
which Non-interference in internal mattes of other countries.
 Respecting sovereignty and territorial integrity of other countries and and
 Resolving regional disputes through negotiations.
ASEAN + 1 - India, China, U.S.A
ASEAN + 3 - China, Japan, North Korea (East Asia Counties)
ASEAN + 6 - China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, India)
ASEAN + 8 - U.S.A. + Russia
 ASEAN is a successful organization which has created its integrated identity.
 Various platforms have been created.
ASEAN + 1 - One to one negotiations are conducted with other countries.
Like - India - ASEAN
China - ASEAN
U.S.A - ASEAN
ASEAN + 3 - Under it china, Japan and South Korea are included and regional issues of east -
Asia are discussed.
ASEAN + 6 - It include, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and India.
 They are all free - trade partners of ASEAN.

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RCEP
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
 It is a regional trade agreement which is proposed among ASEAN + 6 Countries.

 It includes goods, Services, investment and intellectual property rights.
 It represents→ 25% - GDP
30% - Trade
26% - FDI Flows
45% - Total Population
 It is under negotiations since November 2012
 If India does not going it then it may result in political & economic isolation of India.
But there are following problems in inclusion

 India has huge trade deficit with these countries.
 China will also, be benefited for trade agreement.
 Imports in India will increase affect domestic production of India.
 New Zealand and Australia can affect India's dairy industry.
 Japan & South Korea wants Strong intellectual property right regimes. [Section 3 - D]
 These countries wants to focus more on goods, where as India wants more liberalization in
services.
Especially in mode 4 Services.
China = 80% Starling = 28%
India wants three different Systems:-
 For China 80% goods are included in Free trade agreement.
 In Starting 28% goods will be included and rests of the goods will the included in phased manner.
 For New Zealand and Australia 86% goods will be included.
 For rest of the country's 90% goods will be included.
 For investment related disputes there countries want direct international arbitration but according
to India first domestic judicial mechanism should be used.
ASEAN + 8
 U.S.A. and Russia are also included in it.
 It is also called East - Asia Summit.
 Meetings of their defense minister are also organized.
 Asean Regional Forum = 27% members.
Asean Regional Forum
 To ensure regional security, "Asean Regional Forum" has been constituted.
Established = 1994
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Members = 27
 In 2015 ASEAN Economic Community was established which is a common marked.
 It ensure free flow of goods, services, investment and human resources.
Criticism
 ASEAN countries count not resolves the South China sea dispute.
 They lack a uniform policy against china.
India - ASEAN Relations
Earlier - Closed economy.

Members - ASEAN Tiger.
 In 1991 India launched "Look East Policy, which was converted into "Act - East Policy in 2014.
 In 1992 India and ASEAN becomes sectorial dialogue partner.
 In 1996 India and ASEAN Became. Full dialogue partner.
 In 2002 India - Asean Summit was started.
 In 2012 Strategic partnership agreement was signed.
 In 2017 25 Years of India - ASEAN relations were completed. Therefore this year was celebrated
in commemorative year.
 On 25 Jan. 2018 commemorative summit was organized in which following decisions were taken.
 G & 70 billion. at present.
 Indian - ASEAN 3rd Plan of Action (2016 – 2020) will be executed.
 The Bilateral trades will be increased to & 200 billion by 2022.
 For physical and digital connectivity India will extend airline of credit of $ 1 billion.
 IMT highway will be extended to Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos.
 India and ASEAN will co-operate for disaster management.
 They supported freedom of navigation and air transportation.
 India - Asean free trade agreement 2009
More profit to ASEAN
Services were added in 2015
 In 2009 India and ASEAN signed for trade agreement in field of goods.
 In 2015 services & investment were also included.
 Bilateral trade is amount $ 70 billion, which is inclined towards ASEAN.
 Its main reason is lack of awareness among Indian - traders about free trade agreement.
 India get huge investments from ASEAN countries.
 At present we get highest FDI from Singapore.
 Singapore is helping India in Creation of Smart city.
 Mekong River of Southeast asia.

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Mekong - Ganga Cooperation
 Started in 2000
Members - India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand
 They co-operate on four subjected (4 areas of Co-operation) – Culture, Education, Tourism, and
Transportation.
 In Jakarta (H.Q.) India - ASEAN mission is established.
Foreign Policy of India

 India is a country with vast territories and large population, so it is natural that foreign policy has a
deep impact on the global scenerio.
Formative Element of Foreign Policy
Static Dyanmic
- Geographical situation International Condition
- Security Events
- National Interest Domestic Conditions of
Countries
- Regional Requirements
- Economic Elements Leadership
- Experience and Traditions
1. Geography of the country :-
 India with the central position between the Arabian peninsula and the Indo-china Peninsula in the
south of the continent of Asia.
 It shares its border with all south Asian countries like Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar,
Srilanka and Maldives.
 The situation is important from strategic point of view.
 The study of the effects of geography or international relations is called Geopolitics.

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 Geographical location of a country and the physical topography has a significant impact on the foreign
policy of the state.
 Presence of natural boundaries provide a sense of security to a country through which it can
concentrate on domestic development in peaceful times.
2. Historical Experience, Traditions and Culture:-
 Basically the foreign policy of a country is determine by its historical experience, traditions & cuture.
 Indian culture has been fierce opponent of imperialism and ardent supporter of the idea “live and let
lives”.
3. National Interest :-
 The foreign policy of each country is determined keeping in mind the national interest.
 All those things sum up in the national interest, which emphasize the maximum gurantee of culture,
security and material welfare of a nation.
 It is true that international politics has always been dynamic and there are no permanent friend or
enemies.
 These relations of friend and foe continue in international relations in view of national interest.
4. National Security :-
 The goal of each countiry’s foreign policy is the security and development of the country.
 Due to ever-changing political equations and factionalism in the international arena due to the cold
war. Indian Foreign Policy has been following the process of countinuous reform for its political
freedom and security.
5. Promotion of Internstional Peace and Harmony :- (Development element)
 India has always adopted the motto of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and kept foreign policy on the path of
the world peace & Harmony.
 That is why india in its policy making adopted five ethical principles of conduct ‘Panchsheet’ as the
basis for peaceful co-existance and has been honouring the nations of the world for adopting this
principles.
6. Technical Orientation :-
 Continuous evolution of technical knowledge has greatly influenced our thinking and activities.
 Every nation want to adopt state-of-the-art technology for its economic development.
 Semi-developed & developing countries or nations are becoming dependent on the development
countries of the world.
 Countries having monopoly on automatic electric power computer software, satellite system influence
the foreign policy of other developed & developing countries by placing conditions for permission to
use & transfer of this information.
7. Military Powers :-
 The country which has a heavy and well-equipped military force is honoured globally.
 Thus military capability is a factor in foreign policy making.

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 From this perspective a country with a strong military force can take confident and harder decision
than incompetent countries.
8. Nature of Government :-
 There is a great role of public opinion, pressure groups and mass communication in policy making
process of democratic system.
 In democratic state, the electoral system also influence the formulation of foreign policy such that
leaders will usually take decisions that people do not shy away from.
 In an autocratic system, most decisions are made according to the personal opinion of the ruler.
9. Internal Obligation of the country :-
 Not only international events but also domestic development act as a source of foreign policy making.
 These have been instances when rules have taken tough and strong foreign policy decision to serve the
domestic purpose.
 Example :- it has been done to affect the election results in the country by diverting people attention
from the fragile economic condition of the country.
10. Domestic factor :-
 India’s foreign policy get affected by domestic politics like relation with sri lanka are affected by Tamil
Nadu politics, relation with Bangladesh are affected by politics of Assam, Tripura & west Bengal,
Relation with Nepal are affected by politics of Bihar.
11. Economic Factor :-

 Increasing india’s exports & ensuring necessary imports and attract the investments are major
objectives of Indian ForeignPolicy.
 For this, Free Trade Agreement was conducted by India like SAFTA, India-ASEAN
 India became founding member of WTO & it adopted globalisation by executing economic reforms in
1991.
Evolution of Indian Foreign Policy

Idealistic Phase
1. Jawahar Lal Nehru (1947-1964)
 Nehru can be called the architect of Indian foreign policy.
 He supported internationalism and Asianism opposed the policy of imperialism, colonialism, fascism
and apartheid.
 During the region of Pt. Nehru, Dadra and Nagar, haveli got freed from portguese hegemony in the
year 1954.
 From 1954 to 1958 AD, the independent Dadra & Nagar Haveli was administerated by urishta
panchayat of free Dadra and Nagar Haveli and in year 1961, it was included in the Indian union as a
union Territory.

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 In Goa, Indian excercised power and liberated Goa from portguese atrocities in 1961 and it was
included in India permanently.
 Daman & Diu were freed from portguese control in 1961 and was merged into the Indian union.
 Goa, Daman & Diu were given UT states
 In 1987, Goa was seprated from Daman & Diu given full statehood
 In December 2019, the parliament merged Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu to from a UT.
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri :-
 He followed Nehru’s policy, especially during his period, initiatives were taken to strengthen relations
with neighbouring countries of south-East Asia.
 In Indo-Pak war of 1965, Pakistan was badly defeated.
 Shastri by giving slogan of “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan” tried to encourage the soldiers on one hand, while on
the other he tried to give a message to farmers to increase food production and reduce dependence
on food grain imports.
3. Indira Gandhi :-
 During her tenure, some of the new features of foreign policy of India like flexiblity, realism, ideal
coordination stress on national interests, importance of economic coorporation, special role of
experts etc emerged.
 Indo-Soviet union Friendship Treaty, Shimla Agreement and Nuclear explosion were significant success
of Indian Foreign Policy.
 There was a lot of pressure on mrs. Gandhi From America and other western countries to sign the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but she did not succumb to the pressure and surprised the world by
a nuclear explosion in Pokhran in 1974.
4. Morarji Desai :-
 Janta Government from 1977-79, despile consistent internal opposition and ideological contradiction,
was successful in focussing on some of the most important aspects of Indian’s Foreign Policy.
 Pm Morarji Desai of the Janta party Government adopted a pure Non-aligned policy, laid emphasis on
maintaining the countries, continuing traditional support to Arab countries and opposed aportheid,
colonialism, Neo-colonialism.
 Atal Bihari Vajpayee as Foreign minister succeeded reducing strain in existing Indo- Pak relations
 In her second term, mrs Gandhi suceesfully demonstrate her leadership ability by organising 9 th Asian
Games in New Delhi in 1982 and the 7th Non-Aligned Summit in New Delhi in 1983.
5. Rajiv Gandhi (1984-89)
 During the tenure of Rajiv Gandhi four main elements of foreign policy got utmost importance
Disarmament, eradication of colonialism, diplomacy of development and peace.
 In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi presented a plan for Nuclear weapon free and non violent world order in the
General Assembly of the united Nations which was praised all over the world.
 SAARC was the beginning of regional cooperation among neighbouring countries of south Asian in
international politics.

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 South Asian Regional Cooperation organization(SAARC) was established on 7-8 December, 1985 in
Dhaka where its first summit was held.
 SAARC - Member countries :- India, Pakisthan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, srilanka and maldives.
 In 2008, Afganisthan joined as the eighth member of ‘SAARC’.
 Secretariat of SAARC – Kathmandu(Nepal)
6. Pv Narasimha Rao(1991-96)
 Radical changes took place in international relations and diplomatic equations.
 The end of the cold war, the disintegration of the soviet union and victory of America in the Gulf was
changed the nature of the world system towards unipolority.
 In the world at that time, the Non- Aligned movement has reached a state of headlessness.
 Also India faced a critical state of economic crisis.
 At such a time, the Government of India tried to claim permanent membership of the security council,
to enforce SAPTA agreement among SAARC nations
 ‘Look East policy’ was adopted by the Government of India in the early nineties, under which emphasis
was placed on strengthening India’s relations with India’s eastern and south eastern neighbours.
 The main focus of this policy is economic relations
7. H.D. Devsegowda :-
 Inder Kumar Gujral as Foreign minister of H.D. Devegowda Government in1966 announced “Gujral
Doctrine which propounded maintaing good relations with the neighbouring cuntries, especially
among south Asian countries Gujral tried to take the neighbouring countries into confidence so that
the suspicion among these countries about India could be removed and the country could get their
cooperation.
 Inder Kumar Gujral Government could not pay much attention to foreign policy, although initiatives
were taken to improve or establish new relations with the neighbours.
8. Atal Bihari Vajpayee :-
 Nation Democratic alliances led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee performed nuclear Test in may, 1998 within
Short period of their coming to power.
 However, with the declaration of “No first use policy” faith was restored in the principles of peaceful
co-existance and disarmament .
 Efforts were made by the Vajpayee government to improve relations with Indian diaspora and
celebration of Pravasi Bhartiya Diwas started in 2003.
 In 2004, the government of united Progressive Alliance (UPA) was formed and Dr. Manmohan Singh of
Congress became Prime minister.
 During his tenure till 2014, not only Indian’s economic situation strengthened and Indo- US nuclear
deal was also concluded.
 PV Narsimha Rao innovated the ‘Look East Policy’ while in myanmar in 2014 at the ASEAN-Indian
summit, PM Narendra Modi expressed his personal interest and changed it to Act East Policy.
 Indian wants to establish better realtions in the whole Asian-region through this policy.

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BRICS
Brazil - Russia - India - China - South Africa
 The term "BRIC" is belived to be coined in 2001 by then Chairman of "Goldman Sachs" Asset
management "Jim O' Neil", in his Publication "Building Better global economic BRICs".
 Investment Banker
2050 - 1. China
2. U.S.A.
3. India
2006 Foreign minister melting of BRIC
2009 – Yekaterinburg-Russia' City
Ist Summit of BRIC
2010:- after summit south Africa added 43% Population 22 - GDP
 Its idea was placed in a report of Goldman such employee Jim O' Neil "Building better global
economic BRICs "
 In this report is was stated that in 21st country these four economies will be most important.
 By 2050, China would be the largest economy and India would be 3rd largest economy.
 Therefore these counties should cooperate with each other.
 In 2006 meeting of foreign ministers of BRIC counties was organized.
 In 2009 it was officially started from Yekaterinburg of Russia.
 In 2010 South Africa was included as representative of Africa and present name "BRICS" was
given.
Importance of BRICS
 It represent 43% would population and 22% world GDP
 It support multipolarity in international politics.
 It co-operate to protect interest of developing countries.
 It provides a platform to discuss international. Problems like reforms in global financial system,
Climate change terrorism etc.
Achievements of BRICS
AIIB = H.D. = Beijing
Lehman Brothers. U.S.A. Bank - insolvent - 2006
New Development Bank
 Regular Summits of BRICS are Being organized.

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 In the Yekaterinburg summit cooperation to tackle global economic slowdown was discussed and
idea of global reserve currency was placed.
 In 2012 New Delhi Summit was organized in which reforms in JMF was demanded and idea of
BRICS bank was placed.
 In the Fortaleza (Brazil) Summit of 2014 BRICS bank was officially started. Established.
 It is called as "New Development Bank" (NDB).
 New Development Bank, Would Bank is the world Bank alternativity [H.C.l = Shanghai] China
 It is a multilateral bank which provides Finance to Sustainable development Projects and
infrastructures development.
 It total capital is $100 billion, in which member countries have equal shares.
 It means there vote value is also equal.
 Header quarter "Shanghai", China,
 Regional Head Quarter = South Africa = Johannesburg, Brazil = Sao Paulo]
 Ist President - K.V. Kamath of NDB [Former Chairmen of ICICI]
 Contingency Reserve Arrangement (replacement of JMF for BRICS - $ 100 Billion)
 The member countries can avail credit from this mechanism during balance of payment crisis.
 Its total capital is $ 100 billion.
> China $ 41 billion
> India, Russia, Brazil = $ 18 billion
> South Africa = $ 5 billion
 The 2016 Summit was organized in Goa India in which terrorism was an important issue.
 11th summit will be organized in Brasilia, Brazil (November)
 Medical Corporation : UFA declaration in 7th submit (2015).
 BRICS Science, Tech & Innovation(STI) framework programme in 2015.
 In last 5 year intra-BRICS exports grew by 45%
Significance of BRICS for INDIA:-
1. Voice of developing countries.

2. Safe space to modulate rivalry.
3. Providing a transcontinental race.
4. India's demand to reform UNSC, WTO etc.
5. Voice against terrorism.
Challenged faced by BRICS:-
1. Disparities among the members.

2. suspicious ambition of china.
3. Approach towards institutional reforms.
4. Lack of capital.
2020 Meeting:-

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Moscow declaration:
1. Strategy for BRICS Economic partnership 2020-25 was signed.

2. BRICS counter terrorism strategy to prevent funding.
Proposals to set up:-
1. BRICS early warning system.

2. Called for reforms of WHO.
G- 20
19 Countries and European Union
 Established in 1999 (After the Asian Financial Crises of 1977)
 It is a Group of developed and developing countries.
 It main function was to coordinate fiscal and monetary policy.
 G-20 has no secretariat.
- Platform→ 1. Central bank governor - Monetary policy.
2. Finance Minister - Fiscal policy
 It represent→ 85% world GDP.
2/3rd world population
80% world trade
 After global economic crisis recession of 2007-08 it was restructured.
 It was made a conference of head of the states and head of the government.
 First summit was organized in 2008 in Washington D.C. since then its regular summits are being
organized.
 Summit of 2019 was organized in Osaka, Japan.
 Summit→ 2020 – Riyadh Saudi Arab
2021 – Italy
2022 – India
 To organize the summits a management group of three countries is constituted which include
present of chairman, former chairman and next chairman.
 There are two main tracks for negotiations:-
1. Financial Track:-
 In this finance ministers and governors of central bank participate.
 They negotiate economic issues.
2. Sherpa Track:-
 Each country appoints a Sherpa who represents their country in meetings of G-20 Suresh
Prabhu is appointed Sherpa from India.

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 They mainly discuss no-economic issues like- climates change, counter terrorism, Anti-
corruption etc.
After Osaka summit on Osaka declaration was released which included the main points:-
 Role of FATF in countering terrorist financing.
 Cooperation to act, Against economic offenders.
 Implementation of pairs Agreement.
 Challenge of protectionism.
 Reforms in WTO
 Probably risks of BRI project.
To increase the efficiency of G-20 following reforms should be executed:-
1. The secretariat of G- 20 should be established.
2. G- 20 should only focus on economics issues.
3. Non- economies issues should left for other platforms.
4. Member countries should work for global interests.
Objectives of G-20:-
1. Policy coordination.
2. Promote financial regulation.
3. Create a new international Financial architecture.
4. Financial Track.
5. Sherpas Track.
Important of G-20:-
1. Representative Group.
2. Support growth & development.
3. other issues - climate change.
Achievements of G-20:-
1. Emergency Funding during 2008 financial crisis.

2. Taxation related reforms.
G-20/OECD (BEPS):-
1. Improving the quality of regulatory bodies.

2. Pumped $5Trillion into the global economy to help COVID.
3. critical role in ratification of trade facilitation agreement of WTO.
G-20 'Troika':-
1. India Joined in November 2021

Italy & 2021, Rome

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India & 2022, New Delhi (18th)

Indonesia & 2023, Bali
G-77
 Members:- 134 Countries
 Earlier there were 77 members, At present there are 134 members.
 Established in 1964 on the recommendation of UNCTAD.
 Its first ministerial meeting was organized in Algeria (South Africa) in 1967
 Its highest decision making body is called south summit-
First South summit - Havana, Cuba in 2000
Second South summit - Doha, Qatar in 2005
Third South summit - Proposed in Africa
Functions
 To promote south-south cooperation
 To promote trades & investment in developing countries.
 At present the scope of the G-77 is limited to the General assembly of the United Nations.
 Each year the presidency is change to give a chance to all countries.
2020 - Guyana
2021 - Pakistan
G-24
 Its a group of G-77.
 It was established in 1971.
 To raise the issues of the economy of developing countries.

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NAM (Non- Aligned Movement)

 Members:- 120 countries
 It is an international policy
3 Main Components
(1) Not joining any military Group.
(2) To Maintain activism in international politics.
(3) Adopting an independent in foreign policy
 The terms non- aligned were used by former defense ministry of India. "V.K. Menon"
 In 1955 an African- Asian, Conference were organized in Badung (Indonesia) where this concept
was elaborated by Jawaharlal Nehru.
 The Non- aligned movement was officially started from Belgrade conference of 1961
th
 Present member are 120 and 17 summits have been organized.
th
 17 Summit was held in 2016 in Venezuela (vice president of India Hamid Ansari ji
participated.).
Main leaders of Non- Alignment Movement
 J.L. Nehru - India
 Abdul Yamar Narser - Egypt
 Joesph Broz tito - Yugoslovia
 Kwame Nkrumah - Ghana (Africa)
 Dr. Sukrano - Indonesia
Significance of NAM:-
 It provided a platform to 3rd world countries to raise their voice.
 It opposed imperialism, colonialism, racism.
 It spread a message of place during called war period (U.S.A USSR)
 It opposed race for militarization.
 And supported nuclear dis-armament.
 They adopted 'Panchasheel Principles in international relations.
Criticism of NAM:-
(1) In 1991, After disintegration of USSR non-alignment has become irrelevant.
(2) The western countries accuse that NAM was inclined towards USSR.
(3) The achievement of NAM are very limited.
Relevance of NAM
(1) In political field.
 To reduce U.S.A. hegemony in world polities.
 To form a multipolar world.
 Reforms in U.N.

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 To protect interest of developing & less developing countries.

 To oppose neo- imperialism
(2) In economic field
 To implement reform in global financial institutions.
 To oppose neo neo colonialism.
 To reduce influence of developed countries in WTO.
 To oppose protectionism.
(3) In defense field:-
 Nuclear disarmament
 To eliminate international terrorism.
 Cyber security
(4) Other Fields:-
 Climate change
 Syrian Crisis
 Yaman Crisis
 Dispute between U.S.A and tram
 Refugee crisis.
 In 2016 Indian prime - minister did not participate in NAM conference because.
(1) It was not a conference of prime minister.
(2) Vice president (Hamid Ansari) participated form Indian Side.
(3) Earlier in 1979 Indian P.M. (Choudhary Charan Singh) did not participate in NAM Conference.
(4) 18th summit – Baku, Azerbaijan (vice-president attended)
SAARC
(5) SAARC – South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation
(6) Established - 1985 (in Dhaka)
(7) Idea - Zia ur Rehman
(8) Secretariat - Kathmandu
(9) General Secretary - Amjad Hussain (Pakistani Citizen)
(10) Member - 8
(11) 1. India
(12) 2. Nepal
(13) 3. Bhutan
(14) 4. Bangladesh
(15) 5. Sri Lanka
(16) 6. Pakistan

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(17) 7. Maldives
(18) 8. Afghanistan (Latest Member - 2007)
(19) Its 18th (2014) summit was held in Kathmandu.
(20) The 19th summit was proposed in Islamabad, Pakistan, but this conference could not take
place due to the terrorist activities of Pakistan.
Objective -
1. To establish political, economic, social and cultural relations among the member countries.
2. To improve the standard of living of the citizens of the member countries.
3. To develop regional self-reliance.
4. To establish cooperation with other regional organizations.
Achievements of SAARC -
SAPTA (1993) – SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement
SAFTA (2004-2006) -South Asian Face Trade Agreement
1. In 1993 SAPTA was done . which came into force in 1995. In this, the member countries
were given preference in import duties.
In 2004 SAFTA was done. Which came into force from 1st day 2006. Under this, the member
countries were divided into two categories -
(1) Developing countries - India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. They were given time till 2012 to abolish
duty on all items.
(2) Least Developed Countries/Remaining Countries - Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Afghanistan
They were given time till 2016 to abolish the duty. But this agreement has not been fully
implemented as non-tariff barriers are being used by Pakistan. E.g. - Enlargement of negative list /
sensitive.
2. The Motor Vehicle Agreement was negotiated in the Kathmandu Conference of 2014, but this
agreement could not be reached due to opposition from the Pakistan.
Eventually the BBIN Pact (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) was done.
Recently Bhutan has pulled out of this agreement. With this agreement, the movement of goods
vehicles, passenger vehicles, private vehicles will be allowed without any hindrance.
3. The Energy Sharing Agreement was negotiated in the Kathmandu Conference of 2014, but
this agreement could not be reached due to opposition from the Pakistan.
4. Recently India has launched a satellite dedicated to SAARC countries, which will provide
services like weather forecasting, disaster management, remote education, remote medicine,
Pakistan is not a member of this project.
5. The SAARC organization has been given financial assistance of $ 30 million by India.
6. In India, SAARC University has been established.
7. Disaster Management Exercise among SAARC countries has been conducted in India in 2015.
8. India is mainly emphasizing on trade, connectivity, public relations.

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Problems of SAARC
1. Organizations Summits are not regular.
2. The dominance of bilateral issues over regional issues.
3. Policy of non-cooperation by the Pakistan.
4. Promoting terrorism in this region by the Pakistan.
5. Non-implementation of agreements completely.
6. Intra-regional trade and investment is extremely low.
7. Interference of external powers like - U.S.A. and China
8. The interaction between the member states is very low.
9. India is very large as compared to other countries.
Failures & challanges of SAARC:-
1. Failure to implementation of SAFTA
2. Pakistan's Non-Cooperation (Motor Vehicle, Satellite)
3. Absence of dispute redressal mechanism.
4. "Big Brother Syndrome" towards India
5. Lack of resources.
Need for Servival of SAARC:-
1. A natural group of South Asian countries.
2. BIMSTEC is Complement of SAARC, not its substitute.
18 meetings have been held of SAARC while the BIMSTEC is still in the initial stage.
3. The weakening of the SAARC may attract neighboring countries to other organizations such as the
SCO.
4. Necessary for economic integration.
5- Neighbourhood first policy.
6. For success like European Union & ASEAN

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Way Forward:-
1. Setup a mechanism for informal discussions.

2. Sri Lanka's PM Proposed [EIRM]
Economic Integration Road Map
1. (SAARC - PAKISTAN)
BIMSTEC
BIMSTEC - Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.
BIST - EC – Bangladesh, India, Srilanka, Thailand, Economic Cooperation.
- In June 1997 The BIST- EC organization was constituted.
- Myanmar was included in it in 1997 and it became BIMSTEC.
Nepal and Bhutan were included in 2004 and given its present name.
Secretariat - Dhaka (in 2014)
General Secretary - Shahid-ul-Islam
In this, 16 subjects have been prescribed and they are divided among the member countries.
- 4 summits have been organized.
1st 2004 - Bangkok
2nd 2008 - New Delhi
3rd 2014 - Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
4th 2018 - Kathmandu
Q: What BIMSTEC could replace SAARC?
Features of BIMSTEC -
1. Due to the absence of Pakistan, mutual cooperation will be easy.
2. The interests of these countries are concentrated in the Bay of Bengal.
3. Mutual connectivity is ensured in the Bay of Bengal.
4. It includes the countries of South Asia and South-East Asia, i.e. It includes India's Act East policy and
Neighbourhood First policy.

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5. The interference of big powers is relatively less.
6. Apart from India, Thailand is also a strong economy is available.
7. The working of BIMSTEC is more systematic.
The following improvements should be made to increase the effectiveness of BIMSTEC -
 Regular summits should be organized.

 Member countries should give more priority to BIMSTEC.
 The secretariat of BIMSTEC should be made more effective.
 Negotiations have been going on for a joint trade agreement between the BIMSTEC countries
since 2004, which should be completed soon.
United Nations Organization

United Nation Organisation: -
 Its idea was placed in the Atlantic Charter of 1941, which was signed by US President Roosevelt
and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
 The San Francisco Conference was called on June 26, 1945 for its detailed structure, in which the
UN charter was signed.
 This Charter came into force on 24th June 1945, which is called the foundation day of UN.
 At that time members were 51 and the present members are 193.
 UN has 6 official languages - English, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Arabic
 Headquarters - New York
 Regional Headquarters - Geneva (Switzerland)
Vienna (Australia)
Nairobi (Kenya)
Purpose of the UN
1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To establish economic, political and social cooperation in the world.
3. To make joint efforts to solve global problems.
4. To promote human rights in the world.
5. Promoting democracy.
Structure of UN :-

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It has six (6) main parts.
1. The General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Secretariat
4. Economic and Social Council
5. International Court of Justice
6. Trusteeship Council
1. General Assembly:
 This is the main Institution of UN.

 Non-binding resolutions can be passed by the General Assembly.
 The work of making elections is done by the General Assembly like -
1. Election of non-permanent members of the Security Council
2. Election of the General Secretary
3. Election of all the members of the Economic and Social Council
4. Election of Judges of the International Court of Justice
5. Induction of new members.
 The budget of UN is passed by General Assembly.

 Its meeting is held every year in the month of September.
1. The meetings are presided over by the Chairman which is elected from among the
member countries.
2. Tenure is of 1 year.
2. Security Council:
 It is the most powerful institute of UN.

 Its main function is to maintain international security and peace.
 Binding resolutions are passed by this. Military intervention and economic sanctions are used to
implement them.
 It has total 15 members. In which there are 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent
members.

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1. USA
2. UK
3. France
4. Russia
5. China
 They have been given veto power. That is, no decision can be taken without the consent of the
permanent members. It is a negative force.
 10 non-permanent members are elected on a regional basis for a term of 2 years.
5 members - Africa, Asia
2 Members - Western Europe
1 Member - Eastern Europe
2 Members - Latin America and South America
3. Economic and Social Council:-
 Its main function is to ensure economic and social development in the world.
Member - 54
Tenure - 3 years
 Co-ordination is established between the specialized agencies concerned with the UN.
E.g. World bank
Food and Agriculture Organization
UNESCO
World Meteorological Organization
 Some special commissions have also been established under it.
E.g. Population Control Commission
Women Empowerment Commission
Commission for Sustainable Development

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4. Secretariat:-
 This is the bureaucracy of the UN.

 It's main function is to - Organize meetings.
Implementation of decisions
Issue reports,
Represent UN in International Forums.
 Its head is called the General Secretary which is elected by the General Assembly on the
recommendation of the Security Council.
Tenure - 5 years.
Current Secretary General – Antonio Guterres (Former Prime Minister of Portugal,

9th General Secretary)
5. International Court of Justice:-
 Its main function is to settle disputes between member countries and to interpret international
laws.
 The judges are 15 and are elected on regional basis.
 Currently Dalveer Singh Bhandari is from India's side.
Tenure - 9 years
Headquarters - Heg (Netherlands)
6. Trusteeship Council:-
 Its main function was to handle the administration of the areas of the Mandate system.
 After the independence of Palau in 1994, there is no territory under it. That's why this organization
has become inactive.
Evaluation of UN:-
Successes of UN:-
1. It has succeeded in preventing the third world war.
2. Work is being done for international peace and security. So far 71 peacekeeping missions have been
sent.
E.g.: Somalia
Sudan

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Nigeria
Korean War etc.
 The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 2001.

3. Human rights were promoted in the world. The Declaration of Human Rights was issued on December
10, 1948, hence Human Rights Day is celebrated on 10 December.
4. In order to prevent the spread of nuclear power, NPT and CTBT types of treaties were made.
5. Democracy was spread all over the world.
6. To prevent climate change, the Earth Summit, the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement etc. was
signed.
7. Sustainable Development Goals were set to determine the direction of ensuring human development.
Failures of UN:-
1. UN failed to stop the Cold War. In this period factionalism, militarization, armament were promoted.
2. It has not been able to democratize itself.
3. Africa and South America did not have any permanent members in the Security Council.
4. It has also failed to define terrorism.
5. Military interventions are used to protect the interests of powerful countries.
6. Nuclear weapons are still a challenge before the world. New countries are gaining nuclear powers.
Treaties made to prevent nuclear offerings are discriminatory.
7. UN is not self resilient for its budget, USA contributes the most in the budget.
8. Currently burning issues like -
Syrian crisis,
Yemen crisis,
Ukraine crisis,
South China Sea dispute
Refugees crisis etc. failed to resolve
Improvements:-

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 Structural reforms should be implemented in UN and the Security Council should be expanded
which reflects today's political situation.
 Africa and South America should be properly represented.
 The powers of the General Assembly should be increased.
 UN should limit its security activities and focus more on developmental activities.
 Transparency should be brought in the decisions and actions of the UN.
Role of India in UN:-
 India was one of the founding members of the UN.

 B. Ramaswamy Mudaliar participated from India's side in the San Francisco Conference.
 India has so far served in the Security Council as a non-permanent member for 8 times.
Currently from 2021-22
 In 1953 A.D. Vijayalakshmi Pandit of India became the President of the General Assembly.
 In 1946 AD, India opposed the policy of apartheid in UN.
 In 1960 AD, a declaration was brought to give independence to the colonies. India was its co-
sponsor.
 In 1965 AD, India was the first to sign a resolution brought to end racial discrimination.
 India supports nuclear disarmament.
 In 1996 AD, India presented an action plan to gradually eliminate nuclear weapons.
 In 1996 itself, the Comprehensive Convention Against International Terrorism (CCAIT) was
brought by India gainst terrorism which provides a legal framework against the terrorism.
 India is continuously contributing in the budget of UN.
 India is the country that sends the maximum number of soldiers in the peace missions of UN.
 India is currently participating in 14 active missions.
Claim of India's permanent membership in the Security Council:-
 India is the largest democracy in the world.

 Every sixth person in the world is an Indian.
 India has contributed the most in the peace missions of UN.
 India is the fastest growing economy of the world. India is the 6th largest economy.
 India is contributing continuously for international peace and security. That is why India adopted
the principles of Panchsheel.
 India is the only nuclear power country which supports nuclear disarmament.
 India leads the developing countries.
 India is a strong voice against terrorism.
 To stop climate change efforts are being made by India.
Efforts made to get Permanent Member :-

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 G-4 has been created by Germany, Japan, India and Brazil who are demanding reform of the
Security Council.
 Group L-69 of Africa, South American, Caribbean countries have supported India's membership.
 C-10 Organization of the African Union has supported India's membership.
 The third India-Africa Forum summit was held in New Delhi in 2015 in which 54 countries of
Africa participated and they supported India's membership.
 Except China, the other permanent members have verbally supported India's membership.
 India has raised this demand in various political forums.
International Terrorism
Definition:- The United States Department of Defense has defined terrorism as the illegal or threatened
use of force or violence against persons or property to victimize the intimidate government or society, for
political, religious or ideological purposes.
Type of Terrorism:-
 Religious terrorism:- Terrorist ac activities that are motivated by religious orders and requirements.
 Terrorism inspired by ideology- Generally can be divided into two categories.
1. Left Wing Terrorism:- This ideology believes that all social relations existing in capitalist society
and the nature of state are exploitative and a revolutionary change thought violent means is
inevitable Example- Maoist Factions in India and Nepal.
2. Right Wing Terrorism:-
These groups usually want to maintain the status quo of the past, to establish the status quo of the
past in which they fell protected. Sometimes they even adopt ethnic characters. Example- Nazi
Party in Germany, Fascist in Italy.
 Human Race:- Ethno- Nationalist Terrorism deliberate violence by a sub- national ethno-ethnic
group for the fulfillment of its purpose can be termed as ethno-ethnic terrorism. Examples are Tamil
nationalist groups in Sri Lanka and separatist groups in Northeast India.
 State Sponsored Terrorism:-It is used by the nation against other nation to achieve its foreign
policy objectives Example- India is troubled by the problem of Pakistan supported terrorism.
 Narco Terrorism:- It is in the category of both the type of terrorism and the means\Financing of
terrorism. Drug trafficking is seen as an attempt to influence government policies by systematic
intimidation or violence by illegal person, for example by Islamist terrorist groups backed by
Pakistan's ISI agency found to be genuinely involved in drug trafficking in India.

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 Bio Terrorism:- A planned and deliberated us of pathogenic strains of microorganisms- such as

bacteria, viruses or their toxins- to spread diseases threatening life on a large scale with the aim of
destroying the population of an area.
 Cyber terrorism- It is a combination of terrorism and cyber space. Unlawful attack and threat of
attack against computers, networks and the information stored there in with the intention of
intimidating or victimizing the government or the people for the fulfillment of its political or social
interests.
Reasons For Terrorism:-

 Political:- Terrorism is the uses organized political violence by a non-state military or group
because they do not like the existing organization of the society and want to change it.
 Tactical:- Some terrorist groups use this as a strategy for their larger target. They use terrorism with
the aim for gaining advantage against stronger powers.
 Religious:- Some fundamentalist groups promote terror activities by misinterpreting religion.
 Socio-economic:- deprivation makes people vulnerable to terrorism. For example, terrorism is
encouraged. Like-poverty lack or education, lack of political freedom encourages terrorism.
Various Terrorist Organizations:-
 Taliban in Afghanistan
 Al-Qaeda
 Babbar Khalsa International
 Jaish-e- Mohammed
 Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front.
 National Democratic front of Bodoland (NDFB) - ASSAM
Global effort:-
 The FATF (Financial action task force) is the global money Laundering and terrorist financing
monitoring body.
 37 members (India including 1 + EU + GCC)
 Established in 1989 by the G- 7 during the Paris Summit.
 Two lists are issued:-
Black List- Example - North Korea, Iran.
Gray List - Pakistan
 United Nations Security Council Resolution, 1267.
 Global Counter terrorism forum established in 2011
 Recently the first Global parliamentary Summit on Counter terrorism was held in Vienna.
India's Measures for Counter terrorism:-
 National Investigation Agency (NIA) at National level.
 National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)
 National Security Guard (NSG)
 Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967 (UAPA).

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 Prevention of money Laundering (Amendment Act, 2005

 Preventing financing of terrorism through the recently given "5 Point Formula".
International Level:-India has given Priority to initiating an inter-governmental framework to combat
terrorism through the following:-
 CCIT (Comprehensive Convention on international terrorism) was Proposed by India.
 India- US homeland Security dialogue.
 Combating terrorist financing in collaboration with FATF
 BRICS counter terrorism policies.
 Shanghai Convention on Countering the terrorism, Separatism and extremism.
Anti-terrorism Law:-
 Terrorism and Disruptive activities Prevention Act (TADA), 1987 - abolished in the year 1999.
 POTA, 2002 - abolished in 2004.
 MCOCA, 1999 - Currently implemented in Maharashtra.
 GCTOC Act, 2019 - Currently implemented in Gujarat.
 UAPA, amendment in 2019
UAPA Amendments in 2019:-

 The power is designate even a single person as terrorist has been delegated to the government.
(Earlier only the organization had the power to declare.)
 The approval of the Director General of NIA is mandatory for confiscation of property related to
terrorism by the investigating NIA officer. (Earlier the approval of the Director General of Police
was required.)
 An officer of the rank of inspector or above has been authorized to investigate the cases.
 The provisions of the "International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear
Terrorism" have been included in the schedule under this Act,
`

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 1

International Relation Notes

Paper-III General Knowledge and General Studies

 Emerging World Order in the post Cold War era,

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Affected from "ART OF WAR" – SUN- TZU

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

1911  Tibbet declared independence

Present Policy of China in Tibet .

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Daulat Bag Oldi

Border Dispute with China :-

India-China border can be divided into 3 parts.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

 Where British India was represented by Henry Mc Mahon.

Tawang Monastery :- It is 2nd largest Monastery of Tibbetion Buddhists situated in Tawang.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

3 plateau regions are disputed between china and Bhutan.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

 It was first such clash after 1975, When a soldier martyred.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

 India influence in Indias ocean will decline

South China sea dispute

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

& also militarizing the Islands.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

e.g. Tik-tok, Huwaie is excluded from 5G trial

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Announced in 2013

 It is an ambitious infrastructure project in which China is being connected to Europe, Asia,

Under it following projects are being developed :-

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Brahmaputra River Dispute

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

 China is developing infrastructure in Pakistan.

 India, U.S.A. and other countries accept this policy.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Civil Nuclear Deal:

2. India will be granted an open waiver in NSG (nuclear supplier group)

3. India will separate its civil and military nuclear plant

Dispute between India and U.S.A

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

2. HI-B VISA DISPUTE :

 It is a temporary work visa given to skilled worker

 In U.S.A, there are 2 main ideologies regarding climate change

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

4. CAATSA-(Countering American adversaries through trade sanctions act)

Trump govt adopted various protectionist policies.

GSP (Generalised systems of preferences):-

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

2nd “ 2+2 dialogues “- 2019 -Russia

Outcome of 3rd dialogue

A. BECA (BASIC EXCHANGE AND CO –OPERATION AGREEMENT ):

 Support in traditional india medicine

D.QUAD SUMMIT: Quadrilateral security dialogue

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

 A secretariat should be formed for this group

U.S.A support India in export control regimes

CO-OPERATION FOR COUNTER TERRORISM –

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

 Pakistan was included in greylist of FATF

U.S hegemony in world politics:

Hegemony can be established in 3 ways :