Technology Updated (English) 2022 - PDF

SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 1
Science Technology Notes
The Notes Hub

7300134518, 7610010054
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
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Syllabus
 Nano
 Space
 Defence
 Biotech
 Telecommunication
 I.T.
 Robotics
 Artificial intelligence
 Machine Learning
 Internet of things
 Big data
 Augmented reality
 RFID
 Quantum computing
 Cloud computing
 Edge Computing
 Blockchain technology
 IT Rules 2020
 Scientists of India

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Nano Technology
DEFINATION & TIMELINE
 That stream of technology in which matter is studied at Nano scale & various applications
are developed by changing its structure at atomic/molecular level.
 Nano technology term was given by Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi in 1974.
 Nano is a Greek term which means Dwarf
 Technically Nano refers to 10-9 scale.
 Nano scale : 1nm-100nm (10-9 m – 10-7 m).
Timeline
 1959 – American scientist Richard Feynman gave a lecture -
 ―There is a plenty of room at the bottom‖
 In this Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atom
can be developed.
 This speech provided inspiration for the field of Nanotech.

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 1974 – Professor of Tokyo University Norio Taniguchi coined the term ―Nanotechnology‖.
 1985 - Scientist at Rice University, USA discovered fullerene and its structure. They bagged
1996 Nobel in chemistry for it.
 1986 – Eric Drexler at MIT wrote a book ―Engines of Creation‖. It popularized Molecular
Nano technology worldwide.

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 1991 – Japanese scientist Sumio Iijima developed carbon nanotube (CNT).
 1992 – Nano structured catalyst materials were developed (MCM-41, MCM-42)
These are nano scale catalysts which are used in crude oil refining, drug delivery, water
treatment.
 2000 – Nano technology based products were introduced in market.

 Golf balls – which does not deviate in air due to such coating.
 Stronger tennis rackets (High strength + Resilience)
 Scratch proof automobile bumber
 Nano silver anti-bacterial socks – odorless

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 2006 – James Tour at Rice University developed Nano car which consists bucky balls/
Buckminster fullerene atoms and has ability to move in blood.

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Types of approaches in Nano Technology

1. TOP TO BOTTOM
2. BOTTOM TO TOP
TOP TO BOTTOM BOTTOM TO TOP
In this approach an ordinary material is broken In this approach free atoms are combined in
down until the Nano scale is achieved. specific configuration until the Nano scale is
achieved.
This technique is relatively easy This technique is relatively complicated
Less effective More effective
Pioneer scientist – Norio Taniguchi Pioneer scientist – Eric Drexler
Example – Nano practical, Nano powder Example – Nano Robots

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Applications of Nano Technology

1. Food & Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Health & medical
4. Information & communication
5. Energy
6. Environment
Food & Agriculture

1. Nano Porous Zeolite :
 To improve water holding capacity of soil.
 To absorb soil pollutants.
2. Nano Capsules : Smart pesticide which will act only on harmful insects.
3. Nano Sensors : To indicate soil pollution or degradation
4. Nano Magnets : To extract soil pollutants

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5. Nano tech will help in developing High yielding varieties (HYV).
Food
6. Nano composites : will be used in food packaging.
7. Nano Catalyst : will be used in food processing.
8. Anti-fouling Nano coating : To prevent fouling and rottenness in food items.
Industry
1. Nano pigment : will be used to manufacture less harmful and more durable paints.
2. Carbon Nano tubes : are used in
 Tennis rackets
 Anti-seismic buildings.
3. Nano Composites : are used in
 food packing industry
 Computer chips
 Components of automobiles
4. Nano Filter : used to filter micro pollutant particles from smoke released by
automobiles.

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5. Nano silver anti-bacterial textile : odorless cloths
6. wrinkle free anti-stain textile
7. Self-cleaning textile
8. U.V. blocking textile

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9. Self-cleaning surfaces (Super hydrophobic material, bioactive coating)
Health & medical

1. Intelligent medicine (smart drugs) : These will act only on malfunctioning
tissues/cells. Side effects of drugs will be minimized & Effectiveness will increase.
2. Nano tech based surgery will enable cell level surgeries without blood loss & risk of
infection.
3. Bio – NEMS (Nano electro mechanical Systems) :- These are special type Nano bots &
robots which can be inserted in body without operation & they will treat the desired
tissue/cell.
4. Cancer Therapy : Quantum dots will identify the cancer cells & then Nano robots will
destroy them precisely.
 Wound dressing : In case of hemophilia disease or brain hemorrhage, nano particles can be injected
which will help in forming blood clot.

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Information & communication

1. Nano technology based Nano chips, Nano circuits which will be smaller in size but faster
and efficient.
2. Quantum LASER : It is more effective & accurate than normal laser.
Energy
 Nano tech based solar cells which have higher charge storing capacity.
 Nano material coating or paint on solar panels which will be dust & water repellant and
absorbs maximum sun light/ solar radiation.
 Nano Bulb :- Developed by CSIR scientists which is more effective then LEDs
3. Nano structured catalyst material : used in crude oil refining.

4. Hydrogen is considered as energy source of future. Carbon nano tubes can be used to store
Hydrogen.
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Environment
1. Nano filter : Developed by IIT Madras & BHU. It can filter the pollutants at nano scale.
Use – Automobiles, Industries.
2. Nano Sensors :- These will indicate pollution level.
3. Nano filters, nano membrane : are used in water filtration & treatment.
4. Nano Magnets : Used to extract air and water pollutants.
5. Nano Zeolite : used to absorb soil pollutants.
6. TiO2 Particles : are helpful in reducing air pollution.
Challenges/concerns related to nano tech
Challenges of nano technology

1. It is very hard to reach at atomic/ molecular level of matter.
2. At atomic level of matter, changing in structure requires a lot of energy.
3. It is very tough to develop such Nano assemblers which can separate of consolidate atoms
at nano scale.
4. Highly trained and skilled human resource is required.
5. It is very costly.
6. Gray goo : Self-replicating ability of nano bots can be dangerous.

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7. Nano Litterbugs: Those nano particles which are non-degradable. These will cause
environment pollution.
8. USA, Germany, Japan are far advanced in nano tech field. It is possible that such countries
may dominated the rest of world in this revolutionary field (copyright, patents).
9. Unknown risks loom large as the consequences are not fully understood.
Why nano technology is called future technology ?
1. Nano technology enables to breach the limits of macro scale and enters into nano scale. At
this scale whole new characteristics of matter are encountered. (Due to drastic increment in
surface to volume ratio).
2. Laws of conventional physics become insignificant and quantum laws come into effect. This
allows to overcome the limitations of conventional physics.
3. At this scale structure defines the properties of matter. Thus by changing the structure,
specific characteristics can be developed in the material.
NANO BIO INFO Revolution

TECH TECH TECH

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Nano mission of India

 Nano science & technology initiative was started by Department of science and technology
in year 2001. It continued till 2006.
 In 2007 Nano science & technology mission (NSTM) was started by Dept. of science and
technology.
 Dept. of science and tech works as nodal agency for NSTM whereas Nano mission council is
created for execution of this mission.
 Two advisory groups are created to assist the council :-
1. Nano Science advisory group
2. Nano application & technology advisory group
 Chairperson of Nano Mission Council : Professor C.N.R Rao
 A Budget of 1000 cr. was allotted for NSTM.
 NSTM was started in two phases –
I. 2007-12
II. 2012- afterwards
Objectives of NSTM
1. Development of infrastructure (Excellence centers, Labs, equipment‘s)
2. Provide financial assistance to the institutions working in field of NST and promote private
sector & PPP in NST field.
3. Promote R&D in NST field.
4. Skill development and training of human resource in NST field.
5. Promote Academy Industry partnership for the development of applications in NST field.
6. Establish international cooperation in NST field.
 Under NSTM 19 center of excellence are established in 14 institutes across India. In which 11
are for nano science & 7 for Nano tech & 1 for material science. Some of them are – IIT
Bombay, Madras, Delhi, Kanpur, BHU, IISc, and TIFR

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 Other Institutions –
 CSIR (council of scientific & Industrial research)
 Institute of Nano science & technology, Mohali (Punjab)
 64 mission mode projects were started under NSTM.
 More than 23000 research papers were published and at present India is 3 rd in publishing
research papers on NST in the world. (U.S.A., China, India)
 Under NSTM International cooperation & research in NST field is promoted with countries
like Germany, Japan, Russia and Italy.
 The international conference on Nano science & Nano technology (INCONSAT 2020) was
held in India (Kolkata) in march 2020.
Some Nano materials

 Graphene
 Crystalline allotrope of carbon
 Structure : flaky hexagonal ring
 Soft & smooth
 Colour : Grey / brownish
 Conductivity : conductor of both electricity & temperature (free e-)
 Use :- In Lead pencil (Black lead), as moderator, as dry lubricant, as electrode in dry cell,
in polishing iron objects

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Buckminster fullerene
 Crystalline allotropes of carbon
 Most common form of fullerene
 It was discovered by scientist at rice University in 1985 they begged 1996 Nobel in
Chemistry for it.
 Structure : Pentagonal or hexagon hollow spherical (football alike-bucky balls)
 Hard substance
 Use :- In superconductivity, In purification of natural gases, In manufacturing light weight
batteries
Carbon nano tube

 It is a single walled cylindrical structure made of carbon‘s crystalline allotrope graphene with
a diameter of nanometer scale.
 It has property of high strength with high resilience.
 It has very high length to diameter ratio 132000000 : 1
 Uses – Polymers, Tennis rackets, Flat screen display, Nano electronics, Anti-seismic
Buildings.

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Quantum dots
 When size of semiconductor material particles is reduced to nano scale then special optical
& electronics properties appear.
 These nano sized particles are called quantum dots.
 Use – Solar Cell
NanoSniffer :-
 Developed by an IIT Bombay incubated startup called NanoSniff Technologies.

 It can detect all class of military, homemade and conventional explosives in less than 10
seconds.
 It can detect even nano gram quantities of explosives.
 It uses MEMS system (Micro-Electromechanical System)

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SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Indian Space Research Organisation

 INCOSPAR was established as ISRO on 15 August 1969.
 Headquarter - Bangalore
 Objective :- To use space technology and its applications for National interest and
development of nation.
Institutions functioning under ISRO

1. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
Formerly known as ―TERLS".
Satellite launch vehicles PSLV GSLV are developed here.
2. U R Rao satellite Centre, Bengaluru
Satellites & spacecrafts are developed here.
3. Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota Andhra Pradesh
Sriharikota high altitude range (SHAR)
It is launching site for Indian satellites. (near equator at eastern coast of subcontinent)
4. Liquid propulsion systems Centre, Thiruvananthapuram - Bengaluru
It deals with design and development of solid and liquid propulsion systems.
5. ISRO propulsion Complex, mahendragiri Hills, Tamil Nadu
Formerly known as liquid propulsion systems Centre.
It deals with development of upper stage liquid propellant and cryogenic stage.
6. Master control facility, (Hassan Karnataka) (Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh)
All the geostationary/geosynchronous satellites of ISRO are monitored & controlled
from this facility.
7. National Remote Sensing centre, Hyderabad

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 data obtained from Remote Sensing satellites is stored & processed in this facility along
with various techniques and applications so that it can be used in disaster management,
geo spatial services, governance & capacity building.
 NRSC has 6 Regional Centre – Dehradun, Jodhpur, Nagpur, Bengaluru, kharagpur,
Shillong.
8. Human space flight Centre, Bengaluru
Recently established under "Indian human spaceflight programme" for implementation of
Gaganyaan project.
9. Indian deep space network, byalalu Karnataka
It supports and establishes connection with interplanetary missions with the help of
"ISTRAC".
10. ISRO telemetry tracking & command network
 Global network of ground stations to provide telemetry tracking & command support to
satellite & launch vehicle missions.
 Centres in India - Port Blair, Thiruvananthapuram/Trivandrum, Bengaluru, Sriharikota,
Lucknow.
 Global stations – Mauritius, Indonesia, Vietnam, Russia, Norway, Panama.
11. Space applications centre, Ahmedabad - Delhi
It deals with R&D of various applications & Systems (related to telecommunication,
Remote Sensing, satellite navigation, metrology etc) facilitated by space Technology.
12. Indian Institute of Remote sensing, Dehradun Uttarakhand

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Orbits of satellite
 Orbit
Imaginary path of any Celestial body
or satellite, revolving around another
Celestial body is called orbit.
Types of orbit :-
Low Earth Orbit

 It is found between 160-2000 km altitude. Mainly 900-1000 km altitude is used.
 Revolution period of satellite in this orbit is 90-128 minutes.
 It is mainly used for remote sensing satellites, but now a days it is being used for
communication as well as navigation satellites too.
 It is also used for sounding rockets and testing satellites. i.e. Sputnik, Aryabhatta, Bhaskar.
 International Space Station is also situated here (400 km, 15 revolution/day).

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Polar orbit :-
 It is a special type of low Earth orbit.
 This orbit is parallel to the polar axis of Earth.
 It is mainly used for remote sensing satellites.
 Uses:-
1. Remote sensing
2. Intelligence gathering
3. Surveillance and reconnaissance
4. Study of atmosphere and climate change
Sun synchronous orbit

 It is a special type of Low Earth orbit.
 The inclination of satellite's orbit remains constant wrt the Sun.
 The satellite passes the same latitude at the same local time.
 Uses :-
1. Earth Imaging (cartography)
2. Intelligence gathering, surveillance
3. Remote sensing
4. Study of atmosphere

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Mid earth orbit

 It is found between low Earth orbit (2000km) and geosynchronous orbit (35786km).
 Mainly 20200 km altitude is used.
 Revolution period of satellite in this orbit is 2-24 hours.
 It is mainly used for navigation satellites. (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO)
Geosynchronous orbit
 It is situated at altitude of 35786 km.
 In this orbit rotation period of Earth and Revolution period of satellite are equal.
 Thus satellite completes its one revolution in 1 day (23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds).
 It is mainly used for communication satellites, but navigation satellites might also be
launched here. (NAVIC/IRNSS)
Geostationary orbit
 It is a special type of Geosynchronous orbit.
 This orbit is parallel to the equatorial plane of Earth.
 In this orbit the satellite always seems to be stationary wrt the Earth.
 It is mainly used for communication satellites, but it can also be used for navigation or
remote sensing.

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Geosynchronous/Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)

 It is situated approximately 200 km below geosynchronous or geostationary orbit.
 Initially communication satellite is launched in this orbit, and then it is transferred to
geostationary orbit.
GEO
Hohmann
transfer
orbit
GTo

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Hohmann transfer orbit

 It is an elliptical orbit used to transfer
a satellite from one circular orbit to
another.
Graveyard orbit
 It is also known as junk/disposal orbit.
 It is situated at altitude of 36050 km. (Aprox 300 km above Geo orbit).
 It is used to resolve the problem of space waste or Space debris.
 Inactive or non-operational satellites are transferred in this orbit.
Propellant & cryogenic stage

 Propellant
 Fuel and oxidizer are combinedly known as propellant
 fuel + oxidizer = propellant
 The launch vehicle (rocket) works on the principle of momentum conservation.
 When fuel is burnt in presence of oxidizer, then a large amount of pressurized hot gases
are emitted in downward direction thus launch vehicle gets thrust in upward direction.

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Types of propellant
1. Solid propellant
2. Liquid propellant
3. Cryogenic stage
Solid propellant
 Fuel : Hydroxyl Terminated Poly Butadine (HTPB)
 Oxidizer : Ammonium Perchlorate
Liquid propellant
Lower Stage
 Fuel : Unsymmetric Dimethyl Hydrazine (UDMH)
 Oxidizer : Nitrogen Peroxide
Upper Stage
 Fuel : Mono Methyl Hydrazine (MMH)
 Oxidizer : Oxides of Nitrogen
Cryogenic stage
 Fuel : liquid hydrogen (-253℃)

 Oxidizer : liquid oxygen (-183℃)

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Launch vehicles
Launch vehicle / rocket
 Launch vehicle is a rocket propelled vehicle, which is used to carry a payload (satellite,
equipment etc) from Earth's surface to Earth orbit or space.
Types of launch vehicles

 Historic
 Satellite launch Vehicle (SLV)
 Augmented satellite launch vehicle (ASLV)
 Operational
 Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV)
 Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV)
 Futuristic
 Reusable launch vehicle (RLV)
 Small satellite launch vehicle (SSLV)

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SLV (Satellite launch vehicle)

 First generation launch vehicle.
 It was developed under leadership of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
 Its 1st test was conducted in 1979, which failed. Its 2nd test was conducted in 1980, which was
successful.
 4 stage solid propellant was used in it.
 It was capable of carrying 40-50 kg satellite upto low Earth orbit.
 Rohini series satellites were launched through it.
ASLV (Augmented satellite launch vehicle)

 2nd generation launch vehicle.
 It was used between 1987-1994.
 5 stage solid propellant was used in it.
 It was capable of carrying 140-150 kg satellite up to low Earth orbit.
 Stretched Rohini series satellites (SRoSS) were launched through it.

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PSLV (Polar satellite launch vehicle)

 Third generation launch vehicle.
 Main launch vehicle of a ISRO.
 It has been in use since 1994.
 4 stage propellant is used in it (solid, liquid, solid, liquid).
 6 strap on boosters are used in it, In which solid propellant is used.
 S-139 engine (solid stage) & Vikas engine (liquid stage) are used in it.
Types of PSLV
Core alone Ground/Standard XL/extra large
4 stage propellant 4 stage propellant 4 stage propellant
No strap-on boosters 6 strap-on boosters 6 strap-on boosters

with 9 tonne solid with 12 tonne solid
propellant propellant
1100 kg satellite upto 1680 kg satellite up 1800 kg satellite upto

LEO to LEO LEO

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GSLV (Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle)

 4th generation launch vehicle
 The most powerful launch vehicle of ISRO.
 It has been in use since 2001.
 3 stage propellant is used in it (solid, liquid, cryogenic)
 4 strap-on boosters can be used in it, in which liquid propellant is used.
 S-200 engine (solid stage), Vikas engine (liquid stage) & C.E. 7.5 / C.E. 20 (cryogenic stage)
are used in it.
Types of GSLV
GSLV mk-1 GSLV mk-2 GSLV mk-3
Russian KVD engine C.E. 7.5 engine is C.E. 20 engine is used

was used used
1.5 tonne satellite 2.5 tonne satellite 4 tonne satellite upto

upto GTO upto GTO GTO
5 tonne satellite up to 10 tonne satellite up

LEO to LEO

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RLV (Reusable launch vehicle)

 Traditional launch Vehicles such as PSLV & GSLV can only be used once. thus cost of
launch increases and manned missions are not possible.
 RLV is such launch vehicle, which re-enters the Earth's atmosphere after launching the
payload (satellite, spacecraft) into space and then lands at the target location while
withstanding excessive Heat & pressure.
 Thus RLV can be used for multiple launchings.
 In 2016 RLV-TD (Technology demonstrator) was successfully tested by ISRO.
 Scramjet engine is used in it.
 The following tests were conducted under this :-
1. Hypersonic flight
2. Autonomous Landing
3. powered cruise flight
4. Hypersonic flight using Air breathing propulsion

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Significance :-
1. Cost of launch will decrease

2. Frequent launch possible
3. Manned mission possible (Gaganyaan)
4. It will encourage space research.
5. Increment in Revenue
6. It will restrain the problem of space debris
7. Credibility of India and ISRO in field of technology has increased
SSLV (Small satellite launch vehicle)

 Under construction ―Baby rocket" of ISRO.
 Characterstics :-
1. Can be assembled in 15 days.
2. Capable of carrying small satellites (Micro, Nano) (500 kg upto LEO; 300 kg upto SSO)
3. Capable of multiple orbital drop-offs
 3 stage solid propellant will be used in it.

 Significance :-
1. Cost of launch will decrease
2. Frequent launch possible
3. Increment in Revenue.
Satellite
Types of satellite
1. Remote sensing satellite
2. Communication satellite
3. Navigation Satellite
4. Sapce exploration satellite

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Remote sensing satellite

 Gathering information about an object without coming into physical contact, is called
remote sensing.
 The satellites used for remote sensing are called remote sensing satellites.
 These are generally launched in low earth orbit where its revolution period is 90-128
minutes.
 Various types of cameras and sensors are placed on remote sensing satellite, which use
microwaves, infrared waves and visible rays.
Such as :-
1. line Imaging self screening camera
2. Wide field survey
3. Pan chromatic camera
4. Ocean color camera
5. very high resolution spectrometer/radiometer
Uses of remote sensing satellite -

1. resourcee assessment (Forest, desert, agriculture, water, ocean, minerals)
2. weather research and forecasting
3. disaster management (warning, assessment, search, rescue)
4. urban planning
5. rural development.
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6. Surveillance and reconnaissance

 India launched its first remote sensing satellite, IRS-1A in 1988 with the help of USSR.
(Indian remote sensing satellite)
 Currently there are 13 operational/active remote sensing satellites of India. Some of
which are as below
1. ResourceSAT – for resource & minerals assessment
2. OceanSAT - for marine resource assessment
3. CartoSAT - for cartography and Earth Imaging
4. RISAT – For Earth observation
5. Megha Tropiques – joint venture of ISRO and CNES France, for study of water cycle in
tropical atmosphere
6. Saral - joint venture of ISRO and CNES France, Satellite with Argos and Altika, for
oceanographic study.
7. Metsat/kalpana 1 – Remote sensing satellite launched in geostationary orbit
(meteorological satellite), Weather forecasting, study of atmosphere
Communication satellite
 Satellites used in communication process are called communication satellites.
 These are generally launched in geostationary orbit where its revolution period is 24
hours.
 There are transponders on communication satellite which ensure communication via
Uplink & downlink.

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Uses of communication satellite :-

1. Telecommunication
2. Television broadcasting
3. DTH Services
4. Tele education
5. Telemedicine
 India launched its first communication satellite INSAT-1B in 1983 with the help of NASA.
Launch of INSAT-1A in 1982 was a failure.
 INSAT and GSAT series satellites were launched under communication satellites. (Indian
National Satellite ; geostationary satellite )
 Currently there are 15 operational/active communication satellites of India.
 some of which are as below :-
1. Angry Bird - for Air Force only
2. Rukmani - for Navy only
3. Gramsat - for Rural Development, telecommunication & tele education.
4. Edusat - for tele education
Navigation satellite
 Satellite navigation is a system that uses satellites to determine the Geo-spatial location of a
subject.
 Latitude, longitude and altitude of subject can be detected through it.
 24 satellites are required for navigation all across the Earth.
 Minimum 4 satellites are required to detect 3-dimensional position of the subject.

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 Navigation system consists of three main components –

1. Space segment
2. Control segment
3. User segment
 Navigation system provides 2 types of services :-
1. standard position service - for general public
2. Restricted service - for armed forces & important government offices.
Navigation systems in the world
1. GPS - USA
2. Glonass - Russia
3. Galileo - European Union
4. Beidou - China
5. Navic/IRNSS – India
GPS (Global positioning system)
 Navigation system of USA.

 It is also known as ―Navstar" (navigation satellite and ranging)
 It is controlled by US Air Force.
 First satellite of GPS system was launched in 1978 & it became fully operational in 1995.
 There are total 32 satellites in this system.
 These satellites are launched in mid Earth orbit (20000km)
NAVIC (IRNSS)

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 Navigation with Indian constellation

 India's Regional navigation system.
 It is also known as IRNSS (Indian Regional navigation satellite system).
 It provides navigation services within 1500 km range from Indian borders.
 8 satellites have been launched under this system So far –
 3 in geostationary orbit
 5 in geosynchronous orbit
Applications :-
1. Terrestrial, aerial and Marine navigation
2. Mapping & geodetic data gathering
3. Disaster management
4. Integration with mobile phones
5. Precise timing
6. Vehicle tracking & Fleet Management
significance :-
1. self-reliance in navigation (civilian, military)
2. data security
3. for better border security and Border management
4. land survey
5. disaster management
6. India's growth in stature in SAARC countries
7. increment in Revenue

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GAGAN
 GPS aided Geo augmented navigation system
 joint project of is ISRO and Airport Authority of India.
 Gagan is a system consisting of satellites & ground stations, which augment GPS signals
and thus enhancing their quality & precision.
 Thus better navigation Services can be provided over Indian flight information region.
Applications :-
1. Air traffic navigation
2. Gemini app (Gagan enabled mariner's instrument for navigation & information)
3. In navigation system of missiles (Brahmos)
4. In Forest survey
Space science satellite
Mainly 4 type of missions are launched to study space
1. Flyby mission
2. Orbiter
3. Lander
4. Rover

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1. Flyby mission :-
 In this Mission satellite passes near by a

Celestial body and gathers information.
 Example:- messenger mission of NASA for
mercury
2. Orbiter :-
 In this Mission satellite revolves

around a Celestial body and gathers
information
 Example- Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan
of is ISRO.
3. Lander :-
 This Mission lands on the surface of

a Celestial body and gathers
information while being stationary at
one place
 Example- Insight mission of NASA
for Mars.

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4. Rover :-
 This Mission moves on the surface of a

Celestial body and gathers information
 Example- Curiosity Rover of NASA for
Mars
Important missions of India

Chandrayaan-1
 It was India's first interplanetary mission.
 It was launched on 22nd October 2008.
 On 29 August 2009 ISRO lost connection with it.
 It discovered water on Moon.
 It found the presence of lunar caves formed by lava flow.
 It studied effects of Apollo mission on surface of moon.

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Chandrayaan-2
It was launched by GSLV MK 3 on 22nd, July 2019 from Satish Dhawan space centre
Sriharikota.
Objectives :-
1. Terrain mapping of surface of moon
2. Minerals assessment
3. To find presence of water
This Mission consists of three parts
1. Orbiter :-
 It will revolve around Moon
 Contains 8 payloads
2. Vikram lander :-
 It will land on Southern pole of moon in controlled manner
 contains 3 payloads
3. Pragyan Rover :-
 It will conduct experiments on surface of moon.
 Contains 2 payloads

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Some important payloads on Orbiter-

1. Orbiter high resolution camera
2. Terrain mapping camera
3. Chandrayaan-2 large area soft x-ray spectrometer (CLASS)
4. Chandrayaan-2 atmospheric compositional Explorer (CACE)
5. Imaging IR spectrometer
 In the last moments of the mission ISRO lost connection with Vikram lander. Although
Orbiter will keep on functioning for 7.5 years.
Significance :-
1. It will help in better understanding & study of Space, solar system, Earth & Moon -
 Far Side of Moon receives less sunlight so water may be present in form of ice.
 Low temperature, less sunlight, so craters may contain fossil records of early solar
system.
2. National pride (India would have been 4th country)
3. Boost the morale of scientists.
4. Motivate and attract youth towards space science and technology
5. It will promote Innovations.
6. Women participation in Mission and women empowerment
7. Credibility of India and ISRO in field of technology has increased.
Chandrayaan-3
 3rd lunar mission of India
 Successor of chandrayaan-2
 It will contain lander and Rover.
 Soft Landing
 Expected launch 2021
 GSLV mk III
 budget - ₹ 640 crore

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Mangalyaan
 Mars orbiter mission (mom)
 It was launched on 5th November 2013 by PSLV-XL C25 from Satish Dhawan space Centre
sriharikota.
 It entered into Mars orbit on 24 Sept 2014.
 It is revolving around Mars in elliptical orbit with the revolution period of around 77 hrs.
 India is 4th country in the world to achieve this success (USA, Russia, ESA)
 India got this success in 1st attempt and at very low cost.
Some important payloads on Mangalyaan-

1. Mars color camera
2. Methane sensor for Mars

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3. lyman Alpha photometer

4. Thermal infrared Imaging spectrometer
Astrosat
 It is an astronomical Observatory launched by ISRO in Low earth orbit (650 km) in
September 2015.
 Multi-wavelength Space Telescope :- It can study more than one type of radiations at a
time (cosmic rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays)
 It is the world's first astronomical Observatory of such type.
 India is 5th country in the world to launch astronomical Observatory (USA, ESA, Russia,
Japan).
Gaganyaan
 It is ―Indian crewed orbital spacecraft‖ developed under ―Indian human space flight
program‖.
 It is a manned mission of ISRO in which 3-4 persons will be sent in space (LEO 300-400
km) for 5-7 days.
 GSLV MK 3 will be used for it's launching.
 A budget of 10000 crore Rupees is allocated for this Mission

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 Expected launch year 2022

 Astronauts of India will be called Vyomnaut
Important Technologies used in Gaganyaan :-

1. Crew module atmospheric re-entry experiment (care) spacecraft
2. Crew escape system
3. Environmental control & life support system (ECLSS)
Challenges :-
 Finance (₹ 10000 crore)
 Technological challenges -
 Launch related (launch vehicle, Launch pad)
 Ensuring safety of Vyomnauts (in space)
 Connectivity
 Safe return journey of Vyomnauts
 Advanced high-tech training facility for vyomnauts
 Long-term impact on health of vyomnauts (Physical, Psychological)
 Problem of space debris.
 Problem of environment pollution

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Significance :-
 It will help in better understanding & study of space & Earth (creation, atmosphere etc)
 National pride (India will Be 4th country ; USA, Russia, China)
 Boost the morale of scientists.
 It will boost Industries.
 It will generate employment opportunities.
 It will promote Innovations.
 Motivate and attract youth towards space science & technology
 Women participation in Mission and women empowerment (scientist, engineer,
vyomnaut)
 Credibility of India and ISRO in field of technology will increase
Aditya L-1 mission

 A mission of ISRO for the study of the Sun.
 It will be launched by PSLV-XL in Halo orbit at Lagrangian point 1.
Objectives:-
1. Study of Sun's Corona, chromosphere, Photosphere
2. Study of particles emitted from sun
3. Study of variation in magnetic field

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7 payloads will be deployed aditya l-1 Mission. some of which are as below –
1. Visible emission line coronagraph (VELC)
2. Solar ultraviolet Imaging telescope (SUIT)
3. Aditya solar wind particle experiment (ASPEX)
4. Plasma analyzer package for aditya (PAPA)
5. Magnetometer
Indian space station
 It will be launched in low earth orbit, 400 kilometer
 Weight - 20 tonnes
 Use - space exploration & research
 Expected launch - 2030
NISAR
 Joint project of NASA and ISRO
 NASA isro synthetic aperture radar.
 Uses microwaves for scanning (l-band s-band)
 world's most expensive Earth Imaging satellite till date.
 It will be launched in sun-synchronous orbit
Objectives
1. to study earth and its Evolution
2. to study climate change
3. Hazard management (earthquake, tsunamI, volcano, landslides)

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DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY
Missile & it’s types

Missile
 Missile is an aerial vehicle through which the warhead is carried to a particular location.
Types of missile on the basis of path

1. Cruise missile
2. Ballistic missile
Cruise missile
 Missile whose entire flight is self propelled and guided is called cruise missile.
 It can be controlled during the flight.
 It moves according to the guidance system.
 These are very difficult to detect.
 Jet engines are used.
 These are generally Classified on the basis of speed.
 Example - BrahMos
Ballistic missile
 Such missile which is initially propelled & guided then it follows projectile path under gravity and hit
its target.

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 It can't be controlled after launch.

 It moves under the force of gravity.
 These are easy to detect.
 Rocket engines are used.
 These are generally Classified on the basis of range.
 Example - Agni
Types of missile on the basis of Launch mode

1. Surface to Surface
2. Surface to Air
3. Air to Air
4. Air to Surface
5. Water to Water
6. Water to Surface/Air

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Types of missile on the basis of range

1. short range
2. medium range
3. intermediate range
4. intercontinental
Types of missile on the basis of utility
1. Tactical
2. strategic
Tactical missile Strategic missile
 These are generally used in war.  These are generally not used in war.
These are usually developed as
 Their range is generally less. deterrence capacity.
 Usually conventional  These usually have longer range.

warheads/weapons are used in it.
 They can use both conventional as
 Example - Brahmos, Prithvi well as non-conventional weapons.
 Example - Agni
Types of missile on the basis of Speed

1. Subsonic (speed less than 1 mach)
2. Supersonic ( 1-5 mach)
3. Hypersonic (speed more than 5 mach)
Types of warheads
 Conventional :- exclusive materials
 Non conventional :- nuclear, biological, chemical warheads/weapons
Types of guidance systems

 Radar based :- Aakash
 Laser based :- LAHAT (laser homing anti tank missile)
 Heat/Infrared based :- Nag (anti tank guided missile)

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 Satellite/gps based :- Prithvi, Agni
Integrated guided missile development program (IGMDP)

IGMDP
 IGMDP was started in 1983 under leadership of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam.
 The objective of this program was to make India self dependent & advanced in field of missile
technology.
 The responsibility of this program was given to DRDO.
 5 missiles were built under this
1. Prithvi
2. Agni
3. Trishul
4. Akash
5. Nag
Prithvi
 It is a Surface to Surface, short range, Ballistic missile developed by DRDO under IGMDP.
 It is a tactical missile which is capable of carrying conventional warheads.
 Prithvi 1 :-
 Army version
 Range : 150-250 km
 Advanced version – Prahar - Pranash
 Prithvi 2 :-
 Airforce version
 Range 250-350 km
 Transferred to army in 2004
 Now it is capable of carrying nuclear warhead
 Prithvi 3 :-
 Navy version
 Range 350-600 km

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 Also known as – Dhanush
Agni
 It is surface to surface, medium/intermediate range/Intercontinental, ballistic missile.
 It is an strategic missile which is capable of carrying nuclear weapons/warheads.
 GPS based high-tech guidance system is used in it.
 Agni 1 :-  Agni 3 :-  Agni-5 :-
range 700-1200 km range 3200-3500 km range 5500 km
MRBM IRBM CBM
 Agni 2 :-  Agni 4 :-
range 2000-2500 km range 3000-4000 km
MRBM IRBM

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Trishul
 It is a Surface to Air, short range, Supersonic, Cruise missile developed by DRDO under IGMDP.
 It is a tactical missile which is developed for Army, Airforce and Navy.
 Range : 9 km
 Guidence system – Radio Altemeter
Akash
 It is a surface to air, medium range, Supersonic, Cruise missile developed by DRDO under IGMDP.
 It is a tactical missile which is capable of carrying conventional warheads.
 Range : 30 km
 It is equipped with Command guidance system and Rajendra radar.

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Nag
 It is an Anti tank guided missile developed by DRDO under IGMDP.
 Range : 4-9 km.
 It is equipped with Infrared imaging guidance system, which is capable of functioning at night.
 It is based on fire and forget technique.
 NaMiCa (Nag missile carrier ) is used for its ground transportation & launching.
 Its Air Force version is called HeliNa (Helicopter Nag). It is also known as Dhruvastra.
Other Important Missiles

BrahMos
 Joint Venture of India & Russia
 BrahMos name is derived from Brahmaputra & Moskva rivers.
 Supersonic cruise Missile
 Speed : 2.8-3 Mach
 Range : 290 Km
 Can be launched from anywhere surface, air, water
 Conventional + Nuclear warhead
 World‘s fastest Anti-ship Cruise missile in operation.

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BrahMos-II
 Advanced version of BrahMos
 Hypersonic Cruise Missile
 Speed : 7-8 Mach
 Range : 600-800 km
 Scramjet engine is used in it
 It is based on Fire & Forget technique
K-15 / Sagarika
 Submarine launched Ballistic missile
 It is deployed on Arihant Submarine
 Range : 750 - 1500 KM
 Conventional + Nuclear warhead
 India is 5th Country in the world to
develop under water missile technology
 It’s two advanced versions are under development -
1. K-4  Range : 2000 - 3500 KM
2. K-5  Range : 5000 KM
Astra
 Air to Air
 Supersonic cruise Missile
 Tactical Missile
 Range :
 Short Range – 20 KM
 Long Range – 80 KM
 Deployed on Sukhoi, Mig-29 & Tejas

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Nirbhay
 Long range Subsonic Cruise missile.
 Range – 1000 KM
 Speed 0.7-0.8 Mach
 Conventional + Nuclear warhead.
Shaurya
 Long range Hypersonic Cruise missile
 Range : 1200 KM
 Speed : 7-8 Mach
 Conventional + Nuclear Warhead
 Land version of K-15
Surya
 ICBM under development by DRDO.
 Range
 Surya 1 : 5000-8000 KM
 Surya 2 : 12000 KM
 Speed : 24 Mach (Indigenous cryogenic engine)
 Strategic Missile (Conventional + Nuclear Warhead)

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Pinaka
 Multi barrel rocket launcher developed by DRDO.
 It can Launch 12 rockets in 44 Sec
 Range
 Mark 1 : 40 KM
 Mark 2 : 60-75 KM
RudraM-I
 first indigenous Anti-radiation missile.
 Developed by DRDO.
 It can detect, track & target any radiation emitting sources like enemy radars, communication sites &
other Radio Frequency (RF) emitting equipment.
 Destroy jamming platforms, radar stations of the enemy, thereby clearing path for own fighter jets &
prevent own systems from being jammed.
 Range : upto 200 km
 speeds : 0.6-2 mach

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ASAT / Mission Shakti

 Joint program of DRDO & ISRO.
 Anti satellite system (ASAT) is missile based system to attack moving satellites.
 India's ASAT missile successfully destroyed moving satellite in low earth orbit (300km).
 India is 4th country in the world to acquire such capability (USA, Russia, China 2007)
Barak 8
 Indo-Israeli, Long range, surface to air, cruise missile
 Capable of destroying aircrafts, helicopter, UAVs, ship, ballistic missile, cruise missile
 Range : 100 km
 Advanced version -
 Barak-8ER – range : 150 km

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QRSAM
 Quick reaction surface to air missile
 Developed by DRDO
 Air defence system for Indian Army (replaced Akash air defence system)
 Range : 25-30 km
 360 degree coverage
 Capable of hitting several targets at once
Varunastra
 Ship/submarine launched, Electrically propelled, Heavy weight torpedo
 Developed by DRDO
 Range : 40 km
 It can hit stealth submarines

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Spike
 Imported from Israel
 Anti tank guided missile
 Portable by man
 Destroy tanks & bunkers
 Range : 4 km
Missile defence system

 Under the missile defense system, enemy missiles are detected & destroyed before reaching their
target.
 The path of cruise missiles is not pre determined. Therefore, it has been developed only to thwart
ballistic missile attack.
 India is 4th country in the world to have indigenous missile defense system after U.S.A, Russia &
Israel.

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India's missile defence system is of two tier
1.Prithvi air defence system (PAD)

2.Advanced air defence system (AAD)
Prithivi Air Defense System ( PAD)

 It is an Exo-atmospheric defence system in which enemy missiles are destroyed outside the
atmosphere at a height of 50-80 km.
 Advanced version of Prithvi missile Pradyuman is used as interceptor missile in it.
Advanced Air Defence System (AAD)

 It is an Endo-atmospheric defence system in which the enemy missile which has entered the
atmosphere is destroyed at an altitude of 15-20 km.
 Advanced version of Agni missile Ashwin is used as interceptor missile in it.
 It is activated when PAD has failed or in case of delayed detection by RADAR.
S-400 / Triumf
 Imported from Russia.
 Russia‘s most advanced, long-range surface-to-air missile defence system.
 It can simultaneously track numerous incoming objects — all kinds of aircraft, missiles and UAVs, in
a radius of 400 km and launch appropriate missiles to neutralise them.
Missile defence systems in world

 USA - THAAD - Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
 RUSSIA - S400, S500
 ISRAEL - Iron Dome
 INDIA - Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Program ( PAD, AAD )

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CHEMICAL WEAPONS
 Those weapons which harm human health or life on a large scale using any chemical or its toxic
properties, are called chemical weapons.
 These are cheap Weapons of Mass Destruction. (WMD)
Types of Chemical Weapons

 Blistering Agent
 Chocking Agent
 Blood Agent
 Nerve Agent
Blistering Agent
 These chemicals cause wounds & blisters on the body .
 These are spread through liquid, aerosol, vapour & dust.
 Example :- Sulphur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustard, Lewisite

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Nerve Agent
 These chemicals affect the nervous system, which causes the human brain to stop functioning and the
person dies.
 These are spread through liquid, aerosol, vapor and dust.
 Example – Sarin gas, Tabun, Soman, VX
Chocking Agent
 These chemicals affect the respiratory system by traumatizing the respiratory tract and alveoli.
This causes problem in breathing and person feels suffocated.
 These are spread through gas :
 Example - Chlorine, phosgene, Di-Phosgene

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Blood Agent
 These chemicals destroy the ability of blood cells to absorb and transport oxygen, leading to death of
a person.
 These are spread through gas.
 Example - Hydrogen Cyanide, cynogen Chloride, Arsine
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
 Those weapons which harm human health or human life on a large scale using any biological agent (
such as pathogenic micro-organism or a neurotoxin), are called Biological weapons.
 These are weapon of mass distinction.
 It affects people, animals and crops at large scale.
US Health department has classified biological Weapons in

three categories
Category Category Category

A B C
Category A
 Most dangerous Biological weapons.
 Spreads easily & affect large number of people.
 Results in High Mortality rates.
 Special efforts are required to control these.

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 Ex – Anthrax, Plague, Smallpox, Ebola, Novel Corona
Category B
 Medium capacity biological weapons.
 Affects limited people within limited area.
 Results in moderate morbidity rates & low mortality rates.
 No special efforts are required to control these.
 Ex – Brucellosis, Q-fever, Ricin Toxin
Category C
 Emerging Pathogens which can be used for large scale dissemination in future.
 Ex – Nipah Virus, Hanta Virus
REGULATION OF CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Geneva Protocol
 It was a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed
conflicts.
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 It was signed at Geneva in 1925 & entered into force in 1928.
Biological Weapons Convention

 It was a convention on prohibition of the development, production & stockpiling of Bacteriological
(Biological) & Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction.
 It was signed in 1972 & entered into force in 1975.
Chemical Weapons Convention

 It was a convention on prohibition of the development, production & stockpiling of chemical
Weapons and on their Destruction.
 It was signed in 1993 & entered into force in 1997.
 OPCW (organization for prohibition of chemical weapons) was given the responsibility to implement
it.
OPCW
 Formed : 1997
 Headquarters : Hague Netherlands
 Members : 193 countries
 It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013 for its extensive efforts
to end chemical weapons.
 Australia group
 Formed : 1985 (after Iraq Iran war)
 Members : 43
 India joined in 2018
 It is an informal forum of countries which regulates and controls exports in such way that they do
not contribute to the development of chemical or biological weapons. (raw material, devices,
Technology)

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BIO TECHNOLOGY
Bio Technology :- That branch of Technology in which organisms and biological methods are
used to develop such products which are useful for humans & other creatures.
DNA :-
 Deoxyribo nucleic acid
 It is a fibre structured molecule found on chromosome in cells.
 It contains genetic codes which transfer genetic information from one generation to another
generation.
 DNA is a polymer of nucleotides; nucleotide is made up of nucleoside and phosphate;

nucleoside is made up of deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen base.
Nitrogen base :- adenine, guanine (purine); thymine cytosine (pyrimidine)
 Structure of DNA :- double helix

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GENE :-
 Gene is a sequence of nucleotides in

DNA which contains genetic
information and transfers it from one
generation to another, it is also
responsible for protein synthesis in
body.
Genetic Engineering :-
 The process of alteration/modification in genetic material of a living cell using artificial

techniques is called genetic engineering.
 It is also known as genetic modification or genetic manipulation.
 Example :- DNA Recombinant technique, gene therapy, gene editing

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Types of Biotech on the basis of structure
Genetic Biotechnology NonGenetic Biotechnology
Genetic Biotechnology :-
 Alteration in genetic material of a living cell using artificial techniques is called genetic
biotechnology.
 Example :- DNA Recombinant technique, gene therapy, gene editing
Nongenetic Biotechnology :-
 In this Technology natural properties of organisms or microorganisms are used to obtain

desired products.
 Example :- Bioinformatics, biosensors, biosignature
Why Genetic biotechnology is important :-
Chromosome
DNA
Gene
It controls biochemical processes
which decides structure characteristics and functioning of cell
by tailoring of DNA
desired product/quality is obtained

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DNA Recombinant Technique
Such technology, which is

used to alter the DNA
structure & the gene with
undesired properties is
replaced by gene with
desired properties.

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STEP 1 –
Identification and separation of gene with desired properties :-
Nuclease enzyme is used for it, which is also known as molecular scissor. It cleaves DNA at a
specific sequence. Exo-nuclease enzyme cleaves DNA from the ends whereas Endo-nuclease
enzyme cleaves DNA in the middle.
STEP 2 –
Amplification of isolated DNA fragment by using polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) :-
Polymerase enzyme amplifies DNA fragment and creates multiple copies which are called C-
DNA (copy DNA, complementary DNA)
STEP 3 –
 Ligation of desired DNA fragment with vector (open plasmid) with the help of ligase
enzyme.
 Thus recombinant DNA is obtained.
STEP 4 –
Transfer the Recombinant DNA into the host cell then cell division takes place and multiple cells
with desired DNA are obtained.

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Step 5 –
Obtain genetically modified organism or desired product from cells containing genes with desired
quality.

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Examples -
 Flavr Savr Tomato – Fouling resistant
 Golden Rice – Vit-A beta carotene
 Super Potato – protein rich
 Super Banana – protein rich
 BT Cotton – Insect resistant (Bacillus Thuringiensis)
 BT Brinjal – Insect resistant (Bacillus Thuringiensis)
 Genetically Modified Animals
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
 Those organisms whose genetic material has been artificially altered through genetic
engineering are known as GMO.
 Example :-
 BT Cotton
 Golden rice
 Super potato
 Genetically modified animals

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
DNA FINGERPRINTING / DNA PROFILING

 The technique of determining individual‘s identity by uniqueness of its DNA (found on
chromosome) is called DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling.
 It was invented by British scientist Alec Jeffreys in 1984.
 Dr Lal ji Singh is known as father of DNA fingerprinting in India.
 99.7% of DNA is similar among humans only 0.3 % of DNA is exclusive. This portion of
DNA is called the restricted fragment.
 By examining this portion, blood relation between two people can be identified.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Process :-
I. Separation/isolation of DNA from sample.
II. Use of restriction Endo-nuclease enzyme to cleave DNA at specific locations.
III. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for amplification of DNA.
IV. Gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments :- fragmented DNA is kept in Agarose gel, when
current is passed through it, then these fragments are settled according to their length. This
process is called Electrophoresis.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
V. This arrangement of DNA fragments is transferred to nitrocellulose plate.
VI. This nitrocellulose plate is then connected with radioactive probe. Radioactive Probe
identifies the restricted fragments.
VII. DNA fingerprint is obtained from x ray.
Uses of DNA Fingerprinting
 In forensic science – identification of criminals
 In matters related to paternity
 Resolving cases of child exchange in hospital
 In identification of dead person

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Gene Therapy
Treatment of diseases by inserting a gene

or repairing faulty gene in the cells or
tissues of body is called the Gene Therapy.
Methods of Gene Therapy
(1) Gene replacement :-
In this technique faulty/unhealthy gene is replaced by a healthy gene with same functioning.
(2) Gene augmentation :-
In this technique a healthy gene with same functioning is adjusted in DNA while
unhealthy/faulty gene also exists there.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
(3) Gene correction :-
In this technique faulty gene is repaired.
Techniques used in Gene Therapy
(1) Gene Gun :-
In this technique Exo-gene is coated with heavy metal layer (gold) then it is inserted in
desired DNA with the help of powerful waves or vacuum. Gene gun is also called Biolistics.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
(2) Nanorobots :-
(3) Viruses As Vector :-
 Retrovirus
 Adenovirus
Nowadays gene therapy is mainly used for plants. This technique is used for treatment of
Alzheimer, Parkinson's & Sickel cell anemia in humans.
Gene/Genome Editing
 It is a type of genetic engineering in which a gene is inserted, deleted or replaced in DNA of a
cell.
 Gene editing is a technique which is used to alter DNA at precise location/sequence.
 The process of Gene editing is done by special enzymes which are called Engineered
nuclease enzyme. These enzymes cleave DNA at a specific sequence. These are also known
as molecular scissors.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
CRISPR – Cas Technique
 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
 CRISPR-cas is basically immune system of bacteria. By using CRISPR-cas technique

bacteria snatches some parts of virus DNA. So next time when virus attacks this bacteria is
ready to tackle it town.
CRISPR-cas Technique
 It is an advanced technique of Gene editing.
 CRISPR – These are special fragments in DNA, in which small segments recur at regular
intervals. The sequence of nucleotides is the same from either side in them.
 cas9 – It is an enzyme which acts like molecular scissors to cleave DNA at specific sequence.
 Guide RNA – In this process an RNA fragment is also used which is called guide RNA. This
genetic sequence called guide RNA is created in laboratory which pairs with the piece of
DNA which is to be deleted/ altered/ replaced.
 The guide RNA sticks to cas9 enzyme & together they get attached to the target DNA
sequence in the cell.
 Cas9 unzips the target DNA and allows the guide RNA to get attached then cas9 acts as
molecular scissors & cleaves the target DNA.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Once the DNA is cleaved at target sequence, It can be repaired or altered or a new gene can
be inserted.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Stem Cell Therapy
 Stem cells are those undifferentiated

primitive cells which have ability to
convert in cell of any specific organ.
 It is also called Master cell.
 Using Stem Cells for medical

purposes is called Stem cell Therapy.
Types of stem cell on the basis of source
(1) Embryonic Stem Cell :-
These stem cells are obtained from embryo. These cells are pluripotent.
(2) Cord Stem Cell :-
These stem cells are obtained from umbilical cord. These are pluripotent.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
(3) Adult Stem Cell :-
These stem cells are obtained from adult. (blood, bone marrow). These cells are multipotent.
(4) Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell :-
These stem cells are developed from somatic cells with the help of DNA Recombinant
technique. These cells are pluripotent. There are no ethical issues related to these cells.
Types of stem cells on the basis of capacity
(1) Unipotent :-
Those stem cells which have ability to convert in only one type of cell. Source - liver, blood
vessels, skeleton, spine.
(2) Multipotent Stem Cell :-
Those stem cells which have ability to convert in more than one type of cells. Source - brain,
bone marrow.
(3) Pluripotent Stem Cell :-
Those stem cells which have ability to convert in any type of cell excluding Placenta.
Source- blastula phase of embryo.
(4) Totipotent Stem Cells :-

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Those stem cells which have ability to convert in any type of cell. Source – 3 - 4 days of
zygote.
Uses of stem cell
 Study of stem cells can help in better understanding of human body development and can
prevent congenital diseases.
 Fractured tissues can be replaced by stem cells.
 Stem cells are used to develop artificial organs which can be used in organ transplant. (Stem
cell + 3D printing )
 New medicines can be trialed on tissues & organs developed by stem cells.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Other Facts –
 First stem cell bank in India was established by cryosol company.
 Umbilical cord stem cell bank and public stem cell Bank are established in AIIMS Delhi.
 India is 3rd country after UK and South Korea which has established umbilical stem cell
Bank.
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization / Test Tube Baby)
IVF is a process of fertilization in which an ovum is combined with sperm outside the body in
test tube (In-Vitro) (In lab).
Process :-
I. This process involves monitoring and stimulating womens ovulatory process.
II. An ovum is removed from women's ovaries and it is fertilized with sperm in laboratory.
III. Zygot obtained from fertilization and undergoes embryo culture for 4-5 days.
IV. Now this embryo is implanted in woman‘s uterus.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Use :-
To help with fertility issue or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.
Challenges :-
 Ethical Issues – Bypassing the natural method of conception, Creating life in laboratory.
 Legal Issues
 Complex technique

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 costly technique
 Miscarriage
 premature delivery
 low birth weight
 birth defects
Laws :-
 Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill, 2020
 Surrogacy Regulation Bill, 2019
Other Facts :-
 World's first test tube baby :- Louise brown, 1978, Manchester United Kingdom.
 India's first test tube baby :- Durga (Kanupriya Agarwal), oct 1978.
Mitochondrial replacement therapy / Three parent baby

MRT :-
 It is a type of IVF.
 In this technique during IVF, faulty mitochondrial DNA of biological mother is replaced by
healthy mitochondrial DNA of Donor woman.
 Thus the baby born contains nucleus DNA of its biological parents as well as mitochondrial
DNA of Donor women. Therefore such baby is known as three parent baby.
 Basic features of baby remains unchanged such as colour, height, intelligence, colour of
eyes and hair etc.
 Biological mother & father contribute more than 20000 genes whereas mitochondria of
donor women contributes only 37 genes.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Types of MRT
Spindle Pronuclear
Transfer Transfer
Spindle Transfer

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Pronuclear Transfer
Use :-
To help couples with fertility issue or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of
a child.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Surrogacy
 Surrogacy Means – Rental womb.
 Surrogacy is an agreement between a

woman (surrogate mother) and a
couple or a person regarding
conception, pregnancy & giving birth
to a child.
Types of Surrogacy
On the basis On the basis

of Technique of Purpose

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Traditional Surrogacy
 In this method sperms of the father/person

willing to have a baby are fertilized with
ovum of surrogate mother using IVF
technique & then embryo is transplanted in
uterus of surrogate mother.
 The baby born contains genetic effects of its

biological father and surrogate mother.
Gestational Surrogacy
 In this method ovum and sperm of the

couple willing to have a baby are
fertilised using IVF technique & then
embryo is transplanted in uterus of
surrogate mother.
 The baby born contains genetic effects

of both of his biological parents.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Use :- To get a baby when -
 Couple is not able to have a baby
 Conception is fatal for women
 Single person wants his/her baby
Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019
 It bans commercial surrogacy & allows ethical altruistic surrogacy.
 Eligible Beneficiary :- Only Indian couple, between the age of 23-50 yrs for females & 26-
55 yrs for males, married for minimum 5 yrs, having certificate of essentiality & also a
certificate of eligibility.
 The surrogate must be a close relative of the intending couple and be a married woman
having a child of her own.
 She should between the age of 25-35 years, not have been surrogate earlier & must be
certifiably mentally & physically fit.
 Surrogate must be provided insurance coverage during pregnancy & post pregnancy.
 Intending couples should not abandon the child born out of surrogacy under any condition.
The newborn child shall be entitled to all rights and privileges that are available to a natural
child. No sex selection can be done when it comes to surrogacy.

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 All surrogacy clinics in the country need to be registered by the appropriate authority in order
to undertake surrogacy or its related procedures.
 Constitution of Surrogacy Boards at national as well as state levels to ensure effective

regulation.
Cloning
 A clone is a biological structure which is produced by asexual method from sole parent.
 The clone produced is physically and genetically identical to its parent.
 The process of creating replica of an organism is called cloning.
Techniques of Cloning
Artificial Embryo Somatic Cell

Twinning Nuclear Transfer
Artificial Embryo Twinning
 It is conventional technique of cloning.
 In this process the embryonic cells developed by merger of sperm and ovum are separated at
initial stage.
 These embryonic cells are then transplanted in womb/uterus of females separately.
 Thus the organisms obtained are clone of each other.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
 It is advanced technique of cloning.
 Nucleus is separated from somatic cell

of the organism whose clone is to be
developed.
 Nucleus is separated from ovum of the

organism in which embryo will be
transplanted.
 Nucleus obtained from donor cell is

inserted in nucleus less ovum.
 Now this ovum is chemically treated

and then electric shock is used to start
cell division. (Embryo culture)
 After 4-5 days this embryo is

transplanted in uterus of female. Then
the rest of process is similar to normal
reproduction & clone is obtained.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Types of Cloning
Reproductive Therapeutic
Cloning Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
 In this method cloning techniques are used to

create replica of an organism. Thus a new
organism is obtained.
 It is of two types –
1. Human Cloning
2. Animal Cloning
Therapeutic/Clinical Cloning
In this method cloning techniques are

used to obtain embryonic stem cells
which are used to repair or replace the
damaged tissues or organs.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Important Facts
 World’s First Animal Clone – Dolly Sheep
 India’s First Animal Clone – Samroop, Garima, Mahima (Buffalo clone)
 National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
Benefits of Cloning
 Conservation of endangered species can be done.
 Development of artificial limbs & organs which are useful in organ transplant.
 With the help of cloning and DNA Recombinant technique, organisms with desired
properties/characteristics can be developed.
 It is helpful in studying development process of organism.
Concerns Related to Cloning
 It is costly & complex technique
 Risk of human cloning.
 Generally clones have congenital diseases & weakness.
 Useful & desired species/breeds will be preferred which may cause decrement in genetic
diversity.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 In clinical cloning embryo is destroyed so it‘s use is discouraged on ethical grounds.
 Sometimes transplanted organ is rejected by body.
Non Genetic Biotech

Bio – Informatics
That branch of Biology in which computer science and information technology are used for
compilation, storage & analysis of biological data; is known as Bioinformatics.
Uses :-
 DNA mapping & analysis (HGP, GIP)
 Protein sequence analysis
 Finding the gene responsible for deadly diseases
 Drug designing
Human Genome Project
 Duration :- 1992-2013 (13 years)
 Publicly Funded.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Objective : - Determine the DNA sequence of Human Genome and create genome sequence
database.
 Significance :- if any disease arises due to some alteration in a certain gene, then it could be
traced and compared to the genome database that we already have. Thus more suitable and
targeted steps can be taken to deal with disease.
Genome India Project (GIP)
 The Genome India Project (GIP) is a gene mapping project cleared by the Department of
Biotechnology, Govt of India.
 This project is a collaboration of 20 leading research institutions of India including the Indian
Institute of Science & some IITs. Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore will work as
the nodal point.
 Aim :- To build a grid (database) of the "Indian reference genome‖, to fully understand the
type and nature of diseases and traits that comprise the diverse Indian population.
 This project will be implemented in two phases. 10,000 samples will be collected in the first
phase of GIP from across India.
 Mapping of Indian gene pool will enable new efficiencies in healthcare, medicine and life
sciences. Such as -
 Developing personalized & precision medicines.
 Understanding the nature of diseases for various ethnic groups.
 Anticipating and preparing for future diseases.
 Understanding of India‘s various ethnic groups and their genetic origins.
Concerns :-
 Medical Ethics
 Political Misuse
 Genetic Discrimination
 Privacy

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Bio-Sensor
 Those instruments which are used to detect the presence or concentration of a biological
analyte (microorganism, biochemical substance) are known as biosensor.
 Biosensor consists of three components –
I. Which recognises analyte & produces signal
II. Signal transducer
III. Reader device
 Example :-
 To find blood sugar level
 To detect urea in blood
 Pregnancy detection in woman

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Bio-Signature
 Any material or molecule or phenomenon that provides scientific evidence of any past or
present life; is called Biosignature.
 Example :–
 Biosignature of early life on earth – Microfossils
 Biosignature of early life on exoplanets – Water Molecule, Methane, Phosphine
Bio-Remediation
 Using microorganisms to reduce the effects of pollutants present in the environment (soil,
water, air); is called bio-remediation.
 Bio-Remediation is mainly used at leakage/spillage of Petroleum.
 Bacterias like pseudomonas putida breaks down complex petroleum compounds into simple
compounds which are easily degradable.
 Example :-
 Oil zapper
 Oilivorous-S (developed by TERI)
Bio-Fuel
 Fluid or gaseous substances made from biological/organic matter, which are used as fuel are
known as biofuel.
 Biofuel can be used in conventional engine in place of or mixed with Petroleum.
 Types of biofuel :-
1. Solid: Wood, dried plant material, manure

2. Liquid: Bioethanol, Biodiesel
3. Gaseous: Biogas

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Bioethanol
 These are produced by fermentation process of biological/organic matter.
 Sources- Sugarcane, Beet, Sorghum, Potato
Biodiesel
 These are produced by a esterification of plant & animal fat/lipid.
 Sources - soyabean, Ratanjot, Jatrofa, animal fat
Importance
 Reducing dependence on petroleum resources (Energy security)
 Raw material availability (renewable energy, energy security)
 To reduce the amount of greenhouse gases generated by petroleum (Environmental pollution)
 Waste management
 Economic stimulation
Classification of Biofuels
 1st Generation – Conventional
 2nd Generation – Advanced + Sustainable
 3rd Generation – Micro organisms
 4th Generation – GMO
1st Generation Biofuels :-
 Also known as conventional biofuels.
 Any biofuel made from a feedstock that is consumable as food (i.e. sugar, starch,
vegetable oil, or animal fats)
 Example – bioalcohols, bioethers, biodiesel, Biogas.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
2nd Generation Biofuels :-
 These are produced from sustainable feedstock (non food crops, waste food crops)
 Also known as ―advanced biofuels‖.
 Example – cellulose ethanol, biodiesel
3rd Generation Biofuels :-
 These are produced from micro-organisms like algae.
 Example- Butanol
4th Generation Biofuels :-
 Obtained from genetically engineered crops.
National Biofuel Policy 2018
 Biofuels have been properly categorized in the policy so that appropriate financial &
economic incentives can be provided in each category.
 Conventional biofuels (1G) – Bioethanol & Biodiesel
 Advanced Biofuels (2G) – Ethanol, Municipal solid waste, Drop in fuel
 Third Generation (3G) Biofuels – Bio CNG etc.
 In Biofuel policy scope of raw materials for ethanol production has been expanded by
allowing use of sugarcane juice; sugar sources such as sugar beet; Starch items such as corn,
cassava; inedible waste grains such as wheat, broken rice, rotten potatoes.
 In case of surplus production, farmers are at risk of not getting the proper prices for their
produce.

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 Keeping this in mind, ―National Biofuels Coordination Committee‖ can allow blending of
these surplus grains in petrol/diesel for ethanol production.
 A fund of Rs 5000 crore will be allocated for 2 years for 2G ethanol biorefinery, in addition
to higher tax rebates, higher purchase price as compared to 1G bio-fuels.
Applications of Biotechnology
 Agriculture (Green Biotech)
 Animal Husbandry
 Industry (White Biotech)
 Medical (Red Biotech)
 Energy
 Environment (Grey Biotech)
Agriculture
With the help of Biotechnology –
 High productivity varieties have been developed –
 Francolina / hashi wheat
 IR-8 Rice
 Highly resistant varieties have been developed –
 BT Cotton – insect resistant – Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria
 BT Brinjal – Insect resistant – Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria
 GM Mustard – Weed Resistant – University of Delhi, Commercial Name- Dhara Mustard

Hybrid DMH-11

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 Flavr Savr Tomato – Fouling resistant
 Varieties with high nutrient value have been developed –
 Golden Rice – Vitamin A
 Super Banana – Vitamin A
 Super Potato – Protein
 Organic fertilizers that increase soil fertility have been developed. The following micro-
organisms are being used for this –
 Rhizobium, Azolla, Azotobacter – in nitrogen fixation.
 Mico Riza – fungi that increase absorption of water and nutrients
Animal Husbandry
 With the help of biotechnology, high productivity transgenic animals have been developed
from which production & quality of milk, meat, silk and wool can be increased. (Cloning +
DNA recombination technique)
Buffalo – Mahima, Garima, Ox – Shreshtha
 Threatened or Endangered species can be conserved using techniques such as tissue culture,
genes, banks, cloning etc.
Industry
 Various organisms and biochemicals (enzymes) are used as bio-catalysts in industries.
1. Citric acid production – Aspergillus niger
2. Acetic acid production – Acetobacter acetai
3. Lactic acid production – Lactobacillus
4. In the wine industry – In the fermentation process –
(Micro-organisms present, oxygen absent)

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Carbohydrate alcohol
 Commercial production of Biotech based high yielding varieties (HYV).
BT Cotton – Monsanto Company Patent
 Commercial production of drugs developed by biotechnology. Example – Humulin
 In IT Industry - developing DNA computer
Health & Medical
 Use of DNA recombinant technology -
 In the development of advanced breeds & breeds with desired qualities.
 In the development of various vaccines: Hepatitis-B, herpes virus.
 In growth hormone production
 Use of DNA fingerprinting – in paternity test
 Genetic Testing - It is used to find the causes of disease & future genetic diseases are
predicted.
 Examples - BRCA1, BRCA2 gene (breast cancer)
Gene Therapy - It is used to treat genetic diseases. Such as Alzheimer‘s, Parkinson‘s, sickle
cell anemia.
 Gene Editing - CRISPR cas9 technology is being used to treat virus borne diseases & cancer.
 IVF Technique - It is helpful for childless couples to get children.
 Stem Cell Therapy :- This technique is used for repairing damaged tissues & organ
transplant.
 Therapeutic/Clinical Cloning :- Artificial organs can developed using this technique, which
can be used in organ transplant.

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 Bio-Sensors :- These are used to detect various biochemical changes occurring in the body
and to identify diseases. Examples - detection of glucose level in blood, pregnancy detection.
 Biogenic Therapeutics :- In this technique, medicines are developed using organisms/

microorganisms. These drugs are more effective and have fewer side effects. Example -
Insulin produced by e-coli bacteria–Humulin
Environment
 Threatened or endangered species can be conserved using techniques such as tissue culture,
gene bank, cloning, IVF etc.
 Biosurfactants are used to dispose industrial waste.
 Bioremediation - Products like Oil zapper & Oilivorous-S have been developed using
bacteria like Pseudomonas putida, which are used on leaked petroleum in the sea.
 Bio sensors are being used to detect environmental pollution.
Energy
 Microorganisms are used in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) technique to

enhance crude oil recovery.
 Biodiesel production can be increased by developing high yielding varieties of Ratanjot,

Jatropha etc.

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Ethical Issues Related to Biotechnology

 Protecting human life and human health in clinical trials :- A 19 year old team died during a
clinical trial of gene therapy in USA in 1999. Who will be responsible for death or negative
impact on health?
 Biotechnology based medicines & treatment techniques are very expensive. It is against
humanity to deny treatment due to lake of money.
 Developing transgenic organisms violates principle of racial purity.
 Transplanting human genes into animals is considered against humanity.
 Human cloning is considered against nature.
 Therapeutic cloning and stem cell therapy are considered as similar to foeticide.
 Use of Terminator technology in GM crops makes it an affordable.
 Long-term impact of GM crops and GM species on environment is uncertain.
 Privacy Related Concerns :- genetic information of a person‘s can be misused.
 Bioterrorism :- By using biotechnology, deadly viruses, bacterias or other species can be

made more deadly.

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Intellectual property right (IPR) issues related to biotechnology

 Since IPR protection is only granted for invention and not for Discovery. So in case of
biotech innovations it is difficult to determine whether the new gene, DNA or cell is just a
scientific Discovery or technical invention.
 India had only process patent before 2005. In absence of product patent IPR products were
produced in India by another processes, which was a subject of controversy. Example –
generic medicines.
 Section 3(d) of Patent Act 1970 prohibits Evergreening of patent & seeks improved capacity
to reobtain patent.
 On this basis patent application of Novartis‘s cancer drug Glivec was revoked.
 Section 84 of Patent Act 1970 has provision for compulsory licensing. This section
empowers the government to manufacture a patented product without prior permission of the
patent holder in wider Public Interest.
 On this basis government allowed production of Bayer company‘s cancer drug Nexavar to
NATCO company.
 Biopiracy Issue :- Commercially exploiting naturally occurring bioproducts and bio

chemicals; & blocking its future use for others by obtaining its patent.
 Generally done by developed countries –
 Basmati Rice Issue
 Haldi, Ashvgandha, Neem issue
 Harungana, kinkeliba issue
 Due to lake of knowledge about patent related varieties, conflict between farmers and
corporate emerge. Example :-
Farmers of Gujarat v/s Pepsico

Potato variety FL-2027, used in Lays
 USA has placed India on priority watch list in special 301 report.

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TELE-COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 Information – Meaningful & processed data is called information
 Communication – Transmission of information from one place to another is called communication.
 Tele Communication technology – That technology which enables reliable, long range transmission
of information in short time.
Basic Model of Communication
Medium
Hello
Input Receiver
Transmitter
Signal
Output
Signal
Transducer Modulator Demodulator Transducer

r
Electric Electric
Signal Signal
Basic Model of Communication

Input Signal –
 That information which is to be transmitted.
 Ex – Text, audio, picture, video, other file.
Transducer –
That equipment through which input signal is converted into electrical signal or electrical signal is

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
converted into output signal.
Modulator –
It superimposes electric signal on high frequency carrier waves. The process of

superimposition is called Modulation.
Transmitter –
It has an antenna which transmits signal in medium/channel.
Receiver –
It has an antenna which catches signals from medium/channel.
Demodulator –
It separates electric signal from carrier waves. This process is called Demodulation.
A device named ―Modem‖ is used for modulation and demodulation.
Multiplexing
 When more than one input signals are combined to make a single output signal, then this process
is called multiplexing.
 For this process multiplexer is used.
 It‘s reverse process is called Demultiplexing.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Output
Input signal
signals Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
Types of Electric Signal

Analog Digital
 It is a continuous signal in which  It is a discrete signal in form of

sudden changes does not occur. 0 &1, in which sudden changes
do occur.
 Simple in nature.
 Complex in nature.
 Low quality.
 High quality
 Noise is higher.
 Less Noise
 Energy loss high.
 Energy loss low.
 Representation – Sine Wave.
 Square wave

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
TYPES of Communication SYSTEM

Peer to Peer
Based on Host
Client server
Co-axial Cable, Twisted Pair,

Wired Optical fiber
Communication System
Sky wave
Based on medium
Long Range Space Wave
Satellite Comm.
Wireless
Wi - Max
PAN, LAN, MAN, Wi-fi
Based on Range Short Range
WAN Bluetooth
NFC
Internet, Intranet
Based on Access
Extranet
Based on capacity Base Band, Voice Band, Broad Band

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
On the basis of role of host
Peer to peer Client server
Host – All the members connected to network are called host. These are of two types –
1. Client – That host which receives services.
2. Server – That host which provides services and control the network.
(1) Peer to peer:-
Such communication system in which any host can play role of both client and server.
(2) Client server –

 Such communication system in which some specific hosts play role of server and remaining
hosts play role of client.
 In this capacity of server is very high and very high capacity operating systems are used.
Example – UNIX, LINUX

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Optical fiber
 It is made of silica (Si) or glass or plastic.
 Digital signals are transmitted in it in form of light.
It functions on principle of total internal reflection.
 Its is comparatively costlier.

 Quality of transmission is good in optical fiber.
It is 25 times lighter and 10 times lesser in size than copper wire.
It can transmit information 100 times more than copper wire.
 It can be used for long distance communication because energy loss is negligible.
Structure of optical fiber
Structure of optical fiber :-

 Core :- Core is the most inward part of optical fiber in which signal is propagated.
It is madeup of glass/plastic.
The refractive index of core is higher than cladding, therefore total internal reflection of light
signal could happen.
 Cladding :- Cladding is outer layer of core whose refractive index is less than core (Less density).
It reflects light back towards core.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Buffer :- Buffer separates case and cladding from parts.

 Jacket :- Jacket is the outer most layer of optical fiber which protects it from outer dangers.
Use
1. In transmission of Information
2. In endoscopy and laser therapy.
3. In decorative items.
Wireless communication
Wireless communication is done by Electro-Magnetic Waves.
Electro-Magnetic waves :–
 These are Non-mechanical waves which create disturbances in electrical & magnetic field.
 These disturbances are perpendicular to each other & also perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Characteristics of EMW
1. These are chargeless or neutral.
2. Travels in linear Propagation.
3. Can propagate through vacuum ( No medium required )
4. Travel with speed of light.
5. These are transverse waves.
6. Contains both momentum and energy.
Electomagnetic spectrum
The range of frequency of Electro magnetic waves is called spectrum.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Wavelength Discoverer Use
Radio wave 104 – 1 (100 ) Marconi Radio

communication
Mobile
communication
RADAR (Radio
Detection And
Ranging)
Micro wave 1 (100) – 10-3 Hertz Microwave oven

Satellite
communication
In medical field
Infrared wave 10-3 – 10-6 Herschel Remote sensing

satellite
T.V. remote
Night vision camera
Visible rays 10-6 – 10-7 Newton In visibility

LASER Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
Ultra violet rays 10-7 – 10-8 Ritter In destroying

bacteria &
microbes
Synthesis of Vit-D
Testing of fake
currency
X- ray 10-8 – 10-11 Rontgen X-ray machine
Testing diamonds
Gama ray < 10-11 Paul Villard Gama scanning

Artificial
radioactivity

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Sky wave communication

 Ionosphere is used in sky wave transmission.
 Transmitted Radio waves are repeatedly reflected between Ionosphere & Earth and reach to
receiver.
 3-30 MHz frequency waves are used in it
 This communication is not affected by the curvature of Earth.

 Its quality is not good.
 Example - Radio

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Space wave communication

 In this communication, waves travel from transmitting antenna to receiver antenna, directly in
atmosphere or by reflecting from Earth‘s surface and troposphere.
 It is a line of sight communication.
 30 – 300 MHz frequency is used in it.
 This communication is affected by the curvature of Earth.

 Its quality is better than sky wave communication.
 Example – F.M
Satellite Communication
 In this communication waves are transmitted towards Geo-Stationary satellite.

 Transmitted waves are received by satellite through Up-Link.
Transponders on satellite amplify these waves.
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
These amplified waves are then transmitted towards receiver station on earth through down link.
 Frequencies of Uplink and downlink are kept different.
 Microwave frequency is used in it-
 S band = 2-4 GHz
 C band = 4-8 GHz
 X band = 8-12 GHz
 Ku Band = 12-18 GHz - DTH (K)
 Ka Band = 27-40 GHz
 By using higher frequency band quality of signal increases and size of antenna reduces. But signals
are affected in bad weather situations.
 Minimum 3 Geo-stationary satellites are required to transmit a signal through out the Earth (at 1200).
 Example –TV signals

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Important note :-
 Sky wave communication = Sky wave communication
 Space wave communication = Ground wave communication
 Satellite communication = Space wave communication

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Short range wireless communication
Wi-max Wi-fi Bluetooth NFC

(Wireless (Wireless fidelity) (Near field
maximum) communication)
(World wide inter-
operability for
microwave access)
NETWORK Network created to Network created to Network created to Network created

connect ICT connect ICT connect ICT between two
equipment of a city equipment of an equipment of a closely placed ICT
institution/ building room devices
RANGE 50-60 KM 30-50 m 10 m 2-5 cm
SPEED 100 Mbps 10 Gbps 24 Mbps 424 Kbps
Frequency 2.3, 2.5 2.4 2.4 GHz 13.56 MHz

3.5, 3.8 GHz 5 GHz
IEEE standard 802.16 802.11 802.15 __
Use Internet facility Internet facility File transfer Commercial

File transfer payment

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Li-fi (Light fidelity)
 Visible Light Communication (VLC) system

 Frequency : 380 - 780 nm
 Speed : About 1 Gbps
 Range : 10 m
 Required equipment : LED bulb, photo detector, lamp/LED driver

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Large frequency spectrum

 Better privacy, more secure
 Less interference
 High speed (due to high frequency)
 Less harmful for health than radio waves
 Less range
Types of communication system on the basis of capacity
1. Base band
2. Voice band
3. Broad band
Base band Its capacity is lowest.
One signal can be transmitted at a time.
Voice band Its capacity is limited.
Only voice signals can be transmitted.
Broad band Its capacity is high.

All type of signals (Information) can be
transmitted.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Types of communication system on the basis of Range

1. PAN
2. LAN
3. MAN
4. WAN

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Network Technique Example

PAN Network which Bluetooth File transfer
(Personal Area connects ICT devices Wi-Fi Twisted pair Gaming Mobile
Network) present in a room Company/Library’s
Wi-Fi
LAN Network which Wi-Fi Secretariat’s Sec-Lan

(Local Area connects ICT devices Co-axial cable College’s WIFi
Network) present in an
Institution/Building
MAN Network which Wi-Max Network created by

(Metropolitan Area connects ICT devices co-axial cable connecting ATM’s,
Network) present in a city branches of any bank
WAN Network which Optical Fiber RAJSWAN

(Wide Area connects ICT devices space comm. BharatNET
Network) present in a very Satellite comm. FLAG (Fiber optic
large area (state, link around globe)
country,
Intercontinental)

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Types of communication system on the basis of permission

1. INTERNET
2. INTRANET
3. EXTRANET
Internet Intranet Extranet
Network level open network It is a closed network It is a personal
which is created by which is created by network in which
connecting a large connecting some portion is kept
number of small particular limited open & some portion
networks. devices. is closed.
Permission special permission is Special permission is

required to connect required to connect
with it. with it.
Example IntIn internet Raj VC (G2G) Complain resolution

Sec-LAN network, order placing
network.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Mobile Communication
 Each mobile subscriber is connected to a tower. Tower is also called BTS (base Trans-receiver
station).
 The area covered by the tower is called cell. The shape of cell is hexagonal.
 These tower are connected to Main switching center (MSC). The MSC is a central part of mobile
communication in which all information related to subscribers is stored.
 Whenever the call is made, a paging request is sent which reaches to MSC after passing through
various towers (BTS). Then the location of called person is detected and call is connected.
For exchange of Information two types of technology are used -

1. Circuit Switching
2. Packet Switching
Circuit Switching

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
If a specific path/route (dedicated circuit/ channel) is used for exchange of information then it is
called circuit switching.
Packet Switching
If all available paths/routes are used for exchange of information then it is called pocket switching.
Techniques of using spectrum

Techniques of using spectrum
1. FDMA
2. TDMA
3. CDMA
4. OFDM
FDMA
 Frequency division multiple access
 In this frequency band is divided into various channels & then each subscriber is allotted a particular
channel.
 This is the simplest technique but
 Its capacity is limited.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
TDMA
 Time division multiple access
 In this frequency band is divided into specific channels. The channel is allocated to each subscriber
for a specific time.
 Its capacity is comparatively better.
CDMA
 Code division multiple access

 In this subscriber is not allocated any specific frequency channel or specific time. But available entire
spectrum us used.
 The information from each subscriber/user is transmitted in form of codes.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
OFDM
 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
 It is advanced technique of communication in which information signals from various subscribers are
overlapped and modulated in orthogonal pattern so that interference does not occur
 Thus a lot of information can be transmitted simultaneously.
 At receiver‘s end information signals are separated with the help of demodulator.
 In this technique no ―guard bands‖ are used like FDMA.
 Use – 4G, 5G, Wi-Max

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
GSM CDMA
Global system for mobiles Code division multiple access
TDMA technique is used CDMA technique is used
Sim based Handset based
Capacity : comparatively low Capacity : comparatively high
Quality : comparatively low Quality : comparatively high
Less secure More secure
More popular in European & Asian More popular in USA, Canada

countries

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Generations of mobile communication

First generation –
 Black & white handset
 Provided only text and call facility
Second Generation –
 Colored handset
 Multimedia facilities (call, text, images, videos)
Third generation –
 Smart phones, which are combination of mobile and computer.
 Operating system and application are used in these.
 Various facilities are provided through it such as calling, multimedia, touch screen, GPS,
Internet and digital services.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Generations of mobile communication

1. 1G
2. 2G
3. 3G
4. 4G
5. 5G
 1G
 Mobile communication was started by Japanese Company ‗NTT‖. In decade of 80‘s its commercial
use was begun in USA.
 In this generation FDMA technique was used which has limited capacity.
 In this generation analog signals were used which delivered low quality.
 2G
 It started in 1991 with launch of GSM services.
 In this generation TDMA technique was used which increased capacity.
 In this generation digital signals were used which resulted in good quality.
 Text & voice call services were provided in it.
 2.5G
 In this generation GPRS (General radio packet service) technique was used which made use of
internet possible.
 It had speed of 56-115 kbps.
 It enabled the use of Normal value added services. Such as – downloading wallpapers, ringtones.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 2.75 G
 In this generation EDGE (Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution) technology was used &
 speed was increased upto 384 Kbps.
 3G
 In this generation for data services, packet switching was used instead of circuit switching. Still
voice call services were kept on circuit switching
 In this generation HSPA (High speed packet access) technique was used.
 which increased speed upto 100 Mbps
 4G
 In this generation packet switching is used for both data services as well as voice call services.
 It is called long term evolution (LTE).
 In this generation OFDM technique was used
 which increased speed upto 1Gbps
 5G
 Fifth generation of wireless mobile communication.
 It is based on IEEE Std 802.11ac
 Its final parameters will be determined by ITU.
 Speed : 1-10 Gbps
 Use : HD Video, HD games, Artificial intelligence, Internet of things.
 First of all ‗Verizon‘ company has started it on trail basis in USA since April 2019.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Frequency used in India :-

 3.3-3.6 GHz
 24.25-33.4 GHz
 37-43.5 GHz
Contribution of telecom in social & Economic development

Social Development
 Tele-Communication has changed the definition of society. Now society is not bounded by
geographical limits.
 With tele-education & tele-medicine, Education & medical services are being provided to remote
areas.
 With e & m-governance, direct reach/delivery of govt facilities to citizens is insured.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 The ideas are spreading in fast manner. Social media has increased social & political awareness;
Which resulted in many social & political revolutions – Me too movement, Arab spring, Anti
corruption movement.
 Any kind of skill can be learnt. Role of mediators has reduced.
 Art & talent has found new platform
 The means of entertainment have increased & human life has become easier.
Economic Development
 The concept of e-commerce emerged which has made trading very simple & convenient.
 Digital transactions are increased which has reduced both the use of cash & black money problem.
 e & m-Banking has increased the access of banking facilities. Financial inclusion has been promoted.
 Business management has became easy. E-mail, tele conferencing.
 Communication equipment industry & manufacturing industry is getting promoted.
 Direct & indirect employment opportunities have been created.
 FDI has increased - various foreign telecom companies & ancillary manufacturing companies have
invested in India.
 GDP & tax revenue of govt. have increased. (Due to increment in economic activities, increased
investment & decrement in tax evasion)
Telecom regulatory Authority of India
 Telecom regulatory Authority of India

 Established in 1997 under TRAI act
 Structure : 1 chairperson + 4 members
 Appointment : by government of India

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 Tenure : 3 years, Reappointment possible, after retirement can't hold office of profit
 Chairman : P.D. Vaghela
Functions of TRAI
 Regulation and development of telecom sector
 Set quality standards/parameters for telecom services
 Regulate rates for telecom services
 Ensure healthy competition practices in telecom sector
 protecting consumer‘s interests
 Ensure efficient use of spectrum
 conduct factual surveys
 Promote innovation in field of telecommunication
National Telecom policies

National Telecom policy 1994
 Private Sector Investment was permitted in telecom sector
 Development of infrastructure in field of telecommunication
 Promote R&D in field of Telecommunication
 Provide telephone connection within 48 hours of application
 Providing telecom services at affordable rates
 Establish a PCO (public call office) among every 500 persons
National Telecom policy in 1999
 Provide basic telephone services to all & high quality telephone services to few
 Provide telephone services to remote, hilly areas & tribal areas
 Connect All district headquarters with Internet service
 Upgrade PCOs with ISDN & internet services.
 Transparent & efficient management of spectrum
 Incorporation of department of Telecommunication
 Development of Advanced infrastructure in field of Telecom to prompt India as IT superpower.
National Telecom policy 2012
 Spectrum and licence will be separated
 Unified licences will be issued (mobile landline internet).

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Principle of one Nation one licence will be implemented

 Mobile number portability & free Roaming services will be provided
 Cloud computing & voice over internet protocol (VoIP) will be promoted
 Connect all Gram Panchayat with broadband service (BharatNet)
 Increase teledensity in rural areas from 39% to 70%
 Reiew TRAI act
National digital communication policy
 Investment of $ 100 B will be attracted in telecom sector
 40 lakh employment opportunities will be generated.
 Providing 50 Mbps data speed broadband connectivity to each person
 Provide 1Gbps connectivity to all Gram panchayats till 2020 and upto 10 Gbps connectivity till
2022.
 Constitute National fibre authority & construct National digital grid
 Increase the contribution of digital communication in GDP from 6% (2017) to 8%
 To include India among top 50 countries in ICT Development Index (International Communication
Technology development index)

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Basics of Computers
 Computer
 Computer is an electronic machine which generates required information/output by
processing of input data according to series of given commands/instructions (program).
 Main components of Computer

i. Hardware
ii. Software
 Hardware
 The components of computer which are visible & which can be touched.
 It can be divided in following categories -
1. Input devices
2. Processing Unit
3. Memory
4. Output Devices

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Software
 Software is a series of instructions which activates hardware to perform a specific task in a
particular order.
 Mainly it is of 3 types -
1. Operating System / System software
2. Application Software
3. Programming Software

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 Input Devices
 Those devices by which instructions are provided to computer that how and what task to
do.
 Example – key board, mouse, joystick, touch screen, scanner, webcam, microphone.
 Processing Unit
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) consist of Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and Control Unit
(CU).
 It processes the instructions given by user and generate the output result.
 It is also called brain or heart of computer.
 Memory
 It is information storage area of computer. Some instructions are also stored in it which are
helpful in processing of CPU.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Memory
Secondary/
Primary/Main
Ancillary
Memory
Memory
Ram ( Random
ROM ( Read
access
only Memory)
Memory)
Primary / Main memory
 It is electronic memory placed in computer system unit.

 Temporary instructions & instantaneous results are stores in it.
 It has low memory capacity but high processing speed.
Random access Memory (RAM)
 When computer is started (switched on) some operating system files, basic programs and
data are loaded in RAM.
 The instructions/commands & data given by user to the computer are stored in RAM
and are sent accordingly to other parts.
 Data stored in RAM is temporary, which is lost after turning off computer. Therefore for
future use that data has to be saved.
 High Capacity RAM can smoothly run various programs simultaneously.

Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Permanent data, information & instructions are stored in ROM. It means it is a

permanent memory.
 This data is not lost after turning off computer.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 The data stored in it can be read only, it can‘t be destroyed or altered.
Secondary / Ancillary Memory
 It is an external source of memory in which a lot of information can be stored.

 It is permanent memory in which information do not deteriorate when power is
unavailable.
 It increases the capacity of main memory.
 It can be separated from computer.
 Example - CD, DVD, Pen drive, hard disc

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Output Devices
 Those devices which deliver the output result to the user after processing of given data as
instructed
 Example – Monitor, Touchscreen, Printer, Plotter, Speaker
Operating System
 A set of programs which is indispensable for functioning of computer.

 It activates the computer and it manages & controls all resources of computer.
 It provides interface for interaction of various programs and hardware.
 Various applications of computer function according to its capacity.
 Example – Android, iOS, windo

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Models of e-Governance
 e-Governance
 e-Governance is the public sector‘s use of ICT
 in order to enhance information & service delivery ;
 Motivating citizen‘s involvement in the decision making process &
 making government more accountable, transparent & effective.
 Models of e-Governance
1. Brodcasting Model
2. Comparative Analysis Model
3. Critical Flow Model
4. e-Advocacy Model
5. Interactive Service Model
 Broadcasting Model
 In this model mass dissemination of governance related information (which is already
available in public domain) is done using ICT.
 This raises awareness among citizens about government services that are available to
them & how they can benefit from them.
 Comparative Analysis Model
In this model best practices/methods in field of governance are adopted &
Then they are used as benchmark to evaluate other governance practices.
Under it government programs & policies are comparatively analyzed.
 Critical Flow Model
In this model the information of critical value is disseminated to the targeted audience
using ICT tools.
Targeted audience may include media, affected parties, judicial bench or general public.
 e-Advocacy Model
Perspective of public regarding govt. in this model the policies and programs is and

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
concerns is manipulated by the opinions by virtual communities.

It is also known as mobilization & lobbying model.
 Interactive Service Model

In this model the various services offered by the government are directly provided to its
citizens by opening up an interactive (G2C2G) Government to consumer to Government
channel.
National e-governance plan

 National e-governance plan
 The national e-governance plan was formulated by the Department of Electronics & info-
technology and Department of Administrative reform & public grievances
to reduce government cost and allow citizen access to government services through
common service centers.
 It began with 27 mission made projects & 10 components in May 2006.
 currently there are 44 mission mode projects operating under it.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
National e-Governance plan

Central State
Integrated
Government Government
mission mode
mission mode mission mode
projects
projects projects
[12]
[15] [17]
 Central Government mission mode projects

 e-office, UID, Banking, Insurance, Pension, Post Services
 State Government mission mode projects
 e-District, e-Panchayat, e-Governance in municipalities, public distribution system,
health, computerization of land records, Crime & Criminal tracking network & systems
(CCTNS)
 Integrated mission mode projects
 e-Court, e-Biz, e-Procurement

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Government initiatives for e/m-Governance :-

 Digital India Program  e-Pathshala
 e-Kranti (NeGP 2.0 - 2014)  BharatNet
 e-office  Nari Portal
 e-district portal  RajSWAN
 Mobile Seva  SSO
 Digi Locker  e-Sugam
 Bhim App  e-Mitra
 My-Gov Portal  Sampark Portal

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Types of interactions in e-Governance
 G2G – Government to Government
 G2C – Government to Citizen
 G2B – Government to Business
 G2E – Government to Employee
Benefits & challenges of e-Governance

Benefits of e-Governance
1. Transparency increases in functioning of government.
2. It makes government more accountable.
3. It reduces corruption. Government purchase and sale are done at appropriate price.
4. The functioning of government becomes more efficient which reduces public expenditure.
5. Government services are available to citizens in efficient and effective manner.
6. Citizen can avail government service at any time at any place.
7. Public participation has increased in planning and decision making.
8. Connectivity of citizens with government increases which strengthens democratic values.
Challenges/ Limitation of e-Governance

1. Initial cost is high
2. Weak digital infrastructure
3. Lake of digital literacy.
4. Lake of trained and skilled government employees
5. Lake of finance.
6. Information and services to be provided in local language.
7. Security related concerns – Data Theft.

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ROBOTICS
Basics of robotics
 Robot is a programmable, automatically operated machine that replaces human effort or
capable of carrying out a complex series of actions.
Though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a

humanlike manner.
 Term Robot is derived from the Czech word Robota which means forced labour or serf.
 Robotics
 Robotics is a branch of engineering that deals with the conception, design, construction &
operation of robots.
 This field involves electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence,
mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.

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 The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help & assist humans in their
day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe.
 It is considered that the term robotics was firstly used by Science-fiction author Isaac
Asimov in 1940s.
 Asimov suggested three principles to guide the behaviour of robots & smart machines.
Asimov's three laws of Robotics are -
1. Robots must never harm human beings.
2. Robots must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1.
3. Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules.
Main components of Robot
1. Manipulator – It is a set of links connected by joints – (arms). These move in rotatory or

sliding motion.
2. Actuator – These are the systems which provide motion to the joints or arms of robot.
Generally, its functioning is based on electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic power. Example –
motors

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3. Sensors – Vision (camera), touch, pressure, velocity, position
4. Power – Provide power to the parts of robot, save power.
5. Controller – It provides intelligence to control the whole system. {what to do? How to do?
In what sequence? How much power is to be provided? }
6. User interface – Used for interacting with user/controller. Example – display, input device
(keyboard)
Types of Robots
On the basis of purpose :-
1. Industrial – manufacturing, logistics
2. Domestic
3. Military – soldiers, drones, bomb diffuser
4. Medical
5. Research – labs, space, marine

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Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
On the basis of structure :-
1. Humanoid
2. Mechanical
3. Digital
On the basis of intelligence :-
1. Autonomous
2. partially controlled

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On the basis of automation :-
1. Automatic
2. Semi automatic
On the basis of mobility :-
1. Mobile – aquatic, airborne, terrestrial (wheeled, legged)
2. Stationary
On the basis of size :-
1. Macro
2. Micro
3. Nano
On the basis of programming :-
1. Simple level – Automatic machines just to extend human potential. Example- Washing
Machine
2. Middle level – Robots which are programmed but can never be reprogrammed. Can
perform multiple tasks. Example- Fully Automatic Washing Machine.
3. Complex level – Robots which are programmed & can be reprogrammed as well.
Example- Laptop or Computer

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Applications of robotics
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Health & medical
4. Defence
5. Domestic
6. Education
7. Research
8. Entertainment
Agriculture
 Farming equipment which can autonomously (Robot) –
 Plant or seed new crops & do plant nursing
 Spray pesticides
 Filter out unwanted weeds
 Navigate, harvest crops, plants.

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 Drones for weed control
 Robots for soil analysis and environmental monitoring.
 Autonomous milking machines in the livestock industry
 Due to labour shortages, robots are being used to pick and move fruit, in the horticulture
industry.

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 Industry
 Autonomous robots can be used for-
 Machine tending (loading and unloading raw materials into machinery for processing
and overseeing the machine while it is working)
 Painting
 Welding

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 Assembling
 material removal
 logistics- picking, packing, labelling, palletizing/moving
 Product inspection & testing
 Collaborative robots (Cobot) – Designed for physically interacting with humans & other
robots in any shared workplace. Cobots can work in offices with humans.

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 3D printing robots - In such robot mobile robotic arms with the help of programmed
instructions control a 3D printer for 3D printing of desired product. These robots can build
large buildings or bridges as per the demand. The first 3D printed bridge has been built in
the Netherlands.
 Construction robots – Used for bricklaying & masonry, demolition of old buildings.

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 Health & medical

 Surgical robots support surgical operations by allowing them to be carried out with
greater precision. It also allows remote surgery where the medical surgeon is not
physically present near the patient.

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 Disinfection robots disinfect any room within minutes by using ultraviolet light. Ex-Corona,
Ebola
 Rehabilitation robots
 Companion robots
 Pharmacy automation
 Biological Nanorobots may be used for identifying & destroying cancer cells.
 Bio–NEMS (Nano electro mechanical Systems) :- There are special type Nanorobots which
can be inserted in body without operation and they will treat the desired tissue/cell.

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 Defence & public security

 Military robots are remote controlled or autonomous robots that have been designed to
carry out military tasks and actions such as attacking the enemy, search and rescue
operations, transportation and Patrolling.
 Soldier robots (Terminator-Style Humanoids)
 Patrolling robots/ Sleepless Sentries
 Stealthy Spybots
 Drones –
 DRDO Ghatak (autonomous stealthy unmanned combat air vehicle)
 DRDO Bharat (World‘s most agile and lightest Surveillance drone)
 MQ-9 Reaper (USA)

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Domestic/Household
 Indoor robots –
 Robotic sweepers (cleaning, floor washing)
 Robotic vacuum cleaners
 Ironing robots (to dry and iron clothes using hot air)

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 kitchen robots –
 Rotimatic (automatic roti maker),
 Boris (automatic dishwasher);
 Commercial examples of kitchen automation are Zume Pizza (pizza), Makr Shakr
(cocktail), Sally (salads), Flippy (burgers), Café-X (coffee) etc.

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 Outdoor robots –
 Robotic lawn mower
 window washing/cleaning robots
 Robotic pool cleaners
 Robotic sewer cleaners
 Toy robots

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 Education
 Educational robots are those which are designed for teaching the students, trainees;
& assisting them in learning.
 Example – BotBrain, Ollie, mBot Robot Kit, Ozobot etc.
Research
 Lab assistant
 Space robots – space ship (repair, research, assist)
Lander & Rover
 Marine robots – underwater research inspection telecommunication.
 Example : URSULA is an underwater robotic inspection system

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Entertainment
 Robots playing soccer, fighting, dancing & entertaining audience
 Toy robots – Robotic dog, ludo bot
 Social robots – A social robot is an artificial intelligence system that is designed to interact
with humans and other robots.
 Example - Sophia, Tico - a robot developed to improve children's motivation in classroom.

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BENEFITS & CONCERNS related to robotics
BENEFITS & CONCERNS related to robotic
1. Cost reduction
2. Increased production – work fast, can work 24/7
3. Quality enhancement – more accurate & precise than humans
4. Less errors / mistakes
5. More reliable than humans

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6. Don‘t complain
7. Reduce wastage
8. Can do dirty work
9. Can do risky/dangerous tasks – disaster, war, furnace, nuclear power plant, gas/oil
leakage, contagious disease
10. Can do dull stuff
11. New employment opportunities will be created
12. Better medical assistance – surgery with precision, tele-surgery
13. New dimensions of education & learning
14. New heights in space & marine research
15. It‘ll make life more comfortable
Concerns related to Robotics
1. Expensive to install and run
2. It‘ll lead humans to lose their jobs
3. Require expertise to set them up
4. Robots need constant power
5. Staff need retraining
6. They‘re restricted to their programming
7. They suffer expensive faults and repairs
8. They pose potential physical danger from malfunctions
9. They cause cybersecurity issues
10. Problem of e-waste will increase
11. It might make humans over reliant on robotic help
12. It may reduce human capabilities

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13. It might impact human interaction
14. War may become uglier.
15. New types of crime may emerge.
16. Robots might take over the world
Robotics in India
Robotics and Industrial automation in India
Industrial robotics is adopted by manufacturing units world-wide with the primary

objective of achieving automation.
For some countries like Japan and Germany, where industrial robotics has resulted in
approximately 90% of production line automation,
whereas In India, the automation levels are comparatively less.
The factors behind it are as below -
1. Demographic differences [ >50% between 60-65 yr v/s >50% between 25-50 yr]
2. High labour costs V/S cheap labour
3. Lack of heavy investment
4. Most of machinery are imported
5. Lack of skilled technicians & operators
The Indian strategy is to attain such automation process where industrial robots work
alongside human beings.
For instance, as of June 2015, an average of 30-40% automation was standard across all big
automobile plants.
Institutions working in field of Robotics
 All India Council for Robotics & Automation (AICRA)
 Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR)
 IIT Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, kharagpur
 IISc Bengaluru
 IIIT Hyderabad

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Some important Robots

GHATAK
 UCAV (Unmanned Combat Aerial vehicle)

 Stealth Combat Drone
 Being developed by DRDO (2025)
 Deep penetration strike (missiles, bombs), strategic reconnaissance, Electronic warfare
 Daksh
 Developed by DRDO
 Remote operated bomb disposal unit vehicle

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Vyommitra
 Country: India
 Creator: ISRO
 Female humanoid robot
 Capable of doing multiple tasks, It can speak two languages & can also mimic human
crew.
 Expected to fly in the first unmanned flight as part of the first human spaceflight
programme (Gaganyaan)
Jivaka
 Country: India
 Creator: Parel Workshop of Central Railways
 It is a remote-controlled rover that works as a virtual healthcare worker.

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C-Astra
 Country: India
 Creator: Invento Robotics
 It is a semi-automatic smart LiDAR robot that helps in screening patients as well as
disinfecting areas.
 It is also being used to fight coronavirus.
Neon
 Country: South Korea
 Creator: Samsung‘s Technology and Advanced Research Labs (STAR)
 It is a computationally created virtual being that not only looks like a human but also
behaves like a real human being.
 It can show emotions, communicate with human affect, intelligence, learn from experience
and create new memories.

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Mitra
A friendly, mobile Indian robot, helps COVID-19 patients make video calls with their
families using its camera and a video screen on its torso.
KP-bot
 Humanoid robot
 Kerala police
 SI rank

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IRA
 Interactive Robotic Assistant
 HDFC bank robot
RoboDoc
Robot taking care of patients

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Artificial Intelligence
What is Artificial Intelligence
 It is a branch of computer science which deals with development of computers or

machines as intelligent as human beings.
A.I. is a simulation of human intelligence processes by machines such as -
 learning (big data, information)
 Analysis & reasoning (options/solutions, decision)
 self-correction (feedback + learning)
 A.I. term was coined by John McCarthy in 1956 at MIT.
A.I. enables machines to perform cognitive tasks such as -
 Thinking
 Perceiving
 Learning
 problem solving
 decision making

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Real life examples of “A.I.”
 Virtual assistants – siri, alexa

 Facial recognition
 Spam detectors
 Chatbot
 Self driving cars
 Accurate translating softwares
 Gaming

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Applications of “AI”
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. healthcare/medical
4. Education
5. Cyber security
6. In improving the standard of human life
7. Enery
Agriculture
 Assist & advise - sowing, pest control, irrigation, soil health

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Industry
 Automation in manufacturing/production
 AI enabled robots in risky tasks or hazardous environment. (mining, cleaning)
 Chatbots
Healthcare/medical
 Faster, cheaper, more accurate diagnostic tools
 Surgery performing robots
 Companion robot
 Rehabilitation robot
 Pharmacy automation
Education
 Language translator
 Automated grading
 Instructor
Cyber security
 Spam filter
 Facial recognition
 Smart border surveillance
In improving the standard of human life

 Smart cities - traffic control, lighting, maintenance
 Virtual assistant - Siri, Alexa, Google assistant
 Self driving cars, lane assist
 Gaming - bots (nibba)
Enery : requirement & use assistance
Space exploration
Artificial Intelligence
Concerns & challenges
1. Computational problem (humongous data & computation capacity is required)
2. Job loss
3. Safety challenge (can be destructive if in wrong hands)

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4. Trust issue (fair, takeover)

5. Ethical issue (humans, machines)
6. It may cause technological disparity in world
Challenges for boosting “A.I.” in India

1. lack of infrastructure (Data, network, machines)
2. lack of skilled manpower & experts in field of AI
3. High resource cost
4. Low intensity of AI research
5. Lack of enabling data ecosystems
6. Lack of awareness regarding A.I.
7. Disinterest for adopting A.I. in business processes
8. Issues related to privacy, security
9. Ethical issues
10. IPR issues
Artificial intelligence in India

 ―India‘s AI strategy is known as ―AI for All‖. It focuses on inclusive development
through the use of AI technologies.
 NITI Aayog published a paper "National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence"
wherein it described 5 core areas for the application of Artificial Intelligence –
1. Healthcare
2. Agriculture
3. Education
4. Smart cities and infrastructure
5. Transportation.
 In May 2020 ‗National AI Portal of India‘ was launched by Govt, which acts as a
platform for A.I. related knowledge sharing tool & getting information about AI
jobs.
 An AI based portal ‗SUPACE‘ is developed to assist judges with legal research.
(Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Courts Efficiency)
 RAISE 2020 (Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020) was an online mega
event jointly organised by NITI Aayog and Ministry of Electronics & Information
Technology.

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 MoE&IT has launched Responsible AI for Youth programme. It‘s aim is to

empower young students with new-age tech mindset & relevant AI skill-sets.
 In "Global AI Report 2019" India stood at the 9th position in terms of the number of
the AI specialists working in the field. (Usa, China & UK topped the list).
 In June 2020, India became a part of the GPAI (Global Partnership on Artificial
Intelligence)
 US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI) initiative has been launched to scale up the
science and technology relationship between India and the United States.
Fourth Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0

 The first industrial revolution was caused by the power of water and steam. From
the second electrical energy, the third revolution is generated by the present-day
electronic and information technology.
 In the fourth industrial revolution, work will be done by combining the IT and
manufacturing sectors. It is primarily based on applications such as Internet of
Things (IoT), seamless Internet connectivity, high-speed communication
technologies and 3D printing, envisaging greater digitization and greater
interconnection of products, value chains, business models. Has been.

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Machine Learning
 Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems

the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being
explicitly programmed.
 Machine learning focuses on developing such computer programs that can access
data and use it to learn for themselves.
Real life examples
 Each time we do a web search on Google, that works so well because their machine
learning software has figured out how to rank what pages.
 When Facebook or Apple's photo application recognizes our friends in our pictures,
that's also machine learning.
 Each time we read our email and a spam filter saves us from having to wade
through tons of spam, that's because computer has learned to distinguish spam from
non-spam email. That's machine learning.
Applications of Machine Learning
1. Image recognition
2. speech recognition
3. Automatic language translator
4. Product recommendations
5. Self driving cars
6. Traffic prediction
7. Medical diagnosis
8. Online Fraud Detection
9. Spam & malware filtering in emails 1
10. Virtual personal assistant
11. Stock market trading
Image Recognition:
 Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is
used to identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of
image recognition and face detection is, Automatic friend tagging suggestion.
Speech Recognition
 While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech
recognition, and it's a popular application of machine learning.

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 Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is

also known as "Speech to text", or "Computer speech recognition."
 At present, machine learning algorithms are widely used by various applications of
speech recognition. Google assistant, Siri, Cortana, and Alexaare using speech
recognition technology to follow the voice instructions.
Traffic prediction:
 If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the
correct path with the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.
 It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or
heavily congested with the help of two ways:
 Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
 Average time has taken on past days at the same time.
 Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes
information from the user and sends back to its database to improve the
performance.
Product recommendations:
 Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment

companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to the user.
Whenever we search for some product on Amazon, then we started getting an
advertisement for the same product while internet surfing on the same browser and
this is because of machine learning.
 Google understands the user interest using various machine learning algorithms and
suggests the product as per customer interest.
 As similar, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations for entertainment
series, movies, etc., and this is also done with the help of machine learning.
Self-driving cars:
 Machine learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla is using
unsupervised learning method to train the car models to detect people and objects
while driving.
Email Spam and Malware Filtering:
 Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal,
and spam. We always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important

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symbol and spam emails in our spam box, and the technology behind this is
Machine learning.
Virtual Personal Assistant:
 We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google
assistant,Alexa,Cortana,Siri. These assistants can help us in various ways just by our
voice instructions such as Play music, call someone, open an email, Scheduling an
appointment, etc.
 These virtual assistants use machine learning algorithms as an important part.
 These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud, and
decode it using Machine Learning algorithms and act accordingly.
Online Fraud Detection:
 Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by detecting
fraud transaction. Whenever we perform some online transaction, there may be
various ways that a fraudulent transaction can take place such as fake accounts, fake
ids, and steal moneyin the middle of a transaction. So to detect this, Feed Forward
Neural network helps us by checking whether it is a genuine transaction or a fraud
transaction.
 For each genuine transaction, the output is converted into some hash values, and
these values become the input for the next round. For each genuine transaction,
there is a specific pattern which gets change for the fraud transaction hence, it
detects it and makes our online transactions more secure.
Stock Market trading:
 Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the stock market, there
is always a risk of up and downs in shares, so for this machine learning's long short
term memory neural network is used for the prediction of stock market trends.
Medical Diagnosis:
 In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases diagnoses. With this,
medical technology is growing very fast and able to build 3D models that can predict
the exact position of lesions in the brain. It helps in finding brain tumours and other
brain-related diseases easily.
 Automatic Language Translation:
 Nowadays, if we visit a new place and we are not aware of the language then it is
not a problem at all, as for this also machine learning helps us by converting the text
into our known languages. Google's GNMT (Google Neural Machine Translation)

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provide this feature, which is a Neural Machine Learning that translates the text into
our familiar language, and it called as automatic translation.
Limitations of Machine Learning

 Failure of self driving car (Uber)
 A machine learning system trained on current customers only may not be able to
predict the needs of new customer groups that are not represented in the training
data.
 When trained on man-made data, machine learning is likely to pick up the same
constitutional and unconscious biases already present in society.
 Language models learned from data have been shown to contain human-like biases
 In the medical field, algorithms can be designed to prescribe unnecessary tests or
drugs to the patients that will benefit the owner of the algorithm. It is also a
challenge to machine learning

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Internet of things
 Internet of things (iot)

 It is a network of interlinked machines, digital devices, home appliances, vehicles or
other objects through internet where they are provided unique identity and can
transfer data (interact) over the network.
Applications
 Daily life - Air conditioner, oven, refrigerator, car bike service, alarm clock, curtains,
coffee maker, driverless car
 Agriculture - Irrigation (soil moisture), nutrients, improve overall productivity
 Industry - Increase in efficiency, productivity, Human error reduction

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 Medical - better diagnosis of disease, wearable Health monitors, connected

equipments
 Transportation - Toll booths (fastag), Traffic management, driverless cars, Fleet
Management (tata)
 Smart City - traffic management, Waste Management, Smart Energy Management
 Governance - smart city (transportation, traffic management, Energy management,
waste management), meetings

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Concerns of internet of things
 Complexity in technology
 Breach of privacy
 Security related concerns
 Over-reliance on technology
 Loss of jobs
 Technology Takes Control of Life
Challenges for iot in india

 Infrastructure - devices, network
 Data management - storage, security
 Consumer IoT adoption is slow in India - high cost devices, internet, security
concern
Iot in India
 The Department of Electronics and Information Technology has published a draft
policy for IoT in India. In which govt has set a target of $ 15 billion for the IoT
market by the year 2020. This would be 5-6% of the global IoT industry.
 NDCP (National Digital Communications Policy)
 Digital india mission – 100 smart cities, e-governance
 Justice Srikrishna Committee - Data Protection framework

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Big Data
 Big data refers to ‗the data which is so large or complex that traditional data
processing softwares & database are inadequate to manage & process it in real
time‘.
 Examples of big data sources –
1. Internet search
2. Social media
3. Online transactions
4. Satellite imaging / GPS in mobiles
Big data is characterized by 6Vs –
 Volume – the amount of data generated
 Variety – type of data generated (Unstructured/Raw, semi-structured, structured)
 Velocity – speed at which big data is generated
 Veracity – degree to which big data can be trusted
 Value – business value of data
 Variability – ways in which big data can be used or formatted
Big data analytics

 Big data analytics is a process in which large data sets are organized and analyzed
so that the organization can understand hidden patterns, market trends, customer
preferences and obtain other useful information.
Types of Big Data Analytics :-

1. Perspective Analytics – Suggests the best option from multiple choices
2. Predictive Analytics – Predicts future events
3. Diagnostic Analytics - Why is something happening i.e. what is the reason behind
this event happening?
4. Descriptive Analytics – Insight on historical Data
Application of big data

1. Agriculture
2. Industry / business
3. Medical
4. Governance

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5. Science & tech

6. Environment
Agriculture
o Seed Selection – soil, climate, water level
o Geo-Tagging to keep the track record of agricultural assets in the country
o Irrigation & effective water management
o Identification of Crop Diseases
o Food Processing – desired quality & amount
o Pricing – demand & supply
Medical
 Predicting diseases
 Prescribing medicines
 Optimizing treatment
 Finding new cures (R&D)
Governance
 Targeted delivery of schemes
 Analyse the response of the citizens to policies
 Predict future trends and demands of the population
 Geo-tagging can help analyse the effectiveness of any scheme such as MGNREGA,
 Development of smart cities - traffic
 Reducing NPA
 Prevent cyber-attacks
 Predict criminal activities (Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems -
CCTNS)
 In improving the quality of education.
 Disaster Management : In understanding and mitigating the risks of disasters.
 In preventing money laundering, tax evasion
Science & tech
 A.I.
 Large hydrogen collider
 Studying space
 Bio informatics
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Environment
 Studying climate change
Benefits of big data

 Better decision making (business, Govt)
 Better product/service delivery
 Improved customer/citizen satisfaction (by understanding customer
behaviour/interests)
 Reducing cost
 Better marketing strategies can be developed
Challenges of big data
 Inadequate infrastructure
 Data quality may be doubtful
 Data security (anonymization of data or invasion of privacy)
 Misuse of data
 Very costly (storage, processing, security)
 Technological challenges (real time data analysis)

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Augmented Reality
 Augmented means to show something enhanced or improved.

 Reality means truth.
 That is, Augmented Reality means to make something look better, so that it looks
completely real.
Augmented Reality
 In this technique a computer generated environment is created matching the

environment around the person.
 That is, a virtual scene is created by associating another virtual world with the
environment around the person, which looks real.
 This is also similar to virtual reality but it will keep the person in his own world
and make his eyesight advanced. That is, the person will not be able to tell the
difference between the real world and the virtual world.
Working of Augmented Reality
The way Augmented Reality works depends on three things.
• Motion tracking – When the person turns on the camera of his phone, the gyroscope
also remains on with the camera. Gyroscope is a sensor which is usually present in
every phone. By looking at the position of the phone, this gyroscope knows the
position of the person and the degree to which the person's phone is tilted. This
helps Augmented Reality in motion tracking.
• Light estimation – The sensor of the device measures the surrounding light. With
this he also creates a shadow of the shapes of Augmented Reality. Due to this, the
characters of Augmented Reality look exactly like real.
• Flat surface – Augmented Reality can work on its own only after finding a flat
surface in the environment. It needs a flat surface so that it can set up its model and
interact with the person.

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Uses of Augmented Reality
 Digital Gaming – Augmented Reality makes video games seem like reality, and it's
as if it's playing right in front of us. Pokemon Go is a prime example of this.
 Education – Augmented reality will make education easier in the era of projectors,
smart classes.
 Military training – It is used in the exercise of warfare. The army is made aware of
everything there by showing a virtual battlefield. In such a situation, it has become
an important part of the planning of the army.
 Engineering Design – Augmented Reality is used as a model in engineering design.
Actually, from this it is already known how the project will look after it is made. Be
it any society or colony, everything can be planned with the help of Augmented
Reality. From this it can be predicted how the society or project will look after it is
formed.
 Shopping – It is used to explain the product well. Nowadays people do not buy any
product without testing it. Shopping companies found its solution with the help of
Augmented Reality. The product can be well represented and its uses can be
explained.
 Medicine – In medicine, it is used to test new doctors. Through this, methods and
methods of treatment are explained to the medical students. This introduces the
students to the methods of treatment without having to use a dead body.
Difference between augmented reality and virtual reality
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality are both virtual. Virtual meaning means to be
virtual.
 Virtual reality is a technology that is used to show virtual images, virtual sounds
and many other virtual things. Whereas in Augmented Reality, a computer
generated environment is created matching the environment around the person.
 Sight and sound are used to experience virtual reality. Whereas Augmented Reality
can interact with the environment around the person.
 Virtual reality requires a VR headset. Whereas for augmented reality, only the
person needs his smart phone.

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RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) :-
Barcode, QR Code, Magnetic Strip, RFID etc are identification tag technology. Some
information is hidden inside them, which is read with the help of its respective reader.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) :-
Radio Frequency Identification is a wireless identification technology based on radio
waves.
This technology is used for automatic object identification or tracking of objects.
There are mainly two components found in RFID technology, one of which is an RFID
tag in which information is stored and an RFID reader which reads that information.
RFID Tags :-
It is a component used in the RFID system, which is applied as a tag to track an item,
inside the RFID tag all the identity about that object is saved, which is used to identify
that item. Comes. It is a kind of identity carrier that transmits its identity when the
receiver comes within the coverage range.
The RFID tag placed on an object is detected by the receiver, then the identity of that
object is ascertained by obtaining the information present in it.
In order to save the data in RFID tag, there is a small chip inside it, hence it is also called
RFID chip.
RFID tags are mainly used to track merchandise, vehicles, animals, etc.
There are mainly two types of RFID tags:-
• Active RFID Tag
• Passive RFID Tag
Active RFID tag has its own power (electric supply) to perform its function i.e. to
transmit data i.e. it is self-dependent for power.

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Passive RFID tag does not have its own power source, rather it generates power from
the radio wave signal coming from the receiver on the principle of electromagnetic
induction, that is, it relies on the receiver for power. In general, mostly passive RFID
tags are used because they are very cheap, useful and less expensive.
Functioning of RFID :-
RFID technology works on the concept of AIDC (Auto Identification Data Collection). In
this, radio frequency is used for identification. The RFID system consists of two
components, the RFID tag and the RFID receiver.
Inside the RFID tag is a thin electronic chip and transmitter antenna, the information is
saved inside the chip, and the transmitter antenna serves to transmit data to the chip
during information reading.
The receiver mainly consists of 'radio frequency signal generator' and 'radio frequency
detector' which transmits the radio wave signal and works to receive the data coming
from the tag. To process the data read from the tag, microcontrollers and supporting
small components are installed inside it.
When RFID technology is used for identification of a person, object, etc., first of all, the
data related to that object is encoded inside it by placing an RFID tag. Then wherever

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information is to be known about it, then only that object has to be brought in the
coverage of the RFID receiver and as soon as that object comes in the coverage of the
receiver, the RFID tag starts giving feedback to the receiver and the receiver transmits by
itself. With the help of the radio frequency done, it reads all its data, then that data is
used on the basis of further purpose.
If the tag used is active then it will have its own power. But if the tag is passive, then as
soon as the tag reaches the RFID receiver, it will first generate power for itself from the
radio frequency transmitted by the receiver, then it will transmit data by activating the
chip inside.
Applications of RFID :-
• Toll Booth Nearby (FASTAG)
• In automobile anti-theft protection system
• Pallet Tracking for Inventory at Mall, Big Shop
• For asset tracking
• For auto passing in ID card
• In the Metro Token System
• In smart card
• Monitoring of heart patients
• For animal tracking

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Quantum Computing
 Quantum Technology is the technology based on the principles of Quantum

mechanics which describes nature at the scale of atoms and elementary particles.
 Computing is any activity that uses computers to manage, process, and communicate
information. It includes the development of both hardware and software.
 Quantum Computing deals with creating computer technology based on the

principles of quantum technology which describes the nature and behaviour of
matter and energy on the quantum (atomic and subatomic) level.
 Quantum computer‘s operation is based on two key principles of quantum physics :

superposition and entanglement.
1. Quantum Superposition means that each qubit can represent both a 1 and a 0 at
the same time.
2. Entanglement means that qubits in a superposition can be correlated with each

other; that is, the state of one qubit (whether it is a 1 or a 0) can depend on the
state of another. Changing the state of one of the qubits will instantaneously
change the state of the other one in a predictable way.
Entanglement enables the qubits to interact with each other which allows them to
perform certain calculations exponentially faster than conventional and even
supercomputers.

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What is Quantum Supremacy?
 ‗Quantum supremacy‘ term was coined by John Preskill, Professor at the California
Institute of Technology in 2011 .
 Quantum supremacy refers to the ability of a quantum computer to perform a task

that a conventional computer cannot perform in its normal lifetime.
 ‗The concept is related to the speed at which a quantum computer performs.
 Google claimed that its first quantum computer (Sycamore) performed a calculation
in 200 seconds, which would take about 10,000 years for today's most advanced
supercomputer (IBM Summit).
Applications of Quantum computing
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Health & medical
4. Cybersecurity
5. Research
6. Disaster Management
2. Environment
Agriculture
 In detecting weed through an invasive weed optimization algorithm.
 Farmers can effectively craft fertilizers.
 It can be used for accurate and long-term planning of large scale production which
will lead to increased yield and efficiency.
Industry
1. Quantum computing is an integral part of Industrial revolution 4.0. It will help
in Strategic initiatives aimed at leveraging other Industrial revolution 4.0
technologies like the Internet-of-Things, machine learning, robotics, and artificial
intelligence.
(Quantum computers could empower machine learning by enabling AI programs
to search through the gigantic datasets concerning medical research, consumer

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behaviour, financial markets, etc….. Quantum computing helps to integrate data

and quickly analyze and understand the patterns.)
2. Aerospace industry: Quantum computing has great potential to solve
computational challenges in
aircraft modelling, simulation, and more. It could also help assess the optimal
amount of fuel and speed to operate a commercial aircraft, thereby potentially
helping the industry to improve its sustainability performance.
3. Financial services: Quantum computers can be used for complex financial modeling
and risk management in industries. It can also be used in stock markets for
detecting problems.
Health & medical

 Discover tumours in time and develop better targeting drugs leading to greater
advancements in pharmacology.
 It can be used to provide faster, more accurate diagnostics.
 Clinicians could easily review CT scans over time and quickly identify changes and
anomalies.
 With quantum computing‘s enhanced data processing abilities, doctors can quickly
identify targeted chemotherapy protocols and with more customization.
Cybersecurity
 Quantum computing with the help of machine learning can help in developing
various techniques to combat cybersecurity threats.
 Quantum computing can help in creating encryption methods, also known
as, quantum cryptography.
Research
 It can help in solving some of the fundamental questions in physics related to
gravity, black hole etc.
 It can give a big boost to the Genome India project.
 Space:
 Detection of gravitational waves.
 Search habitable planets.
 Can help in modelling and designing space crafts and space suits.

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Disaster Management
 Tsunamis, drought, earthquakes and floods may become more predictable with
quantum applications.
 The collection of data regarding climate change can be streamlined in a better way
through quantum technology.
Weather Forecasting and Climate Change

 Quantum computer‘s ability to crunch vast amounts of data, in a short period,
could indeed lead to enhancing weather system modelling allowing scientists
to predict the changing weather patterns in no time and with excellent accuracy.
 With quantum computers, meteorologists will be able to generate and analyse more
detailed climate models, which will provide greater insight into climate change and
ways to mitigate it.
Concerns/challenges of Quantum computing

1. Highly expensive technology.
2. Potential to misuse for cyber attacks. (What will happen if it gets in the wrong
hands?)
3. Very complex technology
 {quantum states are fragile and hence hard to control}
 {need tons of quantum algorithms}.
 {Noise, temperature change, an electrical fluctuation or vibration — all of these
things can disturb a qubit‘s operation and cause it to lose its data}
 {To stabilize qubits keep them very cold –273 degrees celsius which is very
difficult to achieve}
National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications (NM-QTA)

 The government announced in budget 2020 NM-QTA with a total budget of Rs
8000 Crore for a period of 5 years to be implemented by the Department of Science
& Technology (DST).
 The mission will oversee the development of quantum technologies for
communications, computing, materials development, and cryptography.

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Differences between Quantum computing and Conventional computing:

Quantum computing Conventional computing
Based on the phenomenon of Quantum Based on the phenomenon of classical
Mechanics or quantum physics. physics.
Information storage and manipulation are
Information storage and manipulation are
based on Quantum Bit or ―qubit‖ i.e. 0, 1,
based on ―bit‖, which is based on voltage
and superposition state of both 0 and 1 to
or charge; low is 0, and high is 1.
represent information.
There is the possibility of being only in a
It is possible to be in more than one state
single state at a given time, either on or
at a time.
off.
In conventional computers, data
In quantum computers, data processing is
processing is done in a Central Processing
done in the Quantum Processing Unit or
Unit or CPU, which consists of an
QPU, which consists of several
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU),
interconnected qubits.
processor registers, and a control unit.
Quantum computers will allow much Classical computers are limited in terms of
larger calculations. size and complexity.

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Cloud computing
 Cloud computing is a technology that provides virtual/online resources & services

over the Internet.
 These resources include networks, servers, storage, applications, softwares, and other
services.
 That is, a technology in which many tasks like computing, data access and data
storage are done directly over the network; These do not require a hard drive on the
system.
 Internet is the basic requirement of this technology.
 Ex :- facebook, google drive, i-cloud
Service Models of cloud computing

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Storage as a service (STaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

 This service provides on demand I.T. infrastructure access.
 This includes the storage, network, and operating systems that run the work load.
 User requests for I.T. services and pays only for the services he uses.
 Example: IBM Cloud, Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS)

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Platform as a Service (PaaS)

 It is a cloud based environment used to develop, test, run and manage
applications/software.
 This service includes web server, development tools, execution runtime and online
database.
 In this, the user can work fast and can release the application quickly.
 Example: OpenShift, Heroku
Software as a Service (SaaS)

 In this, software hosted on a remote server is used. It runs the application through
web browser.
 It saves, retrieves or shares the stored files outside the system.
 This is the most common type used by small businessmen.
 Example: Microsoft Office 365

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Deployment models of cloud computing

1. Private cloud
2. Community cloud
3. Public cloud
4. Hybrid cloud
Private cloud :- Used for single organization. It can be hosted internally or externally.
Community cloud :- Shared by several organisations. Generally it is externally hosted

but it may be internally hosted by one of the organisations.
Public cloud :- It is open for public use. It may be hosted by a particular organization
Hybrid cloud :- Composition of two or more cloud models, offering benefits of multiple
models. It is internally & externally hosted.
Advantages
 Cheaper - no need to invest in hardware software or any infrastructure, Pay per
use, No administrative or management cost
 More secure - cloud management, security
 Data backup and recovery
 Huge cloud storage
 Seamless service - anytime anyplace
 Personalized service
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 Innovative, up to date
 scalable - can go global, can expand capacity
 Environment friendly
Challenges
 Requires good speed internet with good bandwidth
 Limited control over infrastructure
 Security issues – most of cloud servers are abroad
 Non-negotiable agreements
 Incompatibility: sometimes, there are problems of software incompatibility.
Cloud computing in India

 Meghraj / GI Cloud : It is the Govt of India‘s cloud computing platform used by
govt departments and agencies at the centre and states. It is an initiative of the
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
 eGov App Store : The eGov App store is a common platform to host and run
applications (developed by govt agencies or private players) at Meghraj.
 Kisan Suvidha portal
 DigiLocker
 E-Gram Panchayat
 Indian Railways on Cloud

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Edge computing
Edge computing
 Edge computing enables data to be analyzed, processed & transferred at the edge of
a network rather than being transmitted to a centralized data center (cloud).
 Edge – where things or people produce or consume the information, such as any
device itself or a local computer or server.
Need of Edge computing

1. To analyze data locally, closer to where it is stored, in real-time without latency,
rather than send it far away to a centralized data center.
2. The exponential growth of IOT devices, which connect to the internet for either
receiving information from the cloud or delivering data back to the cloud.
3. Many IOT devices generate enormous amounts of data during the course of their
operations.
Difference between Edge computing and Cloud computing

1. The basic difference between edge computing and cloud computing lies in the place
where the data processing takes place.
2. Storage capacity
3. Processing capacity & speed
4. Latency (latency - the ability to process very high volumes of data with minimal
delay)

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Challenges of Edge computing

1. Establishing mini/micro data centers
2. Security of devices & data
3. Quality & speed of network (5G)
Benefits of Edge computing

1. Better performance - decrement in latency, improved capacity
2. Better Security
3. Data efficient
4. Localized solutions - mini/micro data center
5. Enables future technology - artificial intelligence, internet of things, robotics

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BLOCKCHAIN Technology
History of blockchain technology

 Blockchain technology was introduced in 1991 by Stuart Haber and W. Scott
Stronteta
 In 2008, a man named Satoshi Nakamoto first released a whitepaper called
"Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System" (BitCoin). It mainly described a
"peer-to-peer electronic cash version", known as Bitcoin.
 The technology was first used in crypto currency bitcoin transactions in 2009.
Blockchain technology
 Blockchain is a digital record of transactions.
 Its name comes from its structure, in which individual records, called blocks, are
linked together in a series, called a chain.
Blockchain technology methodology

 Blockchain is a technique with which an open and decentralized ledger of any
type of information can be created.
 Every person connected to this network has this record of information.
 It is in the form of a series of separate blocks of ledger or record information.
 Entering a transaction or block of information takes place in 2 steps. Miners and
Nodes play their respective roles in this process.
 Nodes are people connected to the blockchain network who have a record of a
particular blockchain network available.
 Blockchain technology is a technology driven by the concept of proof-of-work. It
consists of a complex computer calculation or "mining" for the construction of a
block. When a transaction starts, it is tied into a block. The mining computer then
solves a proof-of-work problem to verify that the transactions within that block
are valid. This is a very difficult mathematical problem, which takes an
extraordinary amount of computing power to solve. The first miner to solve the
problem gets a reward and then the verified transaction is stored on the
blockchain.

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 It is almost impossible to tamper with or change information with the help of

blockchain technology. In this technique any information is in the form of a block.
Each block mainly contains three types of information - the key information of the
block, the security key (HASH) of the previous block and the security key (HASH)
of that block.
 When a new block is added to the chain, the security key of its previous block gets
attached to that block. Thus by tampering with the information of a block, the
security key of that block is changed and that block is lost contact with the next
block in the chain. From which it can be detected that a particular block has been
tampered with.

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 Additionally, because the blockchain records are also stored in thousands of

different nodes present in the network. Therefore, it is not possible to alter the final
information by tampering with any one record. This decentralized system of record
keeping makes this technology extremely secure.
 Changing an information in a single record has no effect on that information until

more than half of the nodes present in the network accept that changed
information.
 The process for the construction of a new block is completed in an average of 10

minutes.
Types of Blockchain
1. Public Blockchain -
 It is a decentralized database that anyone can view. Apart from this, anyone can
act in the role of a node in this network with the help of the necessary resources.
This network is more secure.
2. Private Blockchain -
 It is a database of a particular company or organization. It is accessible only to the
authorized people. So, it is similar to a central database but its functionality is
different from a normal central database. In the private blockchain, a few selected
individuals act as nodes. Hence it is less secure than public blockchain. Apart
from this, due to the small network, the task of converting information into blocks
here is completed in less time than the public blockchain network.
3. Hybrid Blockchain
Importance of blockchain technology
 Secure from unauthorized changes and hacking (computing power, electricity)

 Reliable and transparent (public bookkeeping)
 Blockchain technology removes the need for a third party or central authority for
transactions.
 Decentralisation

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 Data security will be protected only by the desired information and not access to
complete information (eg Aadhaar-only birthday or Maternal or Father's name)
 Low maintenance cost
Applications of blockchain technology

 In crypto currency:- Bit Coin, Ethereum, Dogecoin
 Governance – land records
 Banking
 Insurance
 Food & supply
 Healthcare – health records
 Automobile industry

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IT Rules -2021
Intermediary Guidelines & Digital Media Ethics Code 2021
Social media Digital media OTT (Over the top)
Social Media
 Social media refers to the websites and applications that facilitates the sharing of
ideas, thoughts, and information through virtual networks (internet) and
communities.
 Appoint chief compliance officer – Resident of India. Responsible for ensuring

compliance with the act & rules.
 Appoint Nodal Contact Person – Resident of India. Responsible for 24*7

coordination with law enforcement agencies.
 Appoint Grievance Officer – Resident of India. Responsible for performing

functions of grievance redressal mechanism.

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 Fair opportunity to be heard – Give users a chance for explanation & fair
opportunity to be heard before removing access to their accounts.
 Online Safety & Dignity of Users – Remove or disable access within 24 hrs. of
complaint filed against violating individual privacy & dignity.
Digital Media
 Follow norms of ―journalistic conduct‖ of the ―press council of India‖

 Follow ―program code‖ under ―cable TV networks regulation act‖.
 3 Tier grievance redressal mechanism
OTT platforms
 Over-the-top (OTT) is a media service offered directly to viewers via the Internet.
OTT bypasses cable broadcast, and satellite television platforms.

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OTT
Self-Classify content into 5 age based categories & display this rating prominently.
 U/A (Universal)
 U/A 7+
 U/A 13+ parental lock
 U/A 16+ parental lock
 A (Adult) - Age Verification Mechanism
 3 Tier grievance redressal mechanism
3 Tier grievance redressal mechanism
Tier 1
OTT / Publisher Level -
Appoint grievance redressal officer & take a decision on every grievance received
within 15 days.
Tier 2
Self-regulatory body –
 Collectively established by OTTs / Publishers.
 Structure – 6 Members + 1 Chairperson (Retired SC / HC judge)
 Registration under Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.
 Function – Oversee the complaints not satisfactorily addressed by GRO within 15

days.
 Power – Censuring power on incriminating content.
Tier 3
Oversight Mechanism –
 Developed by MoIB;
 Establish an Interdepartmental committee for hearing grievances;
 Prepare a charter with codes of practices for self-regulating bodies.

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Emergency Powers
 In case of emergency nature –

 The Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting can give orders to block
content without giving an opportunity of hearing to the publishing platform.
Why these rules are needed ?
 Very Large user base on social media platforms (Whatsapp – 53 Crore, YouTube –
45 Crore, Facebook = 41 Crore, Instagram = 21 Crore, Twitter – 1.75 Crore).
 Online safety & dignity of users, especially women.
 Acknowledge & respect the right of every Indian to criticize & disagree as an
essential element of democracy.
Why govt. intervention is needed ?

 Mostly foreign based companies (Difference in values of Society, hidden agendas)
 Make nation‘s sovereign stance clear on matters of ethics & freedom of speech.
 Big tech will not go harsh on offensive speech/content because of their commercial
interest. It goes viral more rapidly, more data, more advertising revenue.
 State is guardian of public interest.
 Big Tech are Getting Powerful –
Government Big Tech
Commercial interests disguised as

Represent the will of
freedom of speech.
people
Large user base can revolt.

Government can take entire
Can start propaganda against that
platform offline in its
country globally.
country.

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Indian Scientists
 Achievements of Indians in Science and Technology in Ancient and medieval India
Baudhayana (800 BCE)

 Baudhayana was a mathematician who lived in ancient India around 800 BCE. His
major contributions include:
 He is considered the earliest author of Sulbasutras which was used for the accurate
construction of altars needed for Vedic sacrifices.
 He gave a near accurate value of Pi(π).
 He gave the theorem today known as ―Pythagoras theorem" before Pythagoras had
developed it.
 He also gave a near accurate value of the square root of 2 (577/408) which is correct
to 5 decimal places.
Kanada Sage
 Kanada, a philosopher estimated to have lived in India between the 6th century to
2nd century BCE. His name Kanada means atom eater.
 He was the first person to give the atomic theory. He gave the idea that Parmanu
(Atom) was an indestructible particle of matter which cannot be divided further.
Later on, Dalton made similar observations in Dalton's atomic theory.
Charaka (300 BCE)

 Charaka is considered the ―Father of Indian Medicine‖ who lived in around 300
BCE in India. His major contributions include:
 He was among the principal contributors to the ancient system of medicine
'Ayurveda' and wrote his medical treatise the 'Charak Samhita'.
 He is known for his works on metabolism and the fundamentals of genetics.
 He wrote about three doshas which the body contains i.e. Vata (movement), Pitta
(transformation) and Cough (lubrication and stability). Diseases occur when the
balance among these three doshas gets disturbed.

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Sushruta
 Sushruta was the author of ―Sushruta Samhita‖ an ancient Sanskrit text on
medicine and surgery.
 Sushruta invented surgical instruments and worked on the dissection of dead
bodies.
 Sushruta was aware of cataract operations.
 He is also known as the ―father of surgery‖ and ―father of plastic surgery‖.
Aryabhatta (476- 550 CE)

 Aryabhatta also was known as Aryabhatta 1 was the first major astronomer and
mathematician from the classical age of Indian astronomy and Indian mathematics.
 His major works include Aryabhatiya and Arya-Siddhanta.
 He calculated the orbits of planets, and scientifically explained the Solar and lunar
eclipses.
 He calculated the distance between Earth and Moon. He proposed that Earth
rotates on its axis.
 He gave the theory that the apparent motion of stars is due to the movement of
Earth.
 He calculated the circumference of the earth and proposed that the shape of Earth is
not flat.
 He worked on the place value system and zero as a symbol and concept.
Varahamihira (505– 587 CE)

 Varahamihira was born in the Avanthi region during the Gupta rule.
 He wrote the Pancha-siddhantika which summarizes 5 alias astronomical treatises
namely the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vashishtha
Siddhant and Paitamaha Siddhanta.
 He gave trigonometric formulas and improved the accuracy of sine tables of
Aryabhatta.
 He explained the shifting of equinoxes and the nature of the scattering of light.
 He was also the author of Brihat Samhita and Brihat Jataka.
 He gave theories on earthquakes and explained that how the termites may indicate
water underground.

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Brahmagupta (598 – 670 CE)

 Brahmagupta was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He was the first
person to give rules to compute with zero.
 He was the author of the ―Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta‖, a theoretical treatise on
mathematics and astronomy, and the ―Khaṇḍakhādyaka‖, which was a more
practical text.
 He worked on mathematics and astronomy and he is supposed to have invented
many astronomical instruments for his observations.
 He explained that the shape of the earth is spherical and worked on the calculation
of eclipses.
 He worked on methods for calculating the distance of the heavenly bodies.
Bhaskara 1 (600 – 680 CE)

 He was a mathematician who first wrote numbers in the Hindu decimal system
with a circle for zero.
 he was the follower of the Aryabhatta School of astronomy and was the author of
―Mahābhāskarīya‖ and the ―Laghubhāskarīya‖.
 He worked on many trigonometric formulas and give a rational approximation of
sine function.
Bhaskaracharya or Bhaskara II (1114- 1185)

 Bhaskaracharya was an Indian mathematician and astronomer born in Bijapur in
Karnataka.
 His main work includes ―Siddhanta Shiromani‖ which has four sections dealing
with Arithmetics, Algebra, Mathematics of planets, and Spheres.
 He worked on differential calculus and algebra.
Nobel Laureates of India in Science

 C.V. Raman:
 C.V. Raman was one of the most famous scientists in India. Raman's academic
brilliance was established at a very young age. He had a pioneering work on
scattering of light, C.V. Raman won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

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 He was the first Asian and first non-White to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences.
Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He was the first to
investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums
 He discovered that, when light traverses a transparent material, some of the
deflected light changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called the Raman
scattering and is the result of the Raman Effect.
Raman effect, change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is
deflected by molecules. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent
sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions
other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of
unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that
of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman effect.
Har Gobind Khorana:
 Har Gobind Khorana was an American molecular biologist of Indian origin. He was
awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the
genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
 Dr Khorana demonstrated how the genetic code determines all life processes by
directing the synthesis of all cell proteins finally unravelled the secret of the DNA
code of life.
 Dr Khorana received numerous awards and honors such as the Novel Prize for his
achievement. Distinguished Service Award, Watumull Foundation, Honolulu,
Hawaii, American academy of achievement awards, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
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Padma Vibhushan, Presidential Award, J C Bose Medal and Willard Gibbs medal of
the Chicago section of American Chemical Society.
 He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, as
well as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In
1971, he became a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and in 1974,
an Honorary Fellow of the Indian Chemical Society.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar:
 He was one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century. He did commendable
work in astrophysics, physics and applied mathematics.
 Chandrasekhar has bestowed the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 Physics for his
mathematical theory of black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him.
 He was the nephew of CV Raman. Chandra became a United States citizen in 1953.
Chandra was a popular teacher who guided over fifty students to their PhD
including some who went on to win the Nobel Prize themselves.
 His research explored nearly all branches of theoretical astrophysics and he
published ten books, each covering a different topic, including one on the
relationship between art and science.
 His most famous work concerns the radiation of energy from stars, particularly
white dwarf stars, which are the dying fragments of stars.

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By the early 1930s, scientists had concluded that, after converting all of their hydrogen
to helium, stars lose energy and contract under the influence of their own gravity.
These stars, known as white dwarf stars, contract to about the size of Earth, and the
electrons and nuclei of their constituent atoms are compressed to a state of extremely
high density. Chandrasekhar determined what is known as the Chandrasekhar limit—
that a star having a mass more than 1.44 times that of the Sun does not form a white
dwarf but instead continues to collapse, blows off its gaseous envelope in a supernova
explosion, and becomes a neutron star. An even more massive star continues to
collapse and becomes a black hole. These calculations contributed to the eventual
understanding of supernovas, neutron stars, and black holes. Chandrasekhar came up
with the idea for a limit on his voyage to England in 1930. However, his ideas met
strong opposition, particularly from English astronomer Arthur Eddington, and took
years to be generally accepted.
Venkataraman Ramakrishnan:
 Venkataraman, Indian born American is a senior scientist in the Structural Division
at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, in Cambridge,
England.
 He has worked in various fields of biology during the earlier part of his career. He
is internationally recognized for the determination of the atomic structure of the 30s
ribosomal subunit.
 Ramakrishnan received numerous awards such as he was elected a Member of the
European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 2002 and a Fellow of the
Royal Society (FRS) in 2003.

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 He was chosen a Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2004. In 2007,
Ramakrishnan has bestowed the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine and the Datta
Lectureship and Medal of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS).
 In 2008, he won the Heatley Medal of the British Biochemical Society. Since 2008, he
is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and a Foreign Fellow of the Indian
National Science Academy.
 In 2009, Ramakrishnan was honored with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with
Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath. He received India's second-highest civilian
honour, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2010.
 Ramakrishnan was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honors for services to Molecular
Biology. In the same year, he was awarded the Sir Hans Krebs Medal by the FEBS.
In 2013, he won the Spanish Jiménez-Diáz Prize.
Awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, along with American biophysicist and
biochemist Thomas Steitz and Israeli protein crystallographer Ada Yonath, for his
research into the atomic structure and function of cellular particles called ribosomes.
(Ribosomes are tiny particles made up of RNA and proteins that specialize in protein
synthesis and are found free or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum within cells.)

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Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology in the modern era
Prafulla Chandra Ray:

 He was a Famous academician and chemist, known for being the founder of Bengal
Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, India‘s first pharmaceutical company. In 1889,
Prafulla Chandra was chosen as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry in the
Presidency College, Kolkata.
 His publications on miraculous nitrite and its derivatives brought him recognition
from all over the world. His role as a teacher was significant as he inspired young
generation chemists in India to build up an Indian school of chemistry.
 Famous Indian scientists like Meghnad Saha and Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar were
among his students. Prafulla Chandra had contributed to developing industries in
India.
 He set up the first chemical factory in India, with very minimal resources, working
from his home. In 1901, this pioneering effort resulted in the formation of Bengal
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd.
Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya:

 He was a notable Indian engineer, scholar, statesman and the Diwan of Mysore
from 1912 to 1918. Sir M. Visvesvaraya was one of the most eminent engineers of
India.
 He maintained high principles and discipline in his life. He was best known for his
contribution as the chief architect behind the construction of the Krishna Raja
Sagara dam in Mandya which helped to convert the surrounding barren lands into
fertile grounds for farming.
 ^ Visvesvaraya was knighted as the Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
(KCIE) by the British for his contributions to society in 1915.
 He was a recipient of the Indian Republic's highest honour, the Bharat Ratna for his
persistent work in the fields of engineering and education. He was also awarded
several honorary doctoral degrees from eight universities in India.
 Sir M V suggested that India try to be at par with industrialized nations as he
believed that India can become developed through industries.
 He has the credit of inventing 'automatic sluice gates' and 'block irrigation systems'
which are still considered to be marvels in engineering. Each year, his birthday 15
September is celebrated as Engineer's Day in India.
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Jagdish Chandra Bose:

 Jagdish Chandra Bose was an eminent scientist. He developed the use of galena
crystals for making receivers, both for short-wavelength radio waves and for white
and ultraviolet light.
 In 1895, two years before Marconi's demonstration, Bose demonstrated wireless
communication using radio waves, using them to ring a bell remotely and to
explode some gunpowder.
 He invented many of the microwave components such as waveguides, horn
antennas, polarizers, dielectric lenses and prisms, and even semiconductor
detectors of electromagnetic radiation in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
 He also proposed the existence of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun, which
was confirmed in 1944. After that Bose focused his attention on response
phenomena in plants.
 He presented that not only animal but vegetable tissues produce similar electric
responses under different kinds of stimuli – mechanical, thermal, electrical and
chemical.

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Meghnad Saha:
 Meghnad Saha belonged to the District of Dacca, now in Bangladesh. In 1920,
Meghnad Saha had developed himself as renowned physicists of the time.
 Meghnad Saha has contributed in the arena of the thermal ionisation of elements,
and it led him to formulate what is known as the Saha Equation.
 This equation is one of the basic tools for the interpretation of the spectra of stars in
astrophysics. His theory of high-temperature ionization of elements and its
application to stellar atmospheres, as expressed by the Saha equation, is
fundamental to modern astrophysics; Subsequent development of his ideas has led
to increased knowledge of the pressure and temperature distributions of stellar
atmospheres.
 By studying the spectra of various stars, one can find their temperature and that,
using Saha's equation, determine the ionisation state of the various elements
making up the star. He also invented an instrument to measure the weight and
pressure of solar rays.
 He was also the chief architect of river planning in India. He prepared the original
plan for the Damodar Valley Project. He had a great role in the development of
scientific institutions throughout India as well as in national economic planning
involving technology.
Satyendra Nath Bose:

 Satyendra Nath Bose was an outstanding Indian physicist specializing in quantum
mechanics. He is of course most remembered for his excellent role played in the
class of particles 'bosons', which were named after him by Paul Dirac to
commemorate his work in the field.
 Basically, he is known for his work in Quantum Physics. He is famous for "Bose-
Einstein Theory" and a kind of particle in an atom that has been named after his
name Boson.
 Bose adapted a lecture at the University of Dhaka on the theory of radiation and the
ultraviolet catastrophe into a short article called "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis
of Light Quanta" and sent it to Albert Einstein.
 Einstein agreed with him, translated Bose's paper "Planck's Law and Hypothesis of
Light Quanta" into German, and had it published in Zeitschrift für Physik under
Bose's name, in 1924.

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 This formed the basis of the Bose-Einstein Statistics. In 1937, Rabindranath Tagore
dedicated his only book on science, Visva–Parichay, to Satyendra Nath Bose. The
Government of India awarded him India's second-highest civilian award, the
Padma Vibhushan in 1954.
Srinivasa Ramanujan:
 Srinivasa Ramanujan was a mathematician. He is extensively believed to be the
greatest mathematician of the 20th Century. Srinivasa Ramanujan made a major
contribution to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions,
continued fractions, and infinite series. His published and unpublished works have
kept some of the best mathematical brains in the world.
Vikram Sarabhai:
 Vikram Sarabhai was among the distinguished scientists of India. He is considered
the Father of the Indian space program. India‘s first satellite Aryabhata launched in
1975, was one of the many projects planned by him.
 Like Bhabha, Sarabhai wanted the practical application of science to reach the
common man. Therefore he saw a golden opportunity to harness space science to

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the development of the country in the fields of communication, meteorology,

remote sensing and education.
 The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) launched in 1975-76,
brought education to five million people in 2,400 Indian villages.
 In 1965, he established the Community Science Center in Ahmedabad to popularize
science among children. His profound cultural interests led him, along with his
wife Mrinalini Sarabhai, to establish Darpana Academy, an institution devoted to
performing arts and propagation of the ancient culture of India.
 Besides scientist, he had a combined quality as an innovator, industrialist and
visionary. He was awarded the Bhatnagar Memorial Award for Physics in 1962, the
Padma Bhushan in 1966, and was later awarded the Padma Vibhushan.
 He was the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1966, Vice-President
and Chairman of the UN Conference on peaceful uses of outer space in 1968, and
President of the 14th General Conference of the International Atomic Energy
Agency.
 The International Astronomical Union named a crater in the moon (in the Sea of
Serenity) after him, in honor of his marvellous role in science.
Dr Homi Jehangir Bhabha:

 He is considered the originator of the Indian Nuclear Research Program. India
accomplished nuclear capability due to the extreme efforts of Homi, thereby
avoiding certain conflicts simply through non-aggression treaties. This contribution
of Bhabha augments the status of India on the world stage.
 He had a brilliant persona with multi-faceted qualities. He was fond of music,
painting and writing. Some of his paintings are displayed in the British Art

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Galleries and the TIFR art collection today is rated as one of the best collections of
contemporary Indian art in the country.
 He is the recipient of Adam's Award, Padma Bhushan, an Honorary Fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and Foreign Associate of the National
Academy of Sciences in the United States.
APJ Abdul Kalam:

 Dr APJ Abdul Kalam is remembered as a great scientist, an inspirational leader
and an extraordinary human being. As a scientist, Kalam made an effort to develop
the Polar SLV and SLV-III projects between the 1970s and 1990s. Both of which
proved to be a success.
 In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, namely, Project Devil and Project
Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the
successful SLV program.
 Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
allocated secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary
powers under Kalam's directorship.
 Kalam played a vital role in convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true
nature of these classified aerospace projects. His research and educational
leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted
the government to initiate an advanced missile program under his directorship.
 Besides a distinguished scientist and engineer, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam served as the
11th President of India from the period 2002 to 2007.
 After post-presidency, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of
Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the
Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of

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Science, Bangalore, chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and

Technology Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna
University; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across
India.
 He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information
Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna
University.
 He played an intensive political and technological role when the Pokhran-II
nuclear tests were conducted. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator,
along with R. Chidambaram during the testing phase. Photos and snapshots of
him taken by the media elevated Kalam as the country's top nuclear scientist.
 He had a brilliant and dominant personality and he was a man of vision, who
always had novel ideas for the development of the country and is also popular as
the Missile Man of India.
Dr. Koti Harinarayana:

 He was a renowned genius scientist. It is recognized that the brain behind India's
first indigenously built combat aircraft. Tejas, which was the name given to the
aircraft, saw its first flight in 2001.
 India's first self-made light combat aircraft was built by HAL and developed by Dr
Koti.
 It was a result of the weakening value of the country's soon to be obsolete Mig-21
fighter jets and, true to its name, made our defense sector's future a lot more
healthy.

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 Mangalyaan, or Mars-Craft, this program by its own space research organization

has been praised as one of the most low cost but high functioning space missions to
date. With this scientific development, Indians can reach Mars orbit on their first
attempt.
The brain behind the operation is actually credited to 14 scientists of ISRO.
 India's first moon probe was efficaciously inserted into the lunar orbit in 2008 and
pushed India's space program into the world map, putting India side by side with
NASA and the European Space Agency.
 Chandrayaan's greatest achievement was the discovery of the extensive presence of
water molecules in the lunar soil.
Venkatraman Radhakrishnan:
 Venkatraman belonged to a suburb of Chennai. He was a globally distinguished
space scientist and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
 He was an internationally acclaimed Astrophysicist and also known for his design
and fabrication of ultralight aircraft and sailboats.
 His observations and theoretical insights helped the community in unraveling
many mysteries surrounding pulsars, interstellar clouds, galaxy structures and
various other celestial bodies.
Anil Kakodkar:
 Dr Anil Kakodkar is famous as a distinguished nuclear scientist in India.
 He holds the post of chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AECI) as
well as the Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy. He
received Padma Shri in 1998 and Padma Bhushan in 1999.
Abhas Mitra:
 He is a distinguished Indian astrophysicist and famous for his distinct views on
several front-line astrophysics concepts, particularly black holes and Big Bang
Cosmology.
 His research has received extensive attention, especially in India, which is reflected
by the fact that he is one of the most frequently mentioned Indian physicists on the
web.
 Mitra is associated with the `Himalayan Gamma-Ray Observatory', being set up at
Han Leh jointly by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bhabha Atomic
Research Center and Indian Institute of Astrophysics.
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 He is also an Adjunct Prof. at Homi Bhabha National Science Institute since 2010.
 Dr Mitra is also a member of the International Astronomical Union.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar:

 He is an Indian theoretical physicist. He is the Eberly Professor of Physics at
Pennsylvania State University and director of the Institute for Gravitational Physics
and Geometry. Ashtekar created variables and is one of the founders of loop
quantum gravity and its subfield loop quantum cosmology.
Aditi Pant:
 He is an eminent Indian oceanographer. She was part of the Indian expedition to
Antarctica in 1983 and became the first Indian woman to visit Antarctica (along
with Sudipta Sengupta).
 Dr. Aditi was awarded the Antarctica Award along with Dr. Jaya Naithani and Dr.
Kanwal Wilku by the Government of India for her outstanding contribution to the
Antarctic programme.
Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri:

 He was a renowned Indian physicist, noted for his research in general relativity and
cosmology.
 His most notable contribution is the eponymous Raychoudhary equation, which
shows that singularities inevitably arise in general relativity and is a major
component in the proof of the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorem.
Arvind Bhatnagar:
 He made significant contributions to solar astronomy and established many planets

throughout India. He was the founder-director of the Udaipur Solar Observatory
and the founder-director of the Nehru Planetarium in Bombay.
Arun N Netravali:
 He is an Indian-American computer engineer recognized for his significant
contributions to digital technology, including HDTV. Conducted fundamental
research in digital compression, signal processing and other areas.

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 Netravali was the ninth president of Bell Laboratories and has served as Lucent's
Chief Technology Officer and Chief Network Architect. Netravali was conferred
with many awards and honorary titles like IEEE Jack S.
 2001 Kilby Signal Processing Medal (with Thomas S. Huang), 2001 IEEE Frederick
Phillips Award, US National Medal of Technology, and Padma Bhushan from the
Government of India.
Anna Mani:
 She was popularly known as an Indian physicist and meteorologist. He held the
post of Deputy Director General of the Indian Meteorological Department.
 He made great contributions in the field of meteorological instrumentation. He did
research and published several papers on solar radiation, ozone and wind energy
measurements.
Birbal Sawhney:
 Birbal Sahni was a famous paleontologist from India, who studied the fossils of the
Indian subcontinent. Sahni is recognized for establishing the Birbal Sahni Institute
of Paleobotany at Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
 He was a pioneer in palaeobotanical research in India and was also a geologist who
took an interest in archaeology. He received many awards.
 He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (FRS), the highest British
scientific honour, in 1936, becoming the first Indian botanist to be awarded the
honour.
 He also received the Barclay Medal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal in the
same year. He was awarded the Nelson Wright Medal of the Numismatic Society of
India in 1945 and Sir C.R. Reddy was awarded the National Award.
Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar:

 Dr. Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar was a famous Indian scientist. In the early years of
his life, he was interested in science and engineering. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar,
along with Homi Bhabha, Prashant Chandra Mahalanobis, Vikram Sarabhai and
others, was a major contributor to the creation of science and technology
infrastructure and the formulation of India's science policies after independence.

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Komarvolu Chandrasekaran:
 He was from Andhra Pradesh. He completed his MA in Mathematics from
Presidency College, Chennai. and was a research scholar in the Department of
Mathematics, University of Madras during 1940–1943. In 1949, he was invited by
Homi Bhabha to join the mathematics school of the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research.
 With his illustrious quality as an organizer and administrator of science, he
transformed TIFR's fledgling School of Mathematics into a center of excellence
respected worldwide.
 He initiated a very successful program of recruitment and training of Research
Scholars at TIFR.
 The program continues today with the same principle that he laid down. He made
excellent use of his contacts with the world's leading mathematicians, encouraging
many of them to visit TIFR and deliver courses of lectures over a period of two
months or more.
 The lecture notes prepared from these lectures and published by TIFR have a great
reputation in the world mathematics community till date. He worked in the field of
number theory and summation.
 His mathematical achievements are of a high standard, but his contribution to
Indian mathematics has been even greater.
Raja Ramanna:
 Dr Raja Ramanna was a renowned physicist and nuclear scientist in India. He had a
multifaceted personality and played the roles of a technologist, nuclear physicist,
administrator, leader, musician, Sanskrit literature scholar, and philosophy
researcher.
 His interest was in Nuclear Physics and particularly attention to Atomic Research
and he became the head of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center at Trombay,
Bombay.
 Dr Ramanna held several important positions in the course of his scientific career.
These included the roles of Director in Babha Atomic Research Centre, Director-
General in the Defense Research and Development Program, Chairman in the
Atomic Energy Commission, Vice President in Indian National Science Academy,
and Director in the National Institute of Advanced Studies.

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 He also played a major role in setting up the Center for Advanced Technology at
Indore and Variable Energy Cyclotron Center at Kolkata. He was often referred to
as the 'Father of India's nuclear program.
 Raja Ramanna received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and
Technology in 1963, Padma Vibhushan in 1975, Padma Shri in 1968 and Padma
Bhushan in 1973. He was also appointed as the Union Minister of Defense in 1990.
People will remember him for his incredible contribution to nuclear physics.
Ganapathy Thanikaimoni:
 Ganapathi Thanikaimoni was a successful botanist in his time. He is remembered to
date for his extensive contribution to the field of palynology. His researches and
projects not only helped India to make its presence felt on the world stage of botany
but also promoted public relations between countries.
 Dr Ganapathi Thanikaimoni was not only involved in the study of pollen but also
made efforts to contribute to the wellbeing of society.
 Thani tried his best to educate government authorities to take proper care of
coastlines and to rehabilitate arid areas across India.
 It is well known that mangroves play a very important role in balancing the
ecosystem; Therefore Thani took steps to educate society and the government on
the necessity of mangroves.
 He was also one of the instigators in the UNESCO developed 'Asia and Pacific
Mangrove Project'. Ganapathy Thanikaimoni's contribution to the field of pollen
studies is immense and all his contribution is recorded in the book 'Palynology
Manual' that was printed after his death.
Harish-Chandra:
 Harish Chandra was a renowned Indian American mathematician and physicist
who contributed fundamental work in representation theory, especially harmonic
analysis on semisimple Lie groups.
 He was an eminent figure in the mathematics of the twentieth century.
 His prestigious work related to algebra, analysis, geometry, and group theory in a
fundamental and epoch-making manner consequently became the foundation on
which modern work in various fields, ranging from differential geometry and
mathematical physics to number theory, is being performed.

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 He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S. and a Fellow of
the Royal Society.
 Harish Chandra received many prestigious awards. He was honored with the Cole
Prize of the American Mathematical Society, in 1954.
 The Indian National Science Academy awarded him the Srinivasa Ramanujan
Medal in 1974. In 1981, he received an honorary degree from Yale University.
 The Indian Government named the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, an institute
devoted to Theoretical Physics and Mathematics.
G. N. Ramachandran:
 Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran is known as the best scientist of
the 20th century in India. The eminent work of G. N. Ramachandran is the
Ramachandran plot, which the scientist had conceived along with Viswanathan
Sasisekharan, to understand the structure of peptides.
 Ramachandran can be accredited for bringing together into the one field of
molecular biophysics the then disparate fields of X-ray crystallography, peptide
synthesis, NMR and other optical studies, and Physico-chemical experimentation.
 In 1970, he founded the Molecular Biophysics Unit at the Indian Institute of Science
which was later known as the Center of Advanced Study in Biophysics.
 Ramachandran was highly honored in India and abroad for his work. In
recognizing his work, most agencies in India privileged themselves and confer a
new lustre on the awards they instituted.
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis:

 He was a renowned Indian scientist and applied statistician. He is best recalled for
the Mahalanobis distance, a statistical measure. He made ground-breaking studies
in anthropometry in India.
 He founded the Indian Statistical Institute and contributed to the design of large-
scale sample surveys.
 He developed Economic census, population census, agricultural surveys and
various other large scale and in-depth samples and surveys that have been
esteemed around the globe.
 He received numerous prestigious awards that include Weldon Medal from Oxford
University (1944), Fellow of the Royal Society, London (1945), President of Indian

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Science Congress (1950), Fellow of the Econometric Society, U.S.A. (1951), Fellow of
the Pakistan Statistical Association (1952), Honorary Fellow of the Royal Statistical
Society, U.K. (1954), Sir Deviprasad Sarvadhikari Gold Medal (1957), Foreign
Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1958), Honorary Fellow of King's
College, Cambridge (1959), Fellow of the American Statistical Association (1961),
Durgaprasad Khaitan Gold Medal (1961), Padma Vibhushan (1968), Srinivasa
Ramanujam Gold Medal (1968).
 Mahalanobis became the Honorary President of the International Statistical Institute
in 1957 and was elected a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 1961.
Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao:

 Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao was a popular physicist of the 20th century in
India. His work in spectroscopy led to the development of Nuclear Quadrupole
Resonance in Physics.
 Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao is also famous for his long association with the
Andhra University in which he served as professor of Physics.
 Prof. Rangadhama Rao was one of the foundation members for the AP Akademi of
Sciences, nominated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1963.
 The Indian National Science Academy frequently conducts a Memorial Lecture
Award in honor of Prof. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao since its inception in 1979.
Salim Ali:
 Dr Salim Ali had a passion to study birds in detail. He was popular as an Indian
ornithologist and naturalist. He was referred to as ―Birdman of India.
 He became the eminent figure behind the Bombay Natural History Society after
1947 and used his personal influence to reap government support for the
organization and to create the Bharatpur bird sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park)
and avert the destruction of the Silent Valley National Park.
 He published a research paper discussing the nature and activities of the weaver
bird in 1930. The piece made him famous and established his name in the field of
ornithology.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Yellapragada Subbarao:
 He was one of the greatest biologists of all time. He discovered the function of
adenosine triphosphate as an energy source in the cell and developed methotrexate
for the treatment of cancer.
 Most of his career was spent in the United States. Despite A famous proverb quoted
by American author, Doron K. Antrim, Yellapragada Subbarao was one of those
rare people who made several significant contributions.
 Subbarao is also credited with the first synthesis of the chemical compounds folic
acid and methotrexate. Though SubbaRow could not be awarded Nobel Prize, his
discoveries entitled him to be called the father of targeted cancer chemotherapy.
Sam Pitroda:
 Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda is generally popular as Sam Pitroda is an eminent
figure. He is best known as a telecom engineer, inventor, entrepreneur and
policymaker.
 Pitroda founded the National Innovation Council (2010), and served as the Advisor
to the Prime Minister with the rank of a cabinet minister on Public Information
Infrastructure and Innovation, to help democratize information.
 Pitroda had played an immense role in developing India's foreign and domestic
telecommunications policies. He is considered a well-known technical professional
for the telecommunication revolution in India and specifically, the ubiquitous,
yellow-signed public call offices (PCO) that quickly brought cheap and easy
domestic and international public telephones all over the country.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
Suneet Singh Tuli:

 He is another great scientist of India who made an extraordinary contribution to
enhancing the position of India. Suneet Singh became popular with his innovative
product that has created a history.
 Suneet Singh Tuli as the CEO of the company launched the Aakash tablet computer
which has been labeled as the world's cheapest ever tablet computer.
 This tablet computer has been developed by a Canadian company named
Datawind. He empowered students with the Aakash Tablet. With this achievement,
millions of Indians are empowered with tablets to study and access the internet.
 It is the low-cost Aakash tablet that comes pre-loaded with huge amounts of
educational material. It is being distributed to students all over the country at
highly subsidised rates so as to give everyone an equal opportunity.
Vijay P. Bhatkar:
 Vijay Bhatkar is one of the most admired scientists and IT leaders of India. He
conceptualised India's first supercomputer known as the PARAM 800 and unveiled
it in 1991.
 PARAM stood for the parallel machine. Living up to its nomenclature of 'supreme',
this machine, built indigenously by the Center for Development of Advanced
Computing and ranked India second after the USA in the arena of supercomputing.
 He is credited with the creation of several national institutions, notably amongst
them being C-DAC, ER&DC, IIITM-K, I2IT, ETH Research Lab, MKCL and India
International Multiversity. Vijay Bhatkar is a recipient of the Padma Shri and
Padma Bhushan awards.
 He was also honored with the Ramanuja Trust Award (2007), FICCI Award (1983),
Petersburg Prize (2004), Priyadarshni Award (2000), National Research
Development Corporation (NRDC) Award (1984–85), Gold Medal Award of Indian
Geotechnical Society (1976) and Electronics Man of the Year (1992).
U.R. Rao:
 U. R. Rao is acclaimed as a space scientist. He was a former chairman of the Indian
Space Research Organization. He has developed the first satellite launched by India,
Aryabhatta.

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 It is the name given to the satellite which was an indigenously designed space-
worthy satellite that set up tracking and transmitting systems in the orbital sphere.
U.R. Rao, the chairman of ISRO at the time was the man behind the launch in 1975
that put India on the world map in terms of space research.
Subhash Mukhopadhyay:
 He is a renowned scientist born in Calcutta, India. He made a remarkable discovery
in medical science.
 He gave life to India's first and the world's second IVF baby. The 3rd of October
1978 saw Subhash performing India's first In vitro fertilization which resulted in the
birth of baby Durga.
 Tragically, Subhash was only given a posthumous recognition of his achievements
in 1986 as the West Bengal Government refused to support his 'unethical' methods.
Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao:
 Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao is an Indian-born, naturalized American,

mathematician and statistician. Dr Rao is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London,
and a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. He was awarded the
Padma Vibhushan in 2001.
 The C.R. Rao Award for Statistics was instituted in his honour, to be given once in
two years. In 2002, he was awarded the National Medal of Science of the U.S.A.
 He also received the Sardar Patel Lifetime Achievement Award (Sardar Ratna) of
the Sardar Patel Foundation India (2015), Guy Medal in Gold (2011) of the Royal
Statistical Society
Narinder Singh Kapany:
 He is credited for his contribution to science and acclaimed as a great scientist. He

had invented Fiber optics.
 The process to transfer information freely and almost promptly was made possible
by the original work of Narinder Kapany.
 His research and inventions have encompassed fibre-optics communications, lasers,
biomedical instrumentation, solar energy and pollution monitoring.

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 Fiber optics have transformed the way people communicate, offering high-speed
data transfers as well as helping in medical procedures such as endoscopy and laser
surgeries.
 He has a multifaceted personality.
 He also played a significant role as an entrepreneur and business executive. Dr
Kapany has specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of
technology and technology transfer.
 Kapany received numerous awards for his pioneering contribution in science that
includes 'The Excellence 2000 Award' from the USA Pan-Asian American Chamber
of Commerce in 1998 and the prestigious Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, which was
bestowed by the Indian government and presented by former Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee in 2004.
 In addition, Kapany holds over 100 patents and was a member of the National
Inventors Council.
Dr. A. Sivathanu Pillai:

 Sivathanu Pillai is an eminent Indian scientist. He supervised the conception of
indigenously developed missile systems. India's self-sustaining missile developing
program is called BrahMOS.
 Dr Pillai developed the concept of the joint venture BrahMOS, which makes India
one of the few countries to develop its own ballistic missiles as well as produce and
supply missiles in other key areas of the world. The start of BrahMOS led to the
negation of the absolute power held by Western countries.

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Achievements of Indian Scientists in recent time

Manjul Bhargava:
 Manjul Bhargava is the recent addition to the growing list of modern Indian
scientists who are making great contributions in the field of Mathematics. Bhargava
was recently awarded the Fields medal for his contribution to number theory. In
2015, Manjul Bhargava won the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in
India.
Shiva Ayyadurai:
 VA Shiva Ayyadurai invented the Email in 1979 as a high school student for the
interoffice mail system. Later on, he also came out with EMS, which included email
and other programs.
Ashoke Sen
 Ashoke Sen is one of the few elite scientists in the world who have made original
contributions to the subject of String Theory. He won the Fundamental Prize in
Physics in 2012 with total prize money of $3 Million. He was later awarded the
Padma Bhushan for his work in 2013.
Abhas Mitra
 Abhas Mitra is considered the foremost authority in India on subjects of big bang
and black holes. He is also one of the most cited Indian scientists in the world.

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 1

Science Technology Notes

The Notes Hub

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

 1991 – Japanese scientist Sumio Iijima developed carbon nanotube (CNT).

 1992 – Nano structured catalyst materials were developed (MCM-41, MCM-42)

 2000 – Nano technology based products were introduced in market.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Types of approaches in Nano Technology

TOP TO BOTTOM BOTTOM TO TOP

This technique is relatively easy This technique is relatively complicated

Less effective More effective

Pioneer scientist – Norio Taniguchi Pioneer scientist – Eric Drexler

Example – Nano practical, Nano powder Example – Nano Robots

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Applications of Nano Technology

3. Health & medical

4. Information & communication

Food & Agriculture

 To improve water holding capacity of soil.

 To absorb soil pollutants.

3. Nano Sensors : To indicate soil pollution or degradation

4. Nano Magnets : To extract soil pollutants

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

5. Nano tech will help in developing High yielding varieties (HYV).

7. Nano Catalyst : will be used in food processing.

8. Anti-fouling Nano coating : To prevent fouling and rottenness in food items.

2. Carbon Nano tubes : are used in

3. Nano Composites : are used in

 food packing industry

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

5. Nano silver anti-bacterial textile : odorless cloths

6. wrinkle free anti-stain textile

8. U.V. blocking textile

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

9. Self-cleaning surfaces (Super hydrophobic material, bioactive coating)

Health & medical

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Information & communication

2. Quantum LASER : It is more effective & accurate than normal laser.

3. Nano structured catalyst material : used in crude oil refining.

Use – Automobiles, Industries.

2. Nano Sensors :- These will indicate pollution level.

4. Nano Magnets : Used to extract air and water pollutants.

5. Nano Zeolite : used to absorb soil pollutants.

6. TiO2 Particles : are helpful in reducing air pollution.

Challenges/concerns related to nano tech

Challenges of nano technology

2. At atomic level of matter, changing in structure requires a lot of energy.

4. Highly trained and skilled human resource is required.

6. Gray goo : Self-replicating ability of nano bots can be dangerous.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Why nano technology is called future technology ?

NANO BIO INFO Revolution

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Nano mission of India

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Some Nano materials

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Carbon nano tube