MIST,Sathupally JAVA

Multithreaded programming
Introduction:-
Modern operating systems such as Windows 95 and windows XP may
recognize that they can execute several programs simultaneously.
This ability is known as multitasking. In system’s terminology, it is called
multithreading.
It is a conceptual programming paradigm where a program is divided into two
or more subprograms, which can be implemented at the same time in parallel.

Q) Explain the creation of a thread?

Creating a thread:-
 Creating the threads in java is simple.
 Threads are implemented in the form of objects that contain a method called
run( ) .
 The run( ) method is heart of any thread.
 The entire body of a thread and behavior is implemented in this method.
 The general form of a thread is as follows

public void run( )

{
Syntax:- …………..
Body of the thread;
……….
}
 The run( ) method should be invoked by an object of the concerned thread. This can
be achieved by creating the thread and running with the help of another thread
method called start( ).
 A new thread can be created in two ways.
1. By creating a thread class:- Define a class that extends thread class and override its
run( ) method.
2. Converting a class to a thread:- Define a class that implements runnable interface. The
runnable interface has only one method , run( ).

Q) Explain the extends of a thread class?

Extending the thread class:-
 Threads are extending by using the class java.lang.Thread. This gives us access to
all the thread methods directly.
 It includes the following things.
 Declare the class as extending the Thread class.
 Implements the run( ) method that is responsible for executing the thread.
 Create a thread object and call the start( ) method to initiate( starting) the
thread execution.

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 The general form extending the thread class is as follows.

class classname extends Thread
Syntax:- {
…………..
Body of the class;
……….
}

 For example
class bsc extends Thread
{
……………..
Body of the class;
…………….
}
Implementing the run( ) method:-

 The general form of run( )method is as follows.

public void run( 0

Syntax:- {
…….. body of the thread;
……..

}
Starting new thread:-
 To actually create and run an instance of our thread class, we must write the following
Classname threadname =new classname( );
Threadname.start( );

Example:- bsc thobj=new bsc( );

Thobj.start( );
 The first line creates a new object of class bsc.
 The thread is in a new born state.
 The second line calls the start( ) method causing the thread to move into runnable
state.
Q) Write a program for concept of thread classes
import java.lang.*;
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{

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for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
System.out.println("thread A"+i);
}
}
}
class B extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int j=0;j<4;j++)
{
System.out.println("Thread B"+j);
}
}
}
Out put
class c extends Thread Thread B 0
{ Thread A 0
public static void main(String args[]) Thread B 1
{ Thread A1
B obj=new B(); Thread B 2
A o=new A(); Thread A 2
obj.start(); Thread B 3
o.start(); Thread A 3
}
}

Q) Explain the stopping and blocking of a thread?

Stopping a thread:-
 Whenever we want to stop a thread from running further, we may do so by calling its
stop() method.

Syntax:- Threadname.stop( );

 For example
Athread.stop( );
 In the above example statement causes the thread to move to the dead state.
 A thread will also move to the dead state automatically when it reaches the end of its
method.
 The stop( ) method may be used when the premature death of a thread is desired.
Blocking a thread:-
 A thread can also be temporarily or blocked from entering into the runnable and
subsequently running state by using either of the following thread methods.

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 Sleep( ) /** blocked for a specified time */

 Suspend( ) /** blocked until further orders */
 Wait( ) /** blocked until certain condition occurs */
 These methods causes the thread to go into the blocked or not – runnable state.
 The thread will return to the runnable state when the specified time is elapsed in the
case of sleep( ), the resume( ) method is invoked in the case of suspend( ) and the
notify method is called in the case of wait( ).
Q) Write a program for concept of stopping and Blocking of a thread
import java.lang.*;
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
System.out.println("thread A"+i);
if(i==1)
try
{
sleep(15000);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Error");
}
}
}
}
class B extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int j=0;j<4;j++)
{
System.out.println("Thread B"+j);
}
}
}
Out put
class c extends Thread Thread B 0
{ Thread A 0
public static void main(String args[]) Thread B 1
{ Thread A1
B obj=new B(); Thread B 2
Thread B 3
Thread A2
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A o=new A();
obj.start();
o.start();
}
}
Q) Explain the lifecycle of a thread?
(or)
Explain the state transition diagram of a thread?
Life cycle of a thread:-
 During the life cycle of a thread, there are many states it can enter.
 The following are the states of a thread.
1. New born state 2. Runnable state 3. Running state 4. Blocked state
5.Deadstate.
 A thread is always in one of these five states.
 It can move from one state to another via a variety of ways.
New born

start stop

stop
Dead
Runnin Runnable
g
Yield

suspend resume
sleep notify stop

Ideal state
(not – runnable) Blocked
Fig: State transition diagram of a thread

New born state:-

 When we create a thread object, the thread is born and is said to be in new born state.
 The thread is not yet scheduled for running. At this state, we can do only one
of the following things.
 Scheduled it for running using start( ) method.
 Kill it using stop( ) method.

Newbor
n
state
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Runnabl Dead
e state
state
Fig:- scheduling a new born thread
Runnable state:-
 The runnable state means that the thread is ready for execution and is waiting
for the availability of the processor.
 That is the thread has joined the queue of threads that are waiting for
execution.
 If all threads have equal priority , then they are given time slots for execution
in round robin fashion.
 Round robin means first – come , first – serve manner. This process of
assigning time to threads is known as time – slicing.
 If we want a thread to control another thread to equal priority, we can use the
yield( ) method.

Running state:-
 Running means that the processor has given its time to the thread for its
execution.
 A running thread may be control in one of the following situations.
 It has been suspended using suspend( ) method , a suspend thread can be
retrieved by using the resume( ) method. This approach is useful when we
want to suspend a thread for some time.

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 It has been made to sleep. We can put a thread to sleep for a specified time using the
method sleep(time) , where time is in milliseconds. This means that the thread is out
of the execution for a specified time period.

 It has been told to wait until some event is occurs. This is done using the wait( )
method. The thread can be run again using the notify( ) method.

Blocked state:-
 A thread is said to be blocked when it is prevented from entering into the runnable
state and subsequently the running state.
 This happens when the thread is suspended, sleeping, or waiting in order to satisfy
certain requirements.
 A blocked thread is considered “not runnable” but not dead and therefore fully
qualified to run again.
Dead state:-
 Every thread has a life cycle.
 A running thread ends its life when it has complete the execution of its run( )
method. It is a natural death.

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 However, we can kill it by sending the stop message to it at any state thus
cause the premature death to it.
 A thread can be killed as soon it is born, or while it is running, or
runnable(blocked) states.

Q) Explain the priority of a thread?

Thread priority:-
 In java, each thread is assigned a priority, which effects the order in which it is
scheduled for running.
 The threads of the same priority are given by the java programmer and
therefore, they share the processor on a first – come ,first – serve manner.
 To set the priority of a thread using the setpriority( ) method.
 The general form of setpriority( ) is as follows

Syntax:- Threadname.setpriority(intnumber);

 In the above example intnumber is an integer value to which the thread’s priority
is set.
 The thread class defines several priority constants
MIN – PRIORITY =1
NORM – PRIORITY =5
MAX – PRIORITY =10
 The intnumber may assume one of these constants or any value between 1 and 10.
 The default setting is NORM – PRIORITY.
 For example, we may need to answer as quickly as possible. Whenever multiple
threads are ready for executions, the java system choose the highest priority thread
and executed it.
 For a thread of lower priority wait until the following things are happen.
 It stops running at the end of run( )
 It is made to sleep using the sleep( )
 It is told to wait using the wait( )
 Remember that the highest priority thread is always process(executes) first to any
lower priority thread.
Q) Write a program for using the concept of thread priority
import java.lang.*;
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
System.out.println("thread A"+i);
}

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}
}
class B extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int j=0;j<4;j++)
{
System.out.println("Thread B"+j);
}
}
}
Out put
class C extends Thread Thread C 0
{ Thread B 0
public void run() Thread A 0
{ Thread C 1
for(int k=0;k<4;k++) Thread B 1
{ Thread A1
System.out.println("Thread C"+k); Thread C 2
} Thread B 2
} Thread A 2
} Thread C 3
class D extends Thread Thread B 3
Thread A 3
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj=new B();
A o=new A();
C rr =new C();
rr.setPriority( 10);
obj.start();
o.start();
rr.start();
}
}

Managing Errors and Exceptions

Introduction:-
Rarely does a program run successfully at its very first attempt.
It is common to make mistakes while developing as well as typing a program.
A mistake might lead to an error causing to program to produce unexpected results.

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An error may produce an incorrect result (output) or terminate the execution of the
program.
Therefore important to detect and manage properly all the possible errors.
Q) Explain the types of errors?
Types of errors:- Errors are classified into two types. Those are
 Compile – time errors
 Run – time errors.
Compile – time errors:-
 All syntax errors will be detected and displayed by the java compiler and
therefore these errors are known as compile – time errors.
 It is also called as syntax errors.
 Whenever the compiler displays an error, it will not create the .class file.
 The following example program displays the compile time error.

Example:- class error

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“THIS IS JAVA CLASS”) /** missing
semicolon(;)*/
}
}
 The java compiler does a nice job of telling us where the errors are in the
program.
 For example we have missed the semicolon at the end of the print statement.
 The following message will be displayed in the command prompt.
Error1.java : 7: ‘ ; ‘ expected
System.out.println(“THIS IS JAVA CLASS”)

1 error

 We can now go to the appropriate line ,correct the error, and recompile the program.
 Sometimes a single error may be the source of multiple errors.
 Most of the compile – time errors are due to the typing mistakes.
 The most common problems are
 Missing the semicolons
 Missing double quotes in strings
 Misspellings of identifiers and keywords
 Use of undeclared variables
 Bad references to objects
 And so on

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Run – time errors:-

 A program may compile successfully creating the .class file but may not run properly.
 Such programs may produce the wrong results due to the wrong logic or may
terminate the due to errors such as stack overflow.
 Most common run – time errors are
 Dividing an integer by zero
 Accessing an element that is out of the bounds of an array
 Attempting to use the negative size of an array
 Trying to store a value into an array of an incompatible class type
 Converting the invalid string to a number
 Accessing a character that is out of bounds of a string
 And so on
 The following example program displays the run – time error.

Example:- class error

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10,b=5,c=5;
int x=a/(b – c ); /** division by zero*/
System.out.println(“the value of x is”+x);
int y=a/(b+c);
System.out.println(“the value of y is”+y);
}
}
 In the above example program syntactically correct and therefore does not
display any error during the compilation.
 However, while executing the program, it displays the following message and
stop without executing the further statements.

Java.lang.arithmeticException : by zero

At error . main(error.java10)

Q) Define Exception and Explain Exception handling mechanism?

Exception:- An exception is a condition that is caused by a run – time error in the program.
Java interpreter encounter an error, it creates an exception object and throws it.
 If the exception object is not catch and handled properly, the interpreter will
display an error message as shown in the output of the program and will
terminate the program.
Exception handling:- If we want the program to continue with the execution of the
remaining program code, then we should try to catch the exception object and display the

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appropriate message for taking the corrective action. This is known as exception
handling.
 The purpose of exception handling mechanism is to detect and report
errors, so that appropriate action can be taken.
 The mechanism of error handling code performs the following tasks.
 Find the problem (Hit the exception).
 Inform that an error has occurred (Throw the exception)
 Receive the error information (Catch the exception)
 Take corrective action (Handle the exception)
 The error handling code basically consists of two segments, one is to detect
errors and other to catch the exception.
 Some of the common exceptions are listed bellow

Exception type cause of exception

Arithmetic Exception Caused by the math errors such as division by zero

Array Index out of bounds Caused by bad array index

IOException Caused by general I/O failures

Out of memory exception Caused when there’s not enough space to allocate
A new object

Stack overflow Caused when the runs out of stack space

String Index Out of Bound Caused when a program attempts to access a

Exception Character that is out of bounds of a string

 The basic form of exception handling are throwing an exception and catching
it.
 The general form of exception handling is

Try Block
Syntax:- Exception object creator
Statements that
cause an exception
Throws exception
Object

Catch Block
Statements that
handle the
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Exception handler

Fig: Exception handling mechanism

 Java uses a keyword try to preface a block of code that is likely to cause an error
condition and “throw” an exception.
 A catch block defined by the keyword catch it catches the exceptions and handles it.
 The catch black is added immediately after the try block.
 The general form of exception handling is

try
{
Syntax:-
Statements; /** generates exception */
}
catch(Exception – type e)
{
Statements; /** process the exception */
}

 The try block can have one or more statements that could generate an exception.
 If any one statement generate an exception and the remaining statements are skipped
and execution jumps to the catch block.
 The catch block too can have one or more statements that are necessary to process the
execution.
 Every try statements should be followed by at least one catch statement.
Note:- The catch statement works like a method definition.
 The catch statement is reference to the exception object. If the catch parameter
matches with the type of exception object then the catch block statements are
executed.
 The following example illustrate the exception handling
Write a program for using the concept of exception handling mechanism
class ss
{
public static void main(String ss[])
{
int a=100,b=50,c=50;
int x,y;
try
{
x=a/(b-c);
System.out.println("x value is"+x);
}

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catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("division by zero");
Output of the above program
}
y=a/(b+c); Division by zero
System.out.println("y value is"+y); Y value is 1
}
}

Note:- In the exception handling mechanism program did not stop at the point of error
condition. It catches the error condition, prints the error message, and then continues
the execution of the remaining program.

Multiple catch statements:-

 It is possible to have more than one catch statements in the catch block.
 The general form is as follows

try
{
Syntax:- Statements; /** generates exception */
}
catch(Exception – type - 1 e)
{
Statements; /** process the exception 1 */
}
catch(Exception – type - 2 e)
{
Statements; /** process the exception 2 */
}
……….
……….
catch(Exception – type - n e)
{
Statements; /** process the exception -n */
}
 Java treats the multiple catch statements like in switch statements.
 Exception is generated by try block, if any one catch statements matches with
the exception object then that catch statement will be executed and the
remaining catch statements will skipped.
Write a program for using the concept of exception handling mechanism with multiple
catch statements
class ss
{
public static void main(String ss[])

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{
int a=100,b=50,c=50;
int x,y;
try
{
x=a/(b-c);
System.out.println("x value is"+x);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
Output of the above program
{
System.out.println("division by zero"); Division by zero
} Y value is 1
catch(ArrayStoreException e)
{
System.out.println(" Array error ");
}
y=a/(b+c);
System.out.println("y value is"+y);
}
}
Finally statement:-
 Java supports another statement known as finally statement that can be used to handle
an exception.
 If use the catch blocks and finally block in the same program, if any of the catch
block can not catch the exception, then the finally block is executed.
 Finally block can be used to handle any exception generated with a try
block.
 It may be added immediately after the try block or last catch block.
 The general form of finally block is as follows.

try
{
Statements; /** generates exception */
Syntax:- }
catch(Exception – type - 1 e)
{
try Statements; /** process the exception 1 */
{ }
Statements; /** generates exception */ catch(Exception – type - 2 e)
} {
(or)
finally Statements; /** process the exception 1 */
{ }
Stayements; /** process the exception */ ………..
} ………….
finally
{
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Statements; /** Ofthe
process CSEexception 2 */
}
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 When a finally block is defined, then that finally block is automatically execute either
exception is created or not.
Write a program for using the concept of exception handling mechanism with finally
statements
class ss
{
public static void main(String ss[])
{
int a=100,b=55,c=5;
int x,y;
try
{
x=a/(b-c);
System.out.println("x value is"+x);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
Output of the above program
{ X value is 2
System.out.println("division by zero"); Division by zero in finally block
} Y value is 1
finally
{
System.out.println("division by zero in finally block ");
}
y=a/(b+c);
System.out.println("y value is"+y);
}
}

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Applet Programming
Introduction:-
Applets are small java programs that are primarily used in internet
programming.
They can be transported over the internet from one computer to another and
run using the applet viewer or web browser that supports java.
It can perform the arithmetic operations, display the graphics, play sounds,
create animations and play the internet games.
Internet users retrieve and use the programs on the world wide network.
Java has enabled them to create and use fully interactive multimedia.
Applet:-
Applets are small java programs that are primarily used in internet
programming.

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They can be transported over the internet from one computer to another and
run using the applet viewer or web browser that supports java.
Applets are classified into two types
1. Local Applet
2. Remote Applet
Local applet:-
 An applet developed locally and stored in local system is known as a local applet.
 It does not need to use the internet connection.
 It simply searches the directories in the local system and loads the specified applet.
Remote applet:-
 A remote applet is that which is developed by someone else and stored on a
remote computer connected to the internet.
 If our system is connected to internet, we can download the remote applet onto
our system and run it.
Q) Explain the difference between applet and applications?
Difference between applet and applications:-
 Both applets and applications are java programs. They are significant difference
between them.
 Applets are not full – featured application programs. They are usually designed for
use on the internet.
 The main difference between applets and stand –alone applications is as follows.
 Applet do not use the main( ) method for initiating the execution of the code.
 Applets can not be run independently. They are run from inside a webpage
using a special feature known as HTML Tags.
 Applets cannot communicate with other servers on the network.
 Applets do not use the native methods (C or C++ style functions) but
applications use the native methods.
Preparing to Write an applet:-
 We have to create simple java application program with a single main
method that creates the objects.
 We will be creating applets exclusively and therefore we will need to know
 When to use applets
 How an applet works
 What are features of an applet
 Where to start and when we first create our own applets.
Q) Explain the lifecycle of an applet?
Applet lifecycle:-
 During the life cycle of an applet, there are many states it can enter.
 The following are the states of an applet.
1. Born (or) Initialized state
2. Running state
3. Idle state
4. Dead (or) Destroyed state.

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 An Applet is always in one of these states.

 It can move from one state to another via a variety of ways.

Begin Bor
(load applet) n

start( )
stop( )

Run
Display ning Idle
paint( ) start( )

destroy( )

destroyed End
Dea
d
Fig: State transition diagram of an Applet

Initialization (or) Born State:-

 This is achieved by calling the init( ) method of applet class.
 The applet is born. At this stage, we may do the following.
 Create the objects needed by the applet
 Setup the initial values
 Load the images or fonts
 Setup the colors
 The initialization occurs only once in the applet’s lifecycle.
 Applets behavior is mentioned in the init( ) method.
 The general form of init( ) method is

Syntax:- public void init( )

{
…….
……. (Action)
Body of init;
}

Running state:-
 Applets enter the running state when the system calls the start( ) method. This
occurs automatically after the applet is initialized.

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 Applet starting can also occurs if the applet is already in “stopped” state or Idle
state.
 The stat( ) method to create a thread to control the applet.
 The general form of start( ) method is

Syntax:- public void start( )

{
…….
……. (Action)
Body of start;
}

Idle state or stopped state:-

 An applet becomes an idle when it is stopped from running.
 Stopping occurs automatically when the applet execution is completed.
 We can also do so by calling the stop( ) method.
 The general form of start( ) method is
public void stop( )
Syntax:- {
…….
……. (Action)
Body of stop;
}

Dead state:-
 An applet is said to be dead when it is removed from the memory.
 This occurs automatically by invoking the destroy( ) method when we quit the
applet.
 Destroying state occurs only once in the applet lifecycle.
 The general form of destroy( ) method is

Syntax:- public void destroy( )

{
…….
……. (Action)
Body of destroy;
}
Display state:-
 Applet moves to the display state whenever it has to perform some output
operations.
 This happens immediately after the applet enters into the running state.
 The paint( ) method is used to accomplish to this task. Every applet will have a
paint( ) method.

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 The general form of paint method is as follows.

public void paint(Graphics g )

Syntax:- {
…….
……. (Action)
Body of paint;
}

Q) Explain the designing of a web page?

Designing a web page:-
 Java applets are resided on web page. In order to run a java applet, it is first
necessary to have a web page that references that applet.
 A web page is basically made up of text and HTML tags that can be interpreted
by a web browser or an applet viewer.
 A web page is also known as HTML page or HTML document.
 Web pages are stored using a file extension of .html such as appletname.html.
Such files are referred to as HTML files.
 HTML files should be stored in the same directory.
 Web pages is opening tag <HTML > and closing tag is </HTML>.
 Web page is divided into three major sections, those are
 Comment section
 Head section
 Body section
Comment section:-
 This section contains the comments about the web page.
 A comment tells us what is going on the web page.
 A comment line begins with <! And ends with > symbol.
 Comments are optional and can be included in any where in web page.
Head section:-
 The head section is defined with a starting <HEAD> tag and closing </HEAD>
tag.
 This section contains title for web page.
 Consider the following example

<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Welcome
</TITLE>
</HEAD>

 In the above example welcome is the title of web page

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 Head section is also an optional section.

<HTML>
</
………..
……….. Comment section
>

<HEAD>
Title Tag
</HEAD> Head section

<BODY>
Applet Tag Body section
</BODY>

Body section:-
 This section contains entire information about the web page and its behavior.
 In this section we can setup many options like as colour, sound, etc….
 Consider the following example

<BODY >
<CENTER>
<H1>
WELCOME
</H1>
</CENTER>
</BODY>

 The above example <CENTER > Tag show the output( WELCOME) at
screen center.
 <H1> Tag show the text to be largest size.
 <H2> to <H6> Tags are reduce the letters size in the text.

Q) Explain the APPLET TAG?

22 Dept Of CSE
 MIST,Sathupally JAVA

APPLET TAG :-
 Include the pair of <APPLET> and < /APPLET> Tags in body section.
 It supplies the name of the applet and tells the browser how much space to
an applet.
 Consider the following example of an applet tag

<APPLET
CODE = Hello.class
WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 200>
Tag Function
</ APPLET>

<HTML> ..…. </HTML> Beginning and end of a HTML file.

 In the above example display the area of an applet as 400 pixels width and
<HEAD>200
……..pixels height..
</HEAD> It includes the details of a web page
 In the above example discuss three things, those are

<TITLE> …….. </TITLE> Name of the the
Applet
text contains in title bar of webpage
 Width of the Applet

<BODY> ………</BODY> Height of theThis
Applet
Tag contains the body of an applet
In this section declares the <APPLET . Tag.
Q) Explain about the HTML Tags?
< H1> …………. </H1>
HTML Tags:- Header Tag. It is used to display the heading.
 HTML supports a large number<H1>ofcreates thecan
tags that large
befont.
usedHeader tags are
to control the used
stylein
and format of the web pages. between H1 to H6
 The important HTML Tags and their functions as shown bellow.
<H6> ………….. </H6> It creates the small font

<CENTER > ….. </CENTER> It display the Applet information in middle of the
web page

<APPLET> ……… </APPLET> This tags are used to give the user defined
parameters.

<B> …………… </B> It is used to display the text in Bold.

<BR> Line Break tag

<P> Para tag. This tag starts the next para.

<IMG > Image tag

<HR> it is used to draw the horizontal ruler.

<A> …</A> Anchor tag, it is used to hyperlinks.

<FONT> … </FONT> Font tag , it is used to change the font colour and
font size
23 Dept Of CSE
</ …….. > Comment tag