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Biology investigatory project class 12 [malaria]

1. 1. 2021-22 MOTHER TERESA SENIOR SECONDARY CO-ED SCHOOL TOPIC- MALARIA SUBMITTED BY- VINAYAK SONI CLASS- XII A
ROLL NO-
2. 2. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that VINAYAKSONI of class XII A has successfully completed the biology investigatory projecton the topic MALARIA
in the session 2021-2022 DATE EXAMINER SIGNATURE PRINCIPLE SIGNATURE
3. 3. INSTITUTION STAMP TEACHER INCHARGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my subjectteacher
MRS MINI MATHUR for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided for this projectwork. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by
taking me into her fold for which I shall remain indebted to her. I take this opportunity to express my deep senseof gratitude for her invaluable guidance,
constant
encouragement, constructivecomments, sympathetic attitude and immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this projectwork. I can’t
forgetto offer my sincerethanks to my classmates who helped me to carry out this projectwork successfully and for their valuable advice and support, which I
received fromthem time to time.
4. 4. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION KEY FACTS CAUSES TRANSMISSION PREVENTION TREATMENT WHO responses… CASE
STUDY CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY
5. 5. INTRODUCTION Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectiousdiseaseaffectinghumansandotheranimalscaused by parasiticsingle-celledmicroorganisms
belongingtothe Plasmodium group. Malaria causessymptoms thattypicallyincludefever, tiredness,vomiting,andheadaches. Inseverecasesitcan cause yellowskin,
seizures, coma,ordeath.Symptomsusuallybegintentofifteendaysafterbeing bittenbyan infectedmosquito. If notproperlytreated,people mayhave recurrencesof the
disease monthslater. Inthose whohave recentlysurvivedan infection,reinfectionusuallycausesmilder symptoms.Thispartial resistance
disappearsovermonthstoyearsif the personhasno continuing exposure tomalaria. The disease ismostcommonlytransmittedbyaninfectedfemale Anopheles
mosquito. The mosquito bite introducesthe parasites fromthe mosquito's salivaintoaperson's blood.The parasitestravel to the liverwhere theymature and
reproduce.Five speciesof Plasmodium caninfectandbe spreadby humans. Most deathsare causedby P. falciparum because P. vivax,P.ovale,andP. malariae
generally cause a milderformof malaria. The species P.knowlesirarelycausesdiseaseinhumans. Malariais typicallydiagnosedbythe microscopicexamination of
bloodusingbloodfilms,orwithantigen- basedrapiddiagnostictests.Methodsthatuse the polymerase chainreaction todetectthe parasite's DNA have
beendeveloped,butare notwidelyusedinareaswhere malariais commondue to theircost andcomplexity. KEYFACTS Malaria is transmitted when a mosquito
infected with the plasmodium parasite bites a person. The mosquito acts as a carrier of the plasmodium meaning when a mosquito bites a person infected with
malaria, there is a high chance that the parasite can be spread to a healthy individual when this mosquito bites that person. Did you know that malaria can be
caused by four variants of the same parasite? Malaria is especially dangerous for pregnant women as the parasite can pass into the mother’s womb and
infect the foetus as well. Once the foetus has been infected with malaria, it can lead to the baby being born with a low birth weight and may lead to death.
6. 6. CAUSES Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. There are many
different types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types cause malaria in humans. These are: Plasmodium falciparum – mainly found in Africa, it's the most
common type of malaria parasite and is responsible for most malaria deaths worldwide Plasmodium vivax – mainly found in Asia and South America, this
parasite causes milder symptoms than Plasmodium falciparum, but it can stay in the liver for up to 3 years, which can result in relapses Plasmodium ovale –
fairly uncommon and usually found in West Africa, it can remain in your liver for several years without producing symptoms Plasmodium malariae – this is
quite rare and usually only found in Africa. Plasmodium knowlesi – this is very rare and found in parts of southeast Asia.
7. 7. TRANSMISSiON The plasmodium parasite is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which are known as "night-biting" mosquitoes because they most
commonly bite between dusk and dawn. If a mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can also become infected and spread the parasite on to
other people. However, malaria can't be spread directly from person to person. Once you're bitten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the liver.
The infection develops in the liver before re-entering the bloodstream and invading the red blood cells. The parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells.
At regular intervals, the infected blood cells burst, releasing more parasites into the blood. Infected blood cells usually burst every 48- 72 hours. Each time
they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and sweating. Malaria can also be spread through blood transfusions and the sharing of needles, but this is very
rare.
8. 8. PREVENTION There's a significant risk of getting malaria if you travel to an affected area. It's very important you take precautions to prevent the disease.
Malaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention, which stands for: Awareness of risk – find out whether you're at risk of getting
malaria. Bite prevention – avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs, and using a mosquito net. Check whether you
need to take malaria prevention tablets – if you do, make sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. Diagnosis – seek
immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a year after you return from travelling. These are outlined in more detail below.
Being aware of the risks To check whether you need to take preventative malaria treatment for the countries you're visiting, see the Fit for Travel website.
It's also important to visit your GP or local travel clinic for malaria advice as soon as you know where you're going to be travelling. Even if you grew up in a
country where malaria is common, you still need to take precautions to protect yourself from infection if you're travelling to a risk area. Nobody has complete
immunity to malaria, and any level of natural protection you may have had is quickly lost when you move out of a risk area. Preventing bites It's not possible
to avoid mosquito bites completely, but the less you're bitten, the less likely you are to get malaria. To avoid being bitten: Stay somewhere that has effective
 air conditioning and screening on doors and windows. If this isn't possible, make sure doors and windows close properly. If you're not sleeping in an air-
conditioned room, sleep under an intact mosquito net that's been treated with insecticide.
9. 9. Use insect repellent on your skin and in sleeping environments. Remember to reapply it frequently. The most effective repellents contain
diethyltoluamide (DEET) and are available in sprays, roll-ons, sticks and creams. Wear light, loose-fitting trousers rather than shorts, and wear shirts with
long sleeves. This is particularly important during early evening and at night, when mosquitoes prefer to feed. There's no evidence to suggest homeopathic
remedies, electronic buzzers, vitamins B1 or B12, garlic, yeast extract spread (such as Marmite), tea tree oils or bath oils offer any protection against mosquito
bites. Antimalarial tablets There's currently no vaccine available that offers protection against malaria, so it's very important to take antimalarial medication to
reduce your chances of getting the disease. However, antimalarials only reduce your risk of infection by about 90%, so taking steps to avoid bites is also
important. When taking antimalarial medication: make sure you get the right antimalarial tablets before you go – check with your GP or pharmacist if you're
unsure follow the instructions included with your tablets carefully depending on the type you're taking, continue to take your tablets for up to 4 weeks
after returning from your trip to cover the incubation period of the disease Check with your GP to make sure you're prescribed a medication you can tolerate.
You may be more at risk from side effects if you: have HIV or AIDS have epilepsy or any type of seizure condition are depressed or have another
mental health condition have heart, liver or kidney problems take medicine, such as warfarin, to prevent blood clots use combined hormonal
contraception, such as the contraceptive pillor contraceptive patches If you've taken antimalarial medication in the past, don't assume it's suitable for future
trips. The antimalarial you need to take depends on which strain of malaria is carried by the mosquitoes and whether they're resistant to certain types of
antimalarial medication. In the UK, chloroquine and proguanil can be bought over-the-counter from local pharmacies. However, you should seek medical
advice before buying it as it's rarely recommended nowadays. For all other antimalarial tablets, you'll need a prescription from your GP. Read more about
antimalarial medication, including the main types and when to take them.
10. 10. TREATMENT Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications; the ones used depends on the type and severity of the disease. While medications
against fever are commonly used, their effects on outcomes are not clear. Simple or uncomplicated malaria may be treated with oral medications. The most
effective treatment for P. falciparum infection is the use of artemisinins in combination with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-combination therapy,
or ACT), which decreases resistance to any single drug component. These additional antimalarials include: amodiaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine or
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[94] Another recommended combination is dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine. ACT is about 90% effective when used to treat
uncomplicated malaria. To treat malaria during pregnancy, the WHO recommends the use of quinine plus clindamycin early in the pregnancy (1st trimester),
and ACT in later stages (2nd and 3rd trimesters). In the 2000s (decade), malaria with partial resistance to artemisins emerged in Southeast Asia. Infection with
P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae usually do not require hospitalization. Treatment of P. vivax requires both treatment of blood stages (with chloroquine or
ACT) and clearance of liver forms with primaquine. Treatment with tafenoquine prevents relapses after confirmed P. vivax malaria. Severe and complicated
malaria are almost always caused by infection with P. falciparum. The other species usually cause only febrile disease. Severe and complicated malaria are
medical
emergencies since mortality rates are high (10% to 50%). Cerebral malaria is the form of severe and complicated malaria with the worst neurological
symptoms. Recommended treatment for severe malaria is the intravenous use of antimalarial drugs. For severe malaria, parenteral artesunate was superior to
quinine in both children and adults. In another systematic review, artemisinin derivatives (artemether and arteether) were as efficacious as quinine in the
treatment of cerebral malaria in children. Treatment of severe malaria involves supportive measures that are best done in a critical care unit. This includes the
management of high fevers and the seizures that may result from it. It also includes monitoring for poor breathing effort, low blood sugar, and low blood
potassium.
11. 11. WHOresponse… The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 – adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 – provides a
technical framework for all malaria-endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support regional and country programmes as they work towards malaria
control and elimination. The Strategy sets ambitious but achievable global targets, including: Reducing malaria case incidence by at least 90% by 2030.
Reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90% by 2030. Eliminating malaria in at least 35 countries by 2030. Preventing a resurgence of malaria in all
countries that are malaria-free. This Strategy was the result of an extensive consultative process that spanned 2 years and involved the participation of more
than 400 technical experts from 70 Member States. It is based on 3 key pillars. ensuring universal access to malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment;
accelerating efforts towards elimination and attainment of malaria-free status; and Transforming malaria surveillance into a core intervention. The WHO
Global Malaria Programme (GMP) coordinates WHO's global efforts to control and eliminate malaria by: setting, communicating and promoting the
adoption of evidence-based norms, standards, policies, technical strategies, and guidelines; keeping independent score of global progress; developing
approaches for capacity building, systems strengthening, and surveillance; and Identifying threats to malaria control and elimination as well as new areas
for action. GMP is supported and advised by the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC), a group of 15 global malaria experts appointed following
an
open nomination process. The MPAC, which meets twice yearly, provides independent advice to WHO to develop policy recommendations for the control
and elimination of malaria. The mandate of MPAC is to provide strategic advice and technical input, and extends to all aspects of malaria control and
elimination, as part of a transparent, responsive and credible policy setting process.
12. 12. Conclusion Malaria is an enormous global disease burden, and its eradication is an ambitious goal. The disease, caused by mosquito-borne parasites, is
present in 102 countries and is responsible for over 100 million clinical cases and 1 to 2 million deaths each year. Over the past two decades, efforts to control
malaria have met with less and less success.
13. 13. CASESTUDY Clinical Case Study 1: Fever 6 months after a visit to Pakistan A 44-year-old man is seen at a physician’s office in the United States,
during a week- end, for suspected malaria. The patient was born in Pakistan but has lived in the United States for the past 12 years. He travels frequently back
to Pakistan to visit friends and relatives. His last visit there was for two months, returning 11 months before the current episode. He did not take malaria
prophylaxis then. Five weeks ago, he was diagnosed with malaria and treated at a local hospital. The blood smear at that time was reported by the hospital as
positive for malaria, species undetermined. He was then treated with 2 days of IV fluids (nature unknown) and tablets (nature unknown), and recovered. The
patient now presents with a history of low grade fever for the past few days, with no other symptoms. A blood smear is taken and examined at a hospital
laboratory by the technician (no pathologist is available on this week-end). Through a telephone discussion, the technician states that she sees 4 parasites per
1000 red blood cells, with rings, “other forms with up to four nuclei,” and that some of the infected red blood cells are enlarged and deformed.
14. 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY I am able to make this project and collect the information from the following resources: NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK CLASS
XII OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER: MRS. MINI MATHUR http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria KIMS BHUBANESWAR

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