Pregnancy & Lactation

Clinical Pharmacy Department

Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
 Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
The duration of exposure to teratogens during pregnancy is associated with

medications administered between the 3rd and 11th weeks of pregnancy.

Factors affecting teratogenesis;

Applied dose

Duration of treatment

The mechanism by which the drug affects the development

The rate at which the drug crosses the placenta

 Drugs in pregnancy & lactation

Lifestyle modifications and pregnancy

Pregnant mothers should receive advice on lifestyle modifications to decrease risks to

the fetus.

They should consider alcohol and caffeine consumption, smoking and diet.
 Drugs
Alcohol and caffeine in pregnancy & lactation

Alcohol consumption, particularly regular intake, is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
that causes brain damage and growth problems.

A safe level of alcohol consumption is not known.***

Pregnant women should be advised to avoid alcohol consumption.

Caffeine has stimulant effects so ıt should be moderate and possibly limited to not more than
three cups of coffee a day.
 Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
The effects of smoking on the fetus include:

• Decreased heart rate

• Increased blood viscosity

• Reduced breathing

• Reduced movements.
 Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
Long-term effects of smoking in children:

• Impaired physical growth

• Impaired mental growth

• Increased risk of childhood cancer

• Increased frequency of bronchitis and pneumonia

• Increased incidence of infant respiratory distress

 Drugs in pregnancy & lactation

FDA Category Ratings of Drugs During Pregnancy

A category: Controlled studies in humans show no risk to the fetus

B category: No controlled studies have been conducted in human ,

Animal studies show no risk to the fetus

C category: Animal studies show risk to the fetus,

Insufficient human studies
 Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
FDA Category Ratings of Drugs During Pregnancy

D category: Human studies, with/without animal studies show fetal

risk

X category: Contraindicated in pregnancy

Risk outweighs benefit
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation

Cleft lip is birth defects that occur

when a baby’s lip or mouth do not
form properly during pregnancy.

A cleft lip is thought to be caused by a

combination of genes and other factors, such as
what the mother eats or drinks, or certain
medications she uses during pregnancy.
 Drugs in pregnancy & lactation

Teratogenic Drugs
***TERATOWA***

THALIDOMIDE
ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUGS
RETINOID (VITAMIN A).
ACEi ARB
THIRD ELEMENT (LITHIUM)
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
WARFARIN
ALCOHOL
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
Drugs in pregnancy & lactation
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