120 Chapter 4 EXAMPLE 43, Pavement Design The final point to be covered with regard to pavement design relates to the case where there are multiple lanes of a highway (such as an interstate) in one direction, Because traffic tends to be distributed among the lanes, in some instances the pavement can be designed using a fraction of the total directional Mis. However, ‘because traffic tends to concentrate in the right lane (particularly heavy vehicles), this fraction is not as simple as dividing Wis by the number of lanes. In equation form, design-lane Wig = PDL x directional Wis (45) where Wy, = 18-kip-equivatent single-axle load (ESAL) and PDL = proportion of directional ix assumed to be in the design lane. AASHTO-recommended values for PDL are given in Table 4.10. ‘AS an example, suppose the computed directional Wis is an 18-kip ESAL of 10,000,000 and there are three lanes in the direction of travel. If the highway is conservatively designed, Table 4.10 shows that 80% of the axle loads can be assumed to be in the design lane (PDL = 0.8). So the design Wy would be 8,000,000 (0.8 x 10,000,000), and this value would be used in the equations and nomographs. This design procedure applies to both flexible and rigid pavements. Table 4.10 Proportion of Directional jg Assumed to Be in the Design Lane Proportion of directional is Number of directional lanes in the design lane (PDL) 1 1.00) 2 0.80-1.00 3 0.60-0.80 4 050-075 RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN—SLAB THICKNESS DETERMINATION A rigid pavement is to be designed to provide a service life of 20 years and has an initial PSI of 4.4 and a TSI of 2.5. The modulus of subgrade reaction is determined to be 300 Ib/in’. For design, the daily car, pickup truck, and light van traffic is 20,000; and the daily truck traffic consists of 200 passes of single-unit trucks with single and tandem axles, and 410 passes of tractor semi-trailer trucks with single, tandem, and triple axles. The axle weights are cars, pickups, light vans ‘two 2000-b single axles single-unit trucks 10,000-1b steering, single axle 22,000-Ib drive, tandem axleSOLUTION 46 Traditional AASHTO Rigid-Pavement Design Procedure 121 tractor semi-trailer trucks 12,000-1 steering, single axle = 18,000-tb drive, tandem axle 50,000-Ib trailer, triple axle Reliability is 95%, the overall standard deviation is 0.45, the concrete’s modulus of elasticity is 4.5 million Tbfin’, the conerete’s modulus of rupture is 900 Tbvin’, the load transfer coefficient is 3.2, and the drainage coefficient is 1.0. Determine the required slab thickness. Because the axle-load equivalency factors presented in Tables 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8 are a function of the slab thickness (DD), we have to assume a D value to start the problem (later ‘we will arrive at a slab thickness and check to make sure that itis consistent with our assumed value). A typical assumption is to let D = 10 inches. Given this, the 18-kip~ equivalent single-axle load (18-kip ESAL) for cars, pickups, and light vans is 2-kip single-axle equivalent = 0.0002 (Table 4.6) This gives an 18-kip ESAL total of 0.0004 for each vehicle. For single-unit trucks, ai sing! 10-kip single-axle equivalent = 0.081 (Table 4.6) 22-kip tandem-axle equivalent = 0.305 (Table 4.7) ‘This gives an 18-kip ESAL total of 0.386 for single-unit trucks. For tractor semi-tailer trucks, 124 ip single-axle equivalent = 0.175 (Table 4.6) 18+kip tandem-axle equivalent = 0.132 (Table 4.7) 0-kip triple-axle equivalent = 3.020 (Table 4.8) This gives an 18-kip ESAL total of 3.327 for tractor semi-traler trucks. Given the computed 18-kip ESAL, the daly traffic on this highway produces an 18-kip ESAL total of 1449.27 (0.0004 x 20,000 + 0,386 x 200 ++ 3.327 x 410). Traffic (cotal axle accumulations) over the 20-year design period will be 1449.27 x 365 x 20= 10,579,671 18-kip ESAL With an initial PSI of 44 and a TSI of 2.5, APSI = 1.9. Solving Bq, 4.4 for D (using an equation solver on a calculator or computer) with Zp = ~1.645 (which corresponds to R= 95%, as shown in Table 4.4) gives D = 9.21 inches. (Figs. 4.7 and 4.8 can also be used to arrive at an approximate solution for D.) Note that this value differs from the slab thickness assumed to derive the axle-load equivalency factors. Recomputing the axle-load equivalency factors with D = 9 inches (for Tables 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8) for cars, pickups, and light vans gives 2-kip single-axle equivalent = 0.0002 (Table 4.6) ‘This gives an 18-kip ESAL total of 0.0004 (same as before) for each vehicle, For single- unit trucks,122 Chapter 4 EXAMPLE 4.4 SOLUTION Pavement Design 10-kip single-exle equivalent = 0.082 (Table 4.6) 22-kip tandem-axle equivalent = 0,308 (Table 4.7) This gives an 18-kip ESAL total of 0.390 (up from 0.386) for single-unit trucks. For tractor semi-trailer trucks, 12-kip single-axle equivalent = 0.176 (Table 4.6) 18-kip tandem-axle equivalent = 0.133 (Table 4.7) 50-kip triple-axle equivalent = 2.940 (Table 4.8) ‘This gives an 18-kip ESAL total of 3.249 (down from 3.327) for tractor semi-traler trucks. Given the computed I8-kip ESAL, the daily traffic on this highway produces an 18-kip ESAL of 1418.09 (0.0004 x 20,000 + 0.390 x 200 + 3.249 x 410). Traffic (total axle accumulations) over the 20-year design period will be 1418.09 x 365 x 20 = 10,352,057 18-kip ESAL Again, solving Eq, 4.4 for D gives D = 9.17 inches. (Figs. 4.7 and 4.8 ean also be used to arrive at an approximate solution for D.) This is very close to the assumed D = 9.0 inches and is only a minor change from the 9.21 inches previously obtained, To be conservative, ‘we would round up to the nearest 0.5 inch and make the slab 9.5 inches, RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN WITH TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION BY LANI In 1996, «rigid pavement on a northbound section of interstate highway was designed with a 12-inch PCC slab, an £, of 6 x 10° Ib/in’, a concrete modulus of rupture of 800 Ib/in’, load transfer coefficient of 3.0, an initial PSI of 4.5, and a terminal serviceability index of 2.5. The overall standard deviation was 0.45, the modulus of subgrade reaction was 190 Ibiin’, and a reliability of 95% was used along with a drainage coefficient of 1.0. The pavement was designed for a 20-year life, and traffic was assumed to be composed entirely of tractor semi-traler trucks with one 16-kip single axle, one 20-kip single axle, and one 35-kip tandem axle (the effect of all other vehicles was ignored), The interstate has four northbound lanes and was conservatively designed, How many tractor semi-trailer trucks, per day, were assumed to be traveling in the northbound direction? Given thatthe slab thickness D is 12 inches, forthe tractor semi-trailer trucks we have 16-kip single-axle equivalent = 0.599 (Table 4.6) 20ckip single-axle equivalent = 1.590 (Table 4.6) 35-kip tandem-axle equivalent = 2.245 (Table 4.7) Note that the value of 2.245 for the 35,000-Ib tandem-axle linear interpolation uses 34-kip and 36-kip values [(1.97 + 2.52)/2]. Summing these axle equivalents gives 4.434 18-kip ESAL per truck, ‘With an initial PSI of 4.5 and a TSI of 2.5, APSI 2.0. Solving Eq. 4.4 for Wx with