Shear Centre

Shear Flow and Shear
Centre
Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 1 | MOS-II
Shear Centre Concept

In Unsymmetrical bending, bending stresses were determined
in the beams under a variety of special conditions. For
instance, symmetrical beams with inclined loads,
unsymmetrical beams with or without inclined loads.
However, transverse loads acting on a beam produce shear
forces as well as bending moments. If the applied loads act
in a plane of symmetry, shear stresses can be determined
using shear formula.
1
Determination of shear stresses in beams, when the loads act
in a plane that is not a plane of symmetry will be discussed
here.
It will be shown that if the loads do not act in the plane of
symmetry, the loads must be applied at a particular point
within or outside the cross section, called the shear centre, if
the beam is to bend without twisting.

In order to understand the concept of shear centre, consider a
cantilever beam of cross section having one axis of symmetry a
shown in figure below. If the beam is loaded by a transverse
force 𝑉𝑦 at its end, the beam will bend and twist as well.
𝑉𝑦
2
With different applications points for load 𝑉𝑦 , the twist changes
in magnitude and sign as shown in figure below. Clearly, there
is some line of action of 𝑉𝑦 , parallel to 𝑦 axis that will produce
no twist. This line of action of 𝑉𝑦 will coincide with the axis of
symmetry as for this cross section 𝑦 axis is the axis of
symmetry.

Notice how this cantilever beam deflects when loaded through
the centroid (left) and through the shear center (right).
3
If a vertical load 𝑉𝑧 is applied, a corresponding line of action
parallel to 𝑧 axis can be determined for zero or no twist. The
two line of actions of 𝑉𝑦 and 𝑉𝑧 will intersect at a point. This
point is referred as shear centre or centre of flexure.
𝑧
𝑉𝑧
𝑉𝑦 𝑦
𝑒

The shear centre (like the centroid)
lies on any axis of symmetry, and
therefore the shear centre 𝑆 and the
centroid 𝐶 coincide for a doubly
symmetric cross section as shown in
figure. A load P acting through the
centroid produces bending about the
𝑦 and 𝑧 axes without torsion.
4
If a beam has a singly symmetric cross
section, both the centroid and the
shear centre lie on the axis of
symmetry, but the precise location on
that axis may not be easy to determine.
If a beam has an unsymmetric cross
section, locating the shear centre is
much more difficult.

Beams of thin-walled open cross sections, such as wide-flange
beams, channels, angles, T-beams, and Z-sections, are a special
case. Not only are they in common use for structural purposes,
they also are very weak in torsion. Consequently, it is
especially important to locate their shear centres. Cross sections
of this type will be discussed in following slides.
First it will be discussed how to find the shear stresses in such
beams, and then how to locate their shear centres.
5
Shear flow in thin-walled open
sections
Distribution of shear stresses in rectangular beams, circular
beams, and in the webs of beams with flanges can be
𝑉𝑄
calculated using the shear stress formula 𝜏 = 𝐼𝑡 ,
Where,
𝜏 = shear stress
𝑉 = internal resultant shear force
𝑄 =𝑦ത ′ 𝐴
𝐼 = moment of inertia
𝑡 = width of member cross sectional area

sections
Distribution of shear stresses in a special class of beams
known as beams of thin-walled open cross section will be
considered here. Beams of this type are distinguished by two
features: (1) The wall thickness is small compared to the
height and width of the cross section, and (2) the cross
section is open.
Examples of such beams is shown in figure below:
6
sections
Distribution of the shear stresses in thin-walled beams of
open cross section can be determined by using the same
techniques used when deriving the shear formula.
Shear stresses are directed along the centreline of the cross

section and act parallel to the edges of the section.
Furthermore, it is assumed that these stresses have constant
intensity across the thickness 𝑡 of the wall, which is a valid
assumption when the thickness is small. (Note that the wall
thickness need not be constant but may vary as a function of
the distance 𝑠.)

sections
Shear flow is a measure of the force per unit length along the
axis of a beam at any point in the cross section, and is equal to
the product of the shear stress and the thickness at that point.
𝑉𝑄 𝑉𝑄
𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡 = 𝑡=
𝐼𝑡 𝐼
𝑞 = shear flow
𝑉 = internal resultant shear force
𝑄 =𝑦ത ′ 𝐴
𝐼 = moment of inertia
7
sections
Since 𝑉 and 𝐼 are constant, shear flow is directly proportional
to 𝑄. At the top and bottom edges of the cross section, 𝑄 is
zero and hence the shear flow is also zero.
The shear flow varies continuously between these end points

and reaches its maximum value where 𝑄 is maximum, which
is at the neutral axis.

sections
If the beam is bent by loads that act parallel to the 𝑦 axis and
through the shear centre. Then the beam will bend in the 𝑥𝑦
plane and the 𝑧 axis will be the neutral axis. Shear stresses
and shear flow are calculated as follows:
𝑉𝑦 𝑄𝑧
𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡 =
𝐼𝑧
8
sections
If the beam is bent by loads that act parallel to the 𝑧 axis and
through the shear centre. Then the beam will bend in the 𝑥𝑧
plane and the 𝑦 axis will be the neutral axis. Shear stresses
and shear flow are calculated as follows:
𝑉𝑧 𝑄𝑦
𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡 =
𝐼𝑦
Shear stresses in wide-flanged

beams
Consider the wide-flange beam
shown in figure. The beam is
loaded by a force P acting in the
plane of the web, that is,
through the shear center, which
coincides with the centroid of
the cross section.
9
beams
The cross-sectional dimensions
are shown in figure, where 𝑏 is
the flange width, ℎ is the
height between centrelines of
the flanges, 𝑡𝑓 is the flange
thickness, and 𝑡𝑤 is the web
thickness.

beams
First consider the shear stresses at
section 𝑏𝑏 in the right-hand part of
the upper flange. Since the distance
𝑠 has its origin at the edge of the
section (point 𝑎 ), the cross-
sectional area between point 𝑎 and
section 𝑏𝑏 is 𝑠𝑡𝑓 .
10
beams
Also, the distance from the centroid of
this area to the neutral axis is ℎ/2, and
therefore its first moment 𝑄𝑧 is equal to
𝑠𝑡𝑓 × ℎ/2.
Thus, the shear stress τ𝑓 in the flange at

section 𝑏𝑏 from shear formula is
𝑉𝑦 𝑄𝑧 𝑃 𝑠𝑡𝑓 ℎ/2 𝑃𝑠ℎ
𝜏𝑓 = = =
𝐼𝑧 𝑡 𝐼𝑧 𝑡𝑓 2𝐼𝑧

beams
The direction of this stress can be
determined by examining the forces acting
on element A, which is cut out of the
flange between point 𝑎 and section 𝑏𝑏
(refer previous figures).
The element is drawn to a larger scale in

figure in order to show clearly the forces
and stresses acting on it.
11
beams
The shear stresses throughout the
right-hand part of the flange are
horizontal, act to the left, and have
𝑃𝑠ℎ
a magnitude equal to . It can be
2𝐼𝑧
seen from that equation, the shear

stresses increase linearly with the
distance 𝑠 as shown in figure.

beams
The stresses vary from zero at point 𝑎 (where 𝑠 = 0 ) to a
maximum value 𝜏1 at 𝑠 = 𝑏/2:
𝑃𝑏ℎ
𝜏1 =
4𝐼𝑧
The corresponding shear flow is
𝑃𝑏ℎ𝑡𝑓
𝑓1 = 𝜏1 𝑡𝑓 =
4𝐼𝑧
12
beams
The shear stress and shear flow have been calculated at the
junction of the centrelines of the flange and web, using only
centreline dimensions of the cross section in the calculations.
This approximate procedure simplifies the calculations and is
satisfactory for thin-walled cross sections.
𝑃𝑏ℎ𝑡𝑓
𝑓1 = 𝜏1 𝑡𝑓 =
4𝐼𝑧

beams
By beginning at point 𝑐 on the left-hand part of the top flange
and measuring 𝑠 toward the right, the magnitude of the shear
stresses can be calculated in a similar way and is again found
𝑃𝑏ℎ𝑡𝑓
out to be the same as 𝑓1 = 𝜏1 𝑡𝑓 = .
4𝐼𝑧
However, by cutting out an element B (Fig. 6-36a) and

considering its equilibrium, the shear stresses on the cross
section now act toward the right, as shown in previous figure.
13
beams
The next step is to determine the shear stresses acting in the
web. Considering a horizontal cut at the top of the web (at the
junction of the flange and web), the first moment about the
neutral axis was found to be
𝑄𝑧 = 𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ/2
Therefore, the corresponding shear stress is

𝑃𝑏ℎ𝑡𝑓
𝜏2 =
2𝐼𝑧 𝑡𝑤

beams
The associated shear flow
𝑃𝑏ℎ𝑡𝑓
𝑓2 = 𝜏2 𝑡𝑤 =
2𝐼𝑧
It can be noted that the shear flow 𝑓2 is equal to twice the

shear flow 𝑓1 , which is expected since the shear flows in the
two halves of the upper flange combine to produce the shear
flow at the top of the web.
14
beams
The shear stresses in the web act
downward and increase in
magnitude until the neutral axis is
reached. At section 𝑑𝑑, located at
distance 𝑟 from the neutral axis as
shown in figure, the shear stress
𝜏𝑤 in the web is calculated as
follows:

beams
ℎ
𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ ℎ +𝑟
𝑄𝑧 = + − 𝑟 𝑡𝑤 2
2 2 2
𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ 2
ℎ
𝑄𝑧 = + 𝑡𝑤 − 𝑟2
2 4
𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ ℎ2 𝑃
𝜏𝑤 = + − 𝑟2
𝑡𝑤 4 2𝐼𝑧
When 𝑟 = ℎ/2, 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜏2 , and when 𝑟 = 0, 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ 𝑃ℎ
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
15
beams
The shear stresses in the web vary
parabolically, as shown in figure,
although the variation is not large. The
ratio of 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 to 𝜏2 is
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑡𝑤
=1+
𝜏2 4𝑏𝑡𝑓
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
For ℎ = 2𝑏 and 𝑡𝑓 = 2𝑡𝑤 , = 1.25
𝜏2

beams
As the final step in the analysis, the
shear stresses in the lower flange can
be investigated using the same
methods used for the top flange. The
magnitudes of the stresses are the
same as in the top flange, but the
directions are as shown in figure.
16
beams
From the figure it can be seen that the
flow of shear stresses on the cross
section is inward from the outermost
edges of the top flange, then down
through the web, and finally outward to
the edges of the bottom flange. This flow
is always continuous in any structural
section.

beams
This continuous flow serves as a convenient method for
determining the directions of the stresses. If the shear force
acts downward on the beam, the shear flow in the web must
also be downward. Knowing the direction of the shear flow in
the web, directions of the shear flows are known in the flanges
because of the required continuity in the flow. This approach is
easier than visualizing the directions of the forces acting on
elements cut out from the beam.
17
beams
The resultant of all the shear stresses acting on the cross
section is clearly a vertical force, because the horizontal
stresses in the flanges produce no resultant. The shear stresses
in the web have a resultant 𝑅 , which can be found by
integrating the shear stresses over the height of the web, as
follows:
ℎ/2
𝑅 = න 𝜏𝑑𝐴 = 2 න 𝜏𝑡𝑤 𝑑𝑟
0

beams
Substituting for 𝜏𝑤 , we get :
ℎ/2 𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ ℎ2 𝑃
𝑅 = 2𝑡𝑤 න 𝜏𝑤 = + − 𝑟2 𝑑𝑟
0 𝑡𝑤 4 2𝐼𝑧
𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ ℎ2 𝑡𝑤 𝑃
= +
The moment of inertia 𝐼𝑧 can be calculated as follows (using

centreline dimensions):
𝑡𝑤 ℎ3 𝑏𝑡𝑓 ℎ2
𝐼𝑧 = +
12 2
18
beams
Where, the first term is the moment of inertia of the web and
the second term is the moment of inertia of the flanges. When
this expression for 𝐼𝑧 is substituted in the expression for 𝑅 we
get 𝑅 = 𝑃, which demonstrates that the resultant of the shear
stresses acting on the cross section is equal to the load.
Furthermore, the line of action of the resultant is in the plane
of the web, and therefore the resultant passes through the shear
centre.
Shear centres of thin-walled

open sections
Methods discussed for finding the shear stresses in beams of
thin-walled open cross section will be used to locate the shear
centres of several shapes of beams.
The location of the shear centre for an open thin-walled

member for which the internal shear is in the same direction as
a principal centroidal axis for the cross section may be
determined by using the following procedure.
19
open sections
1. By observation, determine the direction of the shear flow
through the various segments of the cross section, and sketch
the force resultants on each segment of the cross section. Since
the shear centre is determined by taking the moments of these
force resultants about a point (𝐴), this point is selected at a
location that eliminates the moments of as many force
resultants as possible.

open sections
2. The magnitudes of the force resultants that create a moment
about 𝐴 must be calculated. For any segment this is done by
determining the shear flow 𝑞 at an arbitrary point on the
segment and then integrating 𝑞 along the segment’s length. It
should be noted that 𝑉 will create a linear variation of shear
flow in segments that are perpendicular to 𝑉, and a parabolic
variation of shear flow in segments that are parallel or inclined
to 𝑉.
20
open sections
3. Sum the moments of the shear-flow resultants about point 𝐴
and set this moment equal to the moment of 𝑉 about 𝐴. Solve
this equation to determine the moment-arm or eccentric
distance 𝑒, which locates the line of action of 𝑉 from 𝐴.
If an axis of symmetry for the cross section exists, the shear

centre lies at the point where this axis intersects the line of
action of 𝑉.
Example 1
Determine the location of the shear centre for the thin-walled
channel section having the dimensions shown in Figure.
By inspection, shear centre of the

section will be located on the axis of
symmetry (parallel to the flanges).
Shear centre will be located on the
intersection of line of action of vertical
force 𝑉 with the axis of symmetry.
21
Example 1
A vertical downward shear 𝑉 applied to the section causes
the shear to flow through the flanges and web as shown in
figure below. This causes force resultants 𝐹𝑓 and V in the
flanges and web as shown below. Moments will be taken
about point 𝐴 so that only the force on the lower flange has
to be determined.
Example 1
The cross-sectional area can be divided into three component
rectangles—a web and two flanges. Since each component is
assumed to be thin, the moment of inertia of the area about the
neutral axis is
2
𝑡ℎ3 ℎ 𝑡ℎ2 ℎ
𝐼= + 2 𝑏𝑡 = +𝑏
12 2 2 6
Shear flow 𝑞 at the arbitrary position 𝑥 is

ℎ
𝑉𝑄 𝑉 2 𝑏−𝑥 𝑡 𝑉(𝑏 − 𝑥)
𝑞= = =
𝐼 𝑡ℎ2 ℎ[ℎ/6 + 𝑏]
[ℎ/6 + 𝑏]
2
22
Example 1
The force in the flange 𝐹𝑓 is,
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉 𝑉𝑏 2
𝐹𝑓 = න 𝑞𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑏−𝑥 =
0 ℎ[ℎ/6 + 𝑏] 0 2ℎ[ℎ/6 + 𝑏]
Location of shear centre is determined by taking moments

about point 𝐴,
𝑉 × 𝑒 = 𝐹𝑓 × ℎ
𝑉𝑏 2 ℎ 𝑏2
𝑉×𝑒 = →𝑒=
2ℎ[ℎ/6 + 𝑏] [ℎ/3 + 2𝑏]
Example 1
If thicknesses of flange and web are 𝑡𝑓 and 𝑡𝑤 respectively,
then,
𝑉ℎ𝑏 2 𝑡𝑓
𝐹𝑓 =
4𝐼
𝑡𝑤 ℎ3 𝑏ℎ2 𝑡𝑓
𝐼= +
12 2
𝑉 × 𝑒 = 𝐹𝑓 × ℎ
𝑉𝑏 2 ℎ2 𝑡𝑓 3𝑏 2 𝑡𝑓
𝑉×𝑒 = → 𝑒 =
𝑡𝑤 ℎ3 𝑏ℎ2 𝑡𝑓 ℎ𝑡𝑤 + 6𝑏𝑡𝑓
+
12 2
23
Example 2
Determine the location of the shear centre for the angle having
equal legs as shown in Figure. Also, find the internal shear

force resultant in each leg.
By inspection, shear centre of the section
will be located on intersection of the
inclined legs (point 𝑂) as the line of O .
action of the resultant forces intersect at
that point the sum of the moments of
these forces and 𝑉 about 𝑂 is zero.
Example 2
When a vertical downward shear 𝑉 is applied at the section, the
shear flow and shear-flow resultants are directed as shown
below. The force 𝐹 in each leg must be equal, since for
equilibrium the sum of their horizontal components must be
equal to zero.
24
Example 2
The magnitude of 𝐹 can be determined by first finding the
shear flow at the arbitrary location 𝑠 along the top leg,
1 𝑠
𝑄 = 𝑦ത ′ 𝐴′ = 𝑏−𝑠 + 𝑡𝑠
2 2
1 𝑠
= 𝑏− 𝑠𝑡
2 2
Example 2
The moment of inertia of the angle, about the neutral axis, must
be determined from “first principles,” since the legs are
inclined with respect to the neutral axis. For the area element
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑡𝑑𝑠
𝑏 2
2
1
𝐼 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 2 න 𝑏−𝑠 𝑡𝑑𝑠
0 2
𝑏
1 𝑡𝑏 3
= 𝑡 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑠 3 อ =
2 2
3 3
0
25
Example 2
The shear flow, 𝑞, is
𝑉𝑄 𝑉 1 𝑠 3𝑉 𝑠
𝑞= = 3 𝑏 − 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑏−
𝐼 𝑡𝑏 /3 2 2 2𝑏 3 2
The variation of 𝑞 is parabolic, and it reaches a maximum value

when 𝑠 = 𝑏 as shown earlier. The force 𝐹 is therefore
𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
𝑠 3𝑉 𝑏𝑠 2 𝑠 3
𝐹 = න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 = න 𝑠 𝑏 − 𝑑𝑠 = − อ
0 0 2 2𝑏 3 2 6
0
𝑉
=
2
Example 3
Sections Consisting of Two Intersecting Narrow
Rectangles
In example 2, it was noticed that the
shear centre of equal-leg angle
section could have been located by
simple line of reasoning (without
making any calculations) due to the
fact that the resultant of the forces
passes through their point of
intersection.
26
Example 3
Sections Consisting of Two Intersecting Narrow
Rectangles
The same line of reasoning is valid for all cross sections
consisting of two thin, intersecting rectangles as shown below.
In each case the resultants of the shear stresses are forces that
intersect at the junction of the rectangles. Therefore, the shear
centre 𝑆 is located at that point.
Example 4
Determine the location of the shear centre, 𝑆, so that the shear
force acting through 𝑆 is the resultant of shear stresses due to
bending only (i.e., bending without twisting).

section is located on the axis of
symmetry (the 𝑧 axis). To determine the
exact position, it is assumed that the
beam is bent by a shear force 𝑉 acting
parallel to the 𝑦 axis and producing
bending about the 𝑧 axis.
27
Example 4
By inspection, 𝐹1 = 𝐹3 . If
the moments are to be
summed about point 𝑂 ,
then we need to determine
only force 𝐹1 to locate the
shear centre.
Shear flow 𝑞, is
𝑉𝑄1
𝑞1 =
𝐼
Example 4
𝑄1 and 𝐼 for finding out the shear flow can be calculated using
the figure shown below.
28
Example 4
𝑄1 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴′ 𝑦ത ′
𝐴′
ℎ𝑤 𝑠
𝑄1 = 𝑡𝑓 𝑠 + 𝑏 − sin 
2 2
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑧 𝑤𝑒𝑏 + 2 𝐼𝑧 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑏 2
ℎ𝑤
𝐼𝑧 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =න 2
𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = න + 𝑏 − 𝑠 sin  𝑡𝑓 𝑑𝑠
𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 0 2
2
ℎ𝑤 𝑏ℎ𝑤 𝑏2
𝐼𝑧 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑏𝑡𝑓 + sin  + sin2 
2 2 3
2
𝑡𝑤 ℎ𝑤 3 ℎ𝑤 𝑏ℎ𝑤 𝑏2
𝐼= + 2𝑏𝑡𝑓 + sin  + sin2 
12 2 2 3
Example 4
𝑉𝑄1 𝑉𝑡𝑓 𝑠 ℎ𝑤 𝑠
𝑞1 = = + 𝑏 − sin 
𝐼 𝐼 2 2
𝑏 𝑉𝑡𝑓 𝑏 ℎ𝑤 𝑏 sin 
2
𝐹1 = න 𝑞1 𝑑𝑠 = +
0 𝐼 4 3
𝑀𝑜
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑉 × 𝑒 → 𝑒 =
𝑉
ℎ𝑤 ℎ𝑤
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐹1 cos  × + 𝐹3 cos  ×
2 2
𝐹1 cos  ℎ𝑤
𝑒=
𝑉
Substituting for 𝐹1
𝑏 2 𝑡𝑓 ℎ𝑤 cos  ℎ𝑤 𝑏 sin 
𝑒= +
𝐼 4 3
29
Example 5
A thin-walled semi-circular cross section of radius 𝑟 and
thickness 𝑡 is shown in figure. Determine the distance 𝑒 from
the centre 𝑂 of the semi-circle to the shear canter 𝑆.
section is located on the axis of
symmetry (the 𝑧 axis). To determine the
exact position, it is assumed that the
beam is bent by a shear force 𝑉𝑦 acting
parallel to the 𝑦 axis and producing
bending about the 𝑧 axis.
Example 5
Consider a section 𝑏𝑏 defined by
the distance 𝑠 measured along the
centreline of the cross section from
point 𝑎. The central angle subtended
between point 𝑎 and section 𝑏𝑏 is
denoted as 𝜃 . Therefore, the
distance 𝑠 equals 𝑟𝜃, where 𝑟 is the
radius of the centreline and 𝜃 is
measured in radians.
30
Example 5
To evaluate the first moment of the cross-sectional area
between point 𝑎 and section 𝑏𝑏, an element of area 𝑑𝐴 (shown
shaded in the figure) is considered and integrate as follows:
𝜃
𝑄𝑧 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑟 cos  = 𝑟 2 𝑡 sin 𝜃
0
Where  is the angle to the element of area and 𝑡 is the

thickness of the section. The shear stress 𝜏 at section 𝑏𝑏 is
𝑉𝑦 𝑄𝑧 𝑉𝑦 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃
𝜏= =
𝐼𝑧 𝑡 𝐼𝑧
Example 4
Substituting 𝐼𝑧 = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑡/2,
2𝑉𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝜏=
𝜋𝑟𝑡
When 𝜃 = 0, or 𝜃 = 𝜋 , this expression gives 𝜏 = 0 , as
expected. When 𝜃 = 𝜋/2, it gives the maximum shear stress.
Location of shear centre
Resultant of the shear stresses must be the vertical shear force

𝑉𝑦 and moment 𝑀𝑜 of the shear stresses about the centre 𝑂
must equal the moment of the force 𝑉𝑦 about that same point.
31
Example 5
In order to find 𝑀𝑜 , first the force acting on the element of
area 𝑑𝐴 needs to be determined, which is
2𝑉𝑦 sin 
𝐹 = 𝜏𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴
𝜋𝑟𝑡
2𝑉𝑦 sin  𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑀𝑜 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 =
𝜋𝑡
Since 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑡𝑟𝑑,
2𝑟𝑉𝑦 sin  𝑑
𝑑𝑀𝑜 =
𝜋
Example 5
Therefore, the moment produced by the force is
2𝜋 2𝑟𝑉
𝑦 sin  𝑑 4𝑟𝑉𝑦
𝑀𝑜 = න 𝑑 𝑀𝑜 = න =
0 𝜋 𝜋
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑉𝑦 × 𝑒
𝑀𝑜 4𝑟
𝑒= = ≈ 1.27𝑟
𝑉𝑦 𝜋
This result shows that the shear centre 𝑆 is located outside of

the semi-circular section.
32

Shear Centre

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Shear Flow and Shear

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 1 | MOS-II

Shear Centre Concept

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 2 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 3 | MOS-II

Shear Centre Concept

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 4 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 5 | MOS-II

Shear Centre Concept

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 6 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 7 | MOS-II

Shear Centre Concept

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 8 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 9 | MOS-II

Shear Centre Concept

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 10 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 11 | MOS-II

Shear flow in thin-walled open

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 12 | MOS-II

Shear stresses are directed along the centreline of the cross

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 13 | MOS-II

Shear flow in thin-walled open

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 14 | MOS-II

The shear flow varies continuously between these end points

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 15 | MOS-II

Shear flow in thin-walled open

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 16 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 17 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 18 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 19 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 20 | MOS-II

Thus, the shear stress τ𝑓 in the flange at

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

The element is drawn to a larger scale in

seen from that equation, the shear

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 23 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

The corresponding shear flow is

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 24 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 25 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

However, by cutting out an element B (Fig. 6-36a) and

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 26 | MOS-II

Therefore, the corresponding shear stress is

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 27 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

It can be noted that the shear flow 𝑓2 is equal to twice the

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 28 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 29 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

When 𝑟 = ℎ/2, 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜏2 , and when 𝑟 = 0, 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 30 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 31 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 32 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 34 | MOS-II

Department of Civil Engineering – Fall 2016 35 | MOS-II

Shear stresses in wide-flanged

The moment of inertia 𝐼𝑧 can be calculated as follows (using