ANTENNAS AND WAVE

PROPAGATION- UNIT-I
1 MS. V. Sudha Rani, Associate Professor, ECE
Department, SNIST.
ECE
Course content
UNIT I: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS

UNIT-II: LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS

UNIT-III:APERTUREAND REFLECTOR ANTENNAS

UNIT-IV: RESONANT AND NON RESONANT ANTENNAS, ANTENNA

MEASUREMENTS

UNIT-V: SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION

UNIT VI: IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION

 UNIT I: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF
ANTENNAS-CONTENTS

 Review of Electromagnetic Theory:

 Vector Potential

 Solution of Wave Equation

 Retarded Case

 Hertzian Dipole.

 Antenna Characteristics

 Radiation Pattern

 Beam Solid Angle

3
REFERENCES
 Antennas and Wave Propagation, K.D Prasad,
Tech India publications, New Delhi.
 Antenna and Wave Propagation-Sridhar Bhatta
UNIT I: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF
ANTENNAS-CONTENTS-CONT….

 Beam Solid Angle

 Directivity

 Gain

 Input Impedance

 Polarization

 Bandwidth

 Reciprocity

 Equivalence of Radiation Patterns,

 Equivalence of Impedances

 Effective Aperture

 Vector Effective Length 5

 Antenna efficiency.
 ANTENNA OR AERIAL OR RADIATOR
 Antenna is a structure associated with the
region of transmission between a guided
wave and a free space wave or vice versa.
 It Couples /radiates/ Concentrate the energy
in the desired direction.
 Radiation:

 Creating fields and coupling the energy to free

space in the desired direction is known as
Radiation.
 Antenna selection depends up on electrical and
Mechanical Characteristics.
6
TYPES OF ANTENNAS

7
TYPES OF ANTENNAS(SOURCE -
RESEARCH GATE)

8
 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ANTENNA

 Directivity
 Gain

 Input Impedance

 Polarization

 Bandwidth

 Effective Aperture area

 Effective aperture Length

 Antenna efficiency.

9
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ANTENNA

 Physical size
 Shape

 Weight

 Area

10
ANTENNA CIRCUIT, PHYSICAL AND
SPACE QUANTITIES

11
FIELD REGIONS SURROUNDING AN
ANTENNA

12
FIELD REGIONS SURROUNDING AN
ANTENNA

13
FIELD REGIONS SURROUNDING AN
ANTENNA

 There are two field regions surrounding an

antenna
1. Near field region (Fresnel Region)
 a. Reactive near field region b. Radiating Near
field region.
 Reactive near field region is denoted with R1 .

 Radiated Near field region is Denoted with R2

 2. Far field Region.(Fran Haufer region)

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FIELD REGIONS SURROUNDING AN
ANTENNA

15
FIELD REGIONS SURROUNDING AN
ANTENNA

16
 FIELD REGIONS SURROUNDING AN
ANTENNA

 .

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 RADIATION PATTERN
 It is a three dimensional pattern of radiation
of an antenna.
 It is a three dimensional vector field.

 Radiation pattern can be measured by measuring

field intensity or by measuring Power.
 If Radiation pattern is measured by measuring
field intensity then it is known as field strength
pattern.
 If it is measured by measuring Power then it is
known as Power Pattern.
 Radiation pattern can be measured in Near field 18
Region or Far field region.
 RADIATION PATTERN
 In Near field Region Radiation pattern is a function of
Spatial Coordinates Radial distance, Spatial angle and
phase angle. .
 In Far field Region Radiation pattern is a function of
Spatial angle and Phase angle.
 There are two types of Radiation patterns.

 Rectangular Pattern

 Polar Pattern.

 The graph that is obtained by plotting Power or

Intensity is called Radiation Pattern.
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 RADIATION PATTERN
Rectangular Pattern Polar Pattern

20
POLAR PATTERN

21
POLAR PATTERN

22
RECTANGULAR PLOT-RADIATION
PATTERN

23
 RADIATION PATTERN -LOBES
 Different parts of radiation pattern are called as lobes.
They are classified as Major Lobe, Minor lobe and Side
Lobes.
 Major lobe : Radiation lobe which contains maximum
radiation is called as “ Major lobe”. It is also called as
Main lobe.
 Minor Lobe : Radiation pattern which contains
minimum radiation is called as minor lobe.
 Side lobe : It is radiation lobe any direction other than
the normal intended lobe.
 Back Lobe :This lobe is in a direction opposite to the
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main lobe.
 PRINCIPAL PATTERNS INCLUDE DIAGRAM)
 Principal Patterns:
 Performance of any antenna is explained by two
patterns. E plane pattern. H- plane Pattern.
 E plane pattern and H- plane Pattern are known as
Principle Patterns.
 E plane Pattern : Plane containing electric field vector in
the direction of maximum radiation.

 H-Plane Pattern : Plane containing Magnetic field

vector in the direction of maximum radiation.
25
PRINCIPLE PATTERNS

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27
 TYPES OF RADIATORS
 Omni directional Radiator.
 Isotropic radiator.

 Directional Radiator.

28
 OMNI DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
 It radiates energy
uniformly in all
directions.
 Ex : Dipole antenna

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 DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
 It Radiates energy in
the Desired direction.
 Ex : Parabolic
reflector, Yagi,
Rhombic, Helical etc
 Fig shows example of
Yagi Antenna which is
used for TV reception.

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 ISOTROPIC RADIATOR
 It is a fictious
Antenna.
 Its radiation is
uniform in XY,YZ,XZ
planes.
 Isotropic Antenna is a
Hypothetical
Antenna.
 EX : Point Source.

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HALF POWER BEAM WIDTH

32
 HALF POWER BEAM WIDTH
 It is measured on the radiation pattern of Major
lobe or Main lobe.
 Half power beam width is measured at the
points where there exists half of the maximum
Power (radiation).
 It is also Known as 3dB beam width.

 At Half power points power is 3db down the

maximum power.

33
FNBW-FIRST NULL BEAM WIDTH

 FNBW is calculated at the

points where radiated
power is 10 db below the
maximum radiated Power.
 Beamwidth depends on
shape of radiation
pattern,Wavelength and
Dimensions of an Antenna.

34
35
36
BEAM WIDTH-DIRECTIVITY (RELATION)
 Antenna Beam width is a measure of Directivity.
 Narrower the beam width higher is the gain or
Directivity.

37
BEAM AREA-BEAM SOLID ANGLE

38
 BEAM AREA-BEAM SOLID ANGLE
 An incremental area dA on the surface of a
Sphere =


39
 BEAM AREA-BEAM SOLID ANGLE

Solid Angle of the Sphere =41253 square degrees. 40

.
 BEAM AREA-BEAM SOLID ANGLE
 Beam Area or Beam solid angle of the sphere is given
by the integral of normalized power pattern over a
sphere =

41
42
43
 DIRECTIVITY
 Directivity of an antenna is equal to the ratio of
Maximum Power density to its average
value over a sphere in the farfield region of an
antenna.


 Directivity is a dimension less ratio and it is ≥ 1

 Average power Density over a sphere is given by.

44
 DIRECTIVITY

 Normalized Power .

45
 DIRECTIVITY
 Directivity of a short Dipole Antenna is 1.5
 Directivity of A Half wave Dipole is 1.64
or2.15dB
 Directivity of an isotropic radiator is equal to one.

 Directivity of an Isotropic antenna is very low.

46
 GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY
 Gain is actually realized Quantity.
 It is less than directivity due to Ohmic Losses in
the antenna.
 Ratio of Gain to Directivity is Known as Antenna
efficiency factor. It is denoted with a letter K.

 K is less than unity.

 G=KD

47
 RADIATION INTENSITY (U)
 Power radiated from an antenna Per unit solid
angle is called “Radiation Intensity[ “U”].

48
 RADIATION INTENSITY (U)
 Note : Power density decreases with distance.
 For the Calculation of Directivity Radiation intensity is
used.

49
50
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52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
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63
 EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA
 Antenna effective aperture area Plays vital role
in receiving antennas.
 It is defined as the ratio of total power received
by the antenna to receiving power of the incident
wave.

64
EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA

65
 EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA
 .

 Total Power Horn extracts from a passing wave is

proportional to aperture area of its mouth.

 An antenna with effective aperture area radiates

66
power in the conical pattern of Beam area
 EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA
 Assuming Uniform Electric Field over
Aperture

 Assuming uniform field over field r Power

radiated=

67
 EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA
 .

68
 EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA

 For an isotropic Radiator Directivity D = 1.

69
EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA PROBLEM

70
 EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA PROBLEM
 Show that for a (1)Hertzian dipole the aperture area is
(2)Halfwave Dipole and for (3)an isotropic radiator

 Short dipole is coincident with X axis.

71
1.A.EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA OF
SHORT DIPOLE OR HERTZIAN DIPOLE
 Plane polarized wave is travelling along X axis.

 Maximum effective Aperture

 V is the induced voltage

 P is the pointing Vector

 Induced Voltage V in short dipole dl is maximum

when it is parallel to the incident field E.
72
 V=E.dl
1.A.EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA OF
SHORT DIPOLE OR HERTZIAN DIPOLE
 Power density of the pointing vector of incident wave at
short dipole is given by

 By substituting the formulas of induced voltage,

Radiation resistance and Pointing Vector effective
aperture area can be written as
73
1.A.EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA OF
SHORT DIPOLE OR HERTZIAN DIPOLE

 Directivity of a short Dipole . 74

1.B.DIRECTIVITY OF SHORT DIPOLE OR
HERTZIAN DIPOLE

 Directivity of a short Dipole is equal to 1.5

 Directivity of a short Dipole is equal to
1.76dB.

75
2.A.EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA OF
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 Induced current has Sinusoidal distribution at

any point Y from the origin and current I is
given by

76
 2.A.EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA OF
HALF WAVE DIPOLE
 For infinitesimally small current it can be written as
 By multiplying with Resistance infinitesimally small
voltage can be written as

77
 2.A.EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA OF
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 Radiation Resistance for a Half wave Dipole is 73 78

ohms.
 2.A.EFFECTIVE APERTURE AREA &
DIRECTIVITY OF A HALF WAVE DIPOLE

2.B.Directivity Of Half wave Dipole(1.63 or

2.15dB)

79
 3.A&B.OMNI DIRECTIONAL RADIATOR
DIRECTIVITY &APERTURE AREA
 Directivity of an Omni directional radiator is
equal to one.

80
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF AN ANTENNA

81
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF AN ANTENNA
 Voltage induced in an antenna = Effective height
* Incident field.

 Case :I
 For a Half wave Dipole Antenna Current
distribution is uniform.
 Here dipole length is l and Electric field strength
is E. Hence the effective height is equal to l.
 Current distribution of Half wave Dipole is
Sinusoidal.
82
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF AN ANTENNA

 Case:II.
 Length of Dipole is

 Current distribution is triangular.

83
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF LONG DIPOLE
 .

84
 RADIATION RESISTANCE
 Definition : The relation between total energy
radiated from transmitting antenna to the
current flowing in the antenna is Known as
“Radiation Resistance”.
 It is a Fictious Resistance.

 It is a quantity coupling the transmission line

terminals to distant regions of space via a virtual
transmission line.
 Radiation resistance depends upon the
configuration of antenna, Location of Antenna
with respect to ground, Ratio of length to
85
diameter of the conductor etc.
 RADIATION RESISTANCE
 Radiation Resistance =
 Half wave Dipole has Radiation Resistance of 73
Ohms.
 Monopole has Radiation Resistance of 36.5
Ohms.

86
POLARIZATION

87
 POLARIZATION
 Orientation of Electric Field vector in a
particular Direction Is Known as “Polarization”
 Depending on the orientation of electric field
vector polarization is divided in to three
categories. They are
1. Linear Polarization
(a). Horizontal Polarization
(b) Vertical Polarization
2. Elliptical Polarization
3. Circular polarization
88
 POLARIZATION
 Linear Polarization : A wave is said to be linearly
polarized if the electric field as a function of time
remain along a straight line.
a.Horizontal polarization : If
then the wave travels in Z direction and the wave
is said to be horizontally polarized.
b. Vertical Polarization: If then
the wave is said to be vertically polarized.
Circular Polarization: A wave is said to be
Circularly Polarized when the electric field
traces a circle.
89
 POLARIZATION
 will have equal magnitudes and 90
degrees phase difference the locus of the resultant E
field is circular and the wave is Circularly Polarized.
 Elliptical Polarization : fields differ in 90
degrees phase then the tip resultant electric vector
traces an ellipse. It is said to be elliptically polarized.

90
POLARIZATION

91
 BAND WIDTH
 Antenna Band width is the range of Frequencies
over which the antenna maintains certain
required characteristics like Gain, Front-to- back
ratio, Standing wave ratio , Radiation pattern,
Polarization, Impedance etc.
 Band width is the ratio of frequency to Q factor.

 Band width = f/Q

92
 ANTENNA IMPEDANCE
 Antenna impedance is also known as feed point
impedance, input impedance ,Driving point
impedance or terminal impedance.
 It is the impedance at its point where the
transmission line carrying RF power from the
transmitter is connected.
 Antenna impedance is divided into three broad
categories
1. Self impedance of an antenna

2. Mutual impedance of an antenna

3. Transfer impedance of an antenna. 93

 ANTENNA IMPEDANCE (CONT….)
 1.Self impedance : It is defined as its input
impedance when all other antennas are
completely removed.
 2. Mutual impedance : It is defined as negative
ratio of Voltage induced circuit due to current in
the second circuit.
 3. Transfer impedance : It is defined as the ratio
of Voltage impressed in one circuit due to
current in the other circuit.

94
 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
 Antenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of power
radiated to the total input power supplied to the
antenna.
 It is denoted with a letter

95
RETARDED POTENTIALS

96
 RETARDED POTENTIALS
 There exists certain time delay for propagation of
EM wave from source point to object Point.
 This time delay is known as Propagation delay.

 The effect of this propagation delay is introduced

in vector and scalar potentials by substituting
time variable “t” by “(t-r/c)”.
 The potentials at the observation are retarded by
the time delay “(t-r/c)”. Hence these potentials
are known as Retarded Potentials.
 Alternating current flowing through the current
element is
97
 RETARDED POTENTIALS
 If instantaneous propagation effect of current in to account
then time of propagation by introducing the time variable t
by a variable
 The potentials at the observation are retarded by this time
delay . Hence these potentials are called as “Retarded
potentials”.
 Alternating Current flowing through the current element is
given by

 If propagation effect is Considered then the propagation98

effect of current and the time of propagation by introducing
 RETARDED POTENTIALS

 Retarded current density at point K is given by

99
 RETARDED POTENTIALS
 Electric Potential is obtained through
 Magnetic Vector Potential (A) is related to source
Current through


 From the magnetic Potential Magnetic field H

can be written as

100
 RETARDED POTENTIALS FOR TIME
VARYING FIELDS

 For time varying fields.

101
RETARDED POTENTIALS FOR FIELD
THEORY
 .

102
 RETARDED POTENTIALS
Due to time delay seconds the potentials has
been retarded by seconds. Hence these potentials
are known as Retarded potentials.
Definition : There is definite time delay for propagation
of EM wave from a source point to observation point.
The effect of this propagation delay is introduced in
vector and scalar potentials by simply substituting the
time variable t by a variable seconds
The potentials at the observation point are delayed or
retarded by this time delay, so potentials incorporating
this time delay are known as “Retarded Potentials”.
103
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
(APPLICABLE TO ANTENNAS)

104
RECIPROCITY THEOREM

105
RECIPROCITY THEOREM

106
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
 If a current at the terminals of Antenna number 1
induces an emf at the open terminals of antenna
number 2 and a current at the terminals of antenna 2
induces an emf at the open terminals of antenna
number 1 then provided

107
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM

 Applying KVL to Loop 2

 Applying KVL to Loop1

108
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM

 By symmetry . 109
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
 .

110
 APPLICATIONS OF RECIPROCITY
THEOREM
 Reciprocity theorem is used to
1. find equality of Radiation patterns
2. Find Equality of Directivity
3. Find Equality of Effective length
4. Find Equality of antenna Impedance.

111
1.EQUIVALENCE OF DIRECTIONAL PATTERNS
(RADIATION PATTERNS)-RECIPROCITY
THEOREM
APPLICATION
 Directivity depends on the shape
of Power pattern.
 Radiation pattern of an antenna
is same whether transmitting or
receiving.
 Assumption :All media are
linear Passive and Isotropic.
 Statement : Transmitting and
receiving antenna patterns are
identical.

112
1.EQUIVALENCE OF DIRECTIONAL PATTERNS
(RADIATION PATTERNS)-RECIPROCITY
THEOREM
APPLICATION
 Proof:
 In the above figure Antenna (1) is test antenna
(Transmitting) and Antenna 2 is exploring
Antenna(Receiving).
 Pattern may be field pattern or Power pattern. In
the present case field pattern is considered.
 Test antenna (Antenna:1) is at the centre of the
observation circle and Receiving antenna
(Antenna :2 ) is moved on the observation circle.
 Antenna number 2 is perpendicular to the radius
vector and parallel to electric Vector.
113
1.EQUIVALENCE OF DIRECTIONAL PATTERNS
(RADIATION PATTERNS)-RECIPROCITY
THEOREM
APPLICATION
 Case :I
 If voltage V is applied to the transmitting
antenna No :1 and resulting current I at the
terminals of the receiving antenna is measured .
 Ratio is calculated.
 Case: 2

 Antenna2 is kept at the centre of Observation

circle. Antenna 1 is moved on the observation
circle. If voltage V is applied to the Receiving
antenna No :2 and resulting current I at the
terminals of the antenna number 1 is measured.
114
 Ratio is calculated.
1.EQUIVALENCE OF DIRECTIONAL PATTERNS
(RADIATION PATTERNS)-RECIPROCITY
THEOREM
APPLICATION
 . Are same for every position of test

antenna and Receiving antenna.

Conclusion :
Radiation pattern of Test antenna (Antenna :1) is
identical with the radiation pattern obtained when
antenna number 2 is transmitting and Antenna
number 1 is Receiving.

115
RECIPROCITY THEREM-APPLICATION-
4.EQUIVALENCE OF IMPEDANCES
 During transmission one
point of antenna length is
excited.
 During reception entire
length of antenna is
excited.
 Excited lengths are
different during
transmission and reception.
Hence current distribution
during transmission and
reception is also different. 116
RECIPROCITY THEREM-APPLICATION-
4.EQUIVALENCE OF IMPEDANCES
 Antenna circuit is same. Hence impedance is same
during transmission and Reception.
 Proof

 Consider two antennas with wide separation. So that

mutual inductance can be neglected.
 Transmission Antenna-1

 Self impedance of Antenna number1

117
RECIPROCITY THEREM-APPLICATION-
4.EQUIVALENCE OF IMPEDANCES
 Under short circuit
condition

 Note : is voltage
source. Is
 Self impedance and their 118

ratio gives short circuit

RECIPROCITY THEREM-APPLICATION-
4.EQUIVALENCE OF IMPEDANCES
 This is true for n number of antennas.

119
 UNIT-I- PART –I – REQUIRED FOR
UNIT-II
 Review of Electromagnetic Theory:
 Vector Potential

 Solution of Wave Equation

 Hertzian Dipole Analysis

120
BASIC MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS

121
ABBREVIATIONS USED

122
 BASIC MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
 Field quantities are connected by the following
relations

123
 BASIC MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
 .

124
 WAVE EQUATION
 Wave : A wave is a carrier of energy or
information which is a function of time as well as
space.
 Free space is best medium for EM wave
propagation.
 Wave equations in free space

125
 PROOF OF WAVE EQUATION IN FREE
SPACE

 In free space

 Due to these characteristics Maxwell’s second equation

is given by

126
 PROOF OF WAVE EQUATIONS IN FREE
SPACE

 Taking Curl on both sides

 From the first Maxwell’s equation

127
PROOF OF WAVE EQUATIONS IN FREE
SPACE

 .

 Consider Maxwell’s First Equation

128
PROOF OF WAVE EQUATIONS IN FREE
SPACE

 .

129
 WAVE EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTING
MEDIUM
 .

 Consider Second Maxwell’s Equation

 Taking Curl on both sides

130
 WAVE EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTING
MEDIUM
 .

 Similarly from Maxwell’s First Equation

131
UNIFORM PLANE WAVE EQUATION

132
 UNIFORM PLANE WAVE EQUATION
 EM wave Propagating in z direction is said to be
uniform plane wave if it has uniform field over
infinite plane surfaces at fixed instants.
 If the phase is the same for all points on a plane
surface it is called plane wave and if the
amplitude is also constant Over the plane
surface it is known as uniform plane wave.
 For a uniform plane wave only one component is
present and the rest two are zero.
 Uniform Plane waves exists only in free space.

 For a uniform plane wave Plane wave equation in

133
free space is
 UNIFORM PLANE WAVE EQUATION

 From the definition of plane wave since E is

propagating in the Z direction then

134
UNIFORM PLANE WAVE EQUATION
 .

135
 UNIFORM PLANE WAVE EQUATION
 .

136
HERTZIAN DIPOLE AND ITS CURRENT
DISTRIBUTION
 .

137
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE
 Hertzian dipole is nothing but a small current element
terminated at both ends with small spheres or Discs.
 is the radius of the wire connecting two spheres
in which charges are residing. dl is the length and
is the wave length.

 Low impedance at the centre and high impedance at

the ends.
 A thin wire is composed of chain of spheres and the
adjacent spheres carries the charges of opposite 138
polarity.
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE
 If the charges carried by the alternate spheres
are equal in magnitude these charges will get
cancelled every where except at the top and
bottom tips of the wire.
 Current distribution along the wire is uniform.

 Incase of incomplete cancellation the charges and

the current distribution along the wire is non
uniform.
 An oscillatory dipole is nothing but a Hertzian
Dipoloe.
139
HERTZIAN DIPOLE

140
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE
 Let time varying current I flowing in a very short and
thin wire of length dl in Z direction.
 Current is given by

 Current is in Z direction.

 Current density J will have only Z component.

 Vector magnetic potential A will have only Z component.

141
 Here only component exists
components are zero.
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE
 . Is in spherical coordinate system.

142
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- MAGNETIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

Electromagnetic field at any arbitrary point P,



Vector potential ‘A’ Can be calculated.

143
HERTZIAN DIPOLE- MAGNETIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 .

 Magnetic field intensity H is obtained from

magnetic vector potential.

144
 ROUGH
 .

145
 ROUGH
 .

146
HERTZIAN DIPOLE- MAGNETIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 .

147
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- MAGNETIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 .

148
HERTZIAN DIPOLE- MAGNETIC FIELD
COMPONENTS
.

 (Go to slide 150 &151 for Rough calculations cont

…152 slide)

149
 ROUGH
 .

150
 ROUGH
 .

151
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- MAGNETIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 Conclusion : Out of three magnetic field

components only one component exists.

152
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- ELECTRIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 From our previous discussions.

153
 ROUGH
 .

154
 ROUGH
 .

155
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- ELECTRIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 .

156
 ROUGH
 .

157
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- ELECTRIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 .

158
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- ELECTRIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 .

159
 HERTZIAN DIPOLE- ELECTRIC FIELD
COMPONENTS

 Conclusion : Out of six component of

electromagnetic field only
three components i.e exists and
Does not exist.

160
HERTZIAN DIPOLE RADIATION
PATTERN

161
 RADITION PATTERN OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE

 In the far field region become negligible .

 Hence is negligible. Are proportional
to

162
 RADITION PATTERN OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE

 Pattern is independent of
 Pattern is doughnut shaped and figure of eight.

 are in time phase in far field hence unit

is of pure Resistance.

163
DISTANCE AT WHICH RADIATION FIELD
AND INDUCTION FIELD ARE EQUAL
 .

164
165
 REFERENCES
 Antennas and Wave Propagation by K.D. Prasad-
Tech india publications.
 Antennas and Wave Propagation- John D Kraus-
Mc Grawhill Publications.
 Antennas And Wave propagation- V.Soundar
Rajan
 Antennas And Wave propagation- SridharBhatta
 Special Thanks to
1.Dr Ameeth Chavan (E.C.E Department)
2.Ms Shafee unnisa syed(E.C.E Department).
3.Dr. M.ShailaJa (E.C.M Department)

 My sincere thanks to Dr S.P.V Subba Rao, H.O.D

,E.C.E department for his encouragement and
Co operation.
Mrs V.Sudha Rani, AA.M.I.E,M.E,M.I.E,
Associate Professor, Department of ECE
,Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
169

Technology