J . U . l-liggins and B. It.

Rogcrs MA, C'Eng, M I C E

The purpose o f this b

following publicalions:

I3RITISIi STANDANDS
pracrice jbr design an
H. M . STATIONERY 01-
Statutory Instrumrn~

BKITISH STANDARDS
sc~hrdulitr~
o/ reinfir
THE CONCRETE SOC
London, 1981. 20 p

DraI't for discussion.

All unqualified refr

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d d ,6.edand detailed
J . \ I . I l i g ~ i n sand 13. R. Rogers MA, CEtlg, M I C E

Contents Foreword
. .
2 In1 l.otl~~ction i his sccond cdilion of ~ r . v i ~ . n and f r . ,,~, ,
& l c/o(,i/ud varies little' in phrl;"se
. ,

the first edition produced jointly by J.B. Higgins and M.R.' Hollington . . ; l . .;;.
3 ns 81 l0 and limit stale design i l l 1973. ? . , . . ,! ... , .:::
.'... ,: , :

6 Dcsign infor~nalion

7 Siructur:~lsummary shcel
X 17100r s l~b
BS 81 10: 1985 is the revised
I() First-floor main beam
i -1

,
'1 I 3 g e beam
is Colun~~ls
!! i:ound;l~ion

.'.I Slicnrw~;~ll .

.'h SI;I~~C:ISC
Column drsign chart

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-.-- -----.------A---- .-.----M--.. .
 ES 3110 and limit state design l

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I I

. .
i! Objective T o serve its purpose, a structure must be safe against collapse and be : "
.
B
.
.

;
.
:-
.
i
- i serviceable in use. Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceable qnd . :
durable structures. Equally important are the suitability ' of the rnateria!~,:, :.:
! quality
. . control and supervision of the
.
workmanship.
l

, . . . . . . , , . .. : .,.. ,
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..

Limit stare design admits that a structure may become unsatisfactory

through a number of ways which till have to be considered independently
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against defined limits of satisfactory behaviour. It admits that thcreis an.:'.:. , ! .

inherent variability in loads, materials and methods ofdesign a n d , .;'.l:;i , ......
. , .

construction which makes i t impossible to achieve complete safety against ' '' '

any possible shortcoming. By providing sufficient margins of safety, 'the aim . i ;

of lirnit state design is to provide an acceptable probability that the .structure
will perform satisl'actorily during its intended life. - .F .. .. .. ... , .
. -...-, r!
.
I
Lirnit states can be cldss~fiedinto two main groups:
(1) thc ultimate limit state, which is concsrncd with.th$ provision of \c;:'
-
"'
.,
1 .
I
udequatc sal'cty; *
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; .,-
,

(2) thc serviceability limit states, whicli are essentially concerned with: .' ) i ;'

. ! .,
:, ,'.
durability. .. . . . ; .. . . .! .
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ii
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Generally, in practice, there are three limit states which are normally -.'r .-:r:. : 1

considered for reinforced cpncrcte and these are given in the Table below,.',' ':.l\:;:! :!
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L %rviceability linlit states . ;. ' ':,.i. ?.:.: :
Ultimate .. ,. . : . . . '.G..
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limit state I Deflection .. :.'j )' '
-'
Cracking..:;-:.
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. . . ~ , Cracking ihoulll .?.' '-:$ .!.<:.<;
;:.;,<'.,,<.\.
. ., ,":;,;.;.<: .i
no[ be suchar~*:.!~\c-+:~:.;:
. Provision of denecr'so.as, .., r.,.,~:*

adequate safety to impair use :::, to damage finirhsp'~$.,.$'~: .i

, ,
Objec[ive ,

of structure'
. .
or otllerwise.iiL::3s'.
,

impairusab, .!-,.,..;,.
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1
Loading regime
Design ultimate;.
,bads
.. : . ! . Design service load, : . .'!,!?, , ,,'.'!: , 'I
.., ,

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l;
. . : . ,
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Dcflcction should Crack width, &;:;::::::: :,- ,
Structure should not exceed , . should not . . ';.?::::,. :. .!
Performance limit ? I

not fail specified exceed 0.3 mq . . . , .; . ,i7; I ',

. -. . .. '. - - limits general]y ...-.-.;;,. '..
- 2 . "

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1 :
- .. . . . - . . . _. . . _ , 1 :
(

- l .
j Cmracleristic values' For the testing of materials, a statistical approach can be applied to the :
1 . .&.
.,

l varia~ionswithin materials which occur in practice. A normal or Gaussian. .

'

distribution curve is assumed to represent the results of the tests arld a value . ,.
known as the characteristic value can be chosen below which not more than
5% of the test results may be expected to lie.
The characteristic strength is given by the equation:
Characteristic strength = Mean or Average strcngrh - 1.64 Y Stand:rrd deviation . . , > ' .

1dc;tlly a cl\i\riict~ri~tic:
loiicl should be similarly delined, as a load with il
~)rubi~bilityol' bcing excccclcd duriug the l i l t i m o of L l ~ cstructurr. I lowever,
11 is no\ yct possil~lcto elprcas loi~dingin statistical terlns, so tlic C u c l ~uhcs
1l1o luucls del~ncdill US 6.199 : l'urt I and CP 3 :Chapter V : Part 2.
3
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1011 ((!MS I U ~ L L ! 314t1fqJO ~ J ~ J ! C J
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l!ul!l all?cu!lln a111 JOJ J
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JA .to s a n p JO s i a s OS 'suo!leu!qwo3 slqeJnoARjun 1sou1J I ~ L U! I ~ pa~ap!uuos
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S r !]unossl! OlU! S3yI:l OSlI: I1 'ssnll!A .7!1SlJal3VJl!L(3
., 2111 u l
~ qJSII:SJY aq lelu a ~ n l 3 n ~sql l s 110 9i1!131!sl)col all1 ~I:L(I rC1111q!ssod 3\11
11111032l! (>]U!S>)(I!) J0131!1 S!11-L ' f f ~ ! ( > I !.l01
l \ ( .10131!J kl.,,\l!S\1!!111!d1: 3 ! ',( 5 J J I J r H
, J,( X peO( 3!lS!J313eJUq'J = pUO[ ~8!~3~1
:uo!lcnba sql rCq ~ 1 3 ~S!
1 8pro1 ud!ssp ~ t l l
 (b) by internal ties in two direct~onsapproximately at rlght-angles*
elrectlvcly throughout t h e ~ rlength and arlchored to the
p r r l p l l c l d ties
~ ;,I each end (unlrbs conrlnulng as horlrontal ties to
LO[UI~I\S or, wall?);
,, ('1 by external colulnn and wall ties anchorcd or [led l o r l ~ o i l t ~ lInto
structure a1 noor and roof kvcl.
ll~
i
(d) by conllnuous vertical ties from foundation to the roof level in all
- and walls carrylng vertical loads In bu~ldlngsof five or more
btorcys.
In the des~gnor the ties, the reinforcement may be assumed to be acting at ,
11, charactcrtstic strength with no other forces present but thc tie lorces. :
Kcinforcement provided for other purposes can often be used to form part".yi
or the whole of these ties, so that in the design process, when thc required
reinforcement for the usual dead, imposed and wind loadlng has been found,
- a check can be made to see whether modifications or additions to the
re~nl'orcementarc required to fulfil the tie requirements. !
. *',A
i

Durability and fire. resistance At the commencement of the design, the following should be considered:
.
. ,.;4
.,
- the climate and environmental conditions to which the concrete will be v ,
5

:
C -,-1 exposed; $',, ..i ,..
, ,
- the concrete quality; . -.c--..+..b-d ,,.
.

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, - - .+- ry rdMr.da.h 1%.

b
2

-
l
- the cover to the reinforcement. :r '
It should also be noted that the quality of the construction process and the {,,
lir\t hours after casting of the concrete hqve a majo,r influence upon the -- ,.-y , ; '
subsequent durability of the structure:' - L -
' ,;;: .' :cL,! > .,v,,

; : L >--. 7%:: ,
The cover for protection against corrosion, may not be sufficient for fire .
prutcction. so this should be considered a! the onset of \he design, and a!so'b: !
the dimensions of the mcmbcrs. a ? I, 9 L

f .l 8 cE, : ,
The Code gives maximum watericement ratios, minimum cement conteats
and mlnimum characterirtic strengths for
. various environments with specified covers and
;* maximum size aggregate. The minimum grades wlll
l ~ m ~on
t s free watcr/cement ratio and cement content will
further checking. \ U .: . i.
, \ .('. ! &

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-. -i
.. . ,- ., .++l- , *- -,L - -h'.-
+

,
I

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'1,

Durabilily and fire resistance requirements are considered at the onsel of the! "
V

design process because tllis detcrm~rresthe grade of concrele, the cover, and 1 :-- 1.
the size of the members. Usually, for most structures, Part I of the Code wit\: f
be used in whlch it is assumed that the ultimate limit state will be the most'.] i
critical llmit state. Design wlll therefore be carried out at thls limit state, , *
followed by checks to ensure that the serviceabil~tyl~mitstates of drllection ' I
and criickl~~g aic not reached. In special circumstances, other limit slqta,
such as v~brationor the effects of fatigue, may require cons~deration.Should:! 1
,

,
'S
i t be neccss;iry to calculate drIlections and crack w~dths,methods are given ; I
in Part 2 of the Code. The serviceability l~m&stateof dellc-y be the
';
n t lloor &
b k ~ n g ~ e q u i m n e for Is with I a r s s~an/effectivr-depthratios. , 1
This can br: now checked beforc the reinforccmcnt is d e t e r m i ~ e drllhQulp
v-
, 1 I.
some e n a i n s r s mav prefer to W o w t h e & r ~ & u z m h r r e _ ~ h r c h e, ~
al'ter the re~nlorccmcnthas been foun_d4 v ' , I
'. ; :
Silnplifietl detailing rrquirements for the curtailment of the reinforcement
,
niiiy be used for beams and slabs which fulfil certain design cond~tions. ,
However, for othcr situations, the curtailments should be rahen lrom a
bending monlont envelope and be iq accordance w ~ t hthe gcnclal
recornnicndi~trorisol the Code. I !

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3.1:. 11.2.7

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T ~ h l c3.27 2.3
- 7 Laps a r c slli1w11sriiggercd l'ur cll'eclivc crack conirol. . .
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J.4,l.S 6 Mini111um rr;lnsvcrsc r c i r ~ l ' o r ~ c ~ is
~ ~pli~ccd
c n l LICTOSS Ltlc 11111 flange width o f the edge bram (minimurn'. ... ;
wiclth = 651)1i1n1.scc p a p 16). v,- ,*.;.;..... 2

l ~ b l J.27
r -
Minirnun~;~rc;l= 0.OU1.5 1000 X 175 = 263 1n11l~/r11 uut: T10 @ 300 (262 mm2(rn).,:
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' I...:.:Commentary
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on bar arrangement C
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, ..2:. is12.8.11 : : Horizoitt8:l b;~~.s:inthis msnlbcr provide the peripheral tie. Minimum lap. =.300mm ....... .S:i . jj::; S.;
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. . ~i :,;.;.I : 1 The two l ~ n s i o nbars are stopprd 50 mm from the column ;Ice 10 ayoiJ clashing with the;columq bar$ l.!;
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2 Sepilrntcsp]iuc bilrs urc ljxcd insitlC vsrlical colulrln bhrs. ' ; j,;
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Minlnlunl : ~ r r a= 30% As ,,lid-rprn = 0.3 X 397 = 119 mm1. Use 2T12 = 226 mm2. :!-;;*%?-.6!*.','
Lap = 32 X l ? X 119/226 = 204 ~ n l n> 15 X 12 = 180 mm 309 mm.,,Usc 300 mm lap,<::: i ';.j'.' , .a :.- 4
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Link hi~rigrrbars also providc support lbr slab [bp rrinrorcqmcnt. -. . : . .
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:}'iyurc 3.2$ Minimum ;Irca =; 20% AS support = 0.2 X 476 = 96 mm'. USC2T12 = 226 mm2. - . :, .i !.
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' 4 Tension rcinforcrmrnt ovor support is lixrd insidc vcriical column bars. ' ' ,
Uars arc curtailed ;rt 0.25 sp:111 l'roni facc of' support = 0 2 5 X . 5 0 p = l250 mm > 45 X 20 = 900'nlm -
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