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Module Code: SPSU9BM

Student Number: 2942349

Approved extension (if applicable):

Actual word count: 1518

Assignment Question:

What is the relationship between lower-limb power and running speed parameters?

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Methods

Thirty-five participants, both males and females (Body mass 71.96  11.33) from the
SPSU9BM module of the University of Stirling were recruited for the experiment. The
participants were asked to attend without any injury or any covid symptoms. Exceptionally,
for the second session participants were asked to be adequately warmed up before the
testing procedure. After being fully briefed on the testing procedures, the participants
reported to the high-performance suite of Stirling University's sports center on two
occasions. The first session dealt with lower-limb power (low-exertion exercise), and the
second with variables affecting running speed (high-exertion exercise).

During the first session, two tasks were asked to be performed by the participants, one
countermovement jump (CMJ) and one broad jump. For the countermovement jump, a force
platform (Fitness Technology 400 series, optimal kinetics, Perth, Australia) at a sampling
rate of 600Hz and the Ballistic Measurement System (BMS) software were used. Each
participant had to stand on the force plate connected to a laptop for the countermovement
jump calculation. When the participant was ready, the start button of the (BMS) software
was pressed and after a countdown of 3 seconds, the participant had to jump and wait 5
seconds for the calculation to occur. The vertical displacement, takeoff peak force, average,
and peak power were recorded with the force plate (Appendix). For the broad jump, a tape
measure was used. Each participant had to make the jump from the starting line at the zero
centimeter of the measuring tape. The jump had to be performed without running up and
with the feet a little apart. Horizontal displacement was recorded to the nearest 1 mm from
each valid broad jump attempt. Both exercises involved three repetitions, with the best
performance being recorded for analysis.

During the second session, the participants were asked to do a 40m sprint test at 100%
intensity on an indoor synthetic track. The time that each participant took during the 40
meters sprint was measured with an electronic timing gates system (TCi System, Brower
Timing Systems, Draper, UT, USA). The electronic timing gates were placed every 10
meters, apart from the start one and the ending one at a height of 1m. The start line was
placed 30cm before the first gate, when the participant passed the first gate the time
recording started until the last gate, where it stopped. Each participant did three repetitions
with adequate rest in between and with the best performance being recorded for the
analysis. The velocity, momentum, and acceleration were calculated from the sprint
(Appendix).
Results

Descriptive data of the physical tests performed (Table 1). A small positive linear
correlation was observed between body mass (Kg) and the 40m sprint velocity (m/s), a
medium positive linear correlation was observed between body mass (Kg) and vertical
displacement of the CMJ (cm) and a small positive linear correlation was observed between
body mass (Kg) and horizontal displacement of the BJ (cm) (r= 0.28, r= 0.45, r= 29; Figure
1). A medium positive linear correlation was observed between vertical displacement CMJ
(cm) & 40m sprint velocity (m/s) and a large positive linear correlation was observed
between horizontal displacement BJ (cm) & 40m sprint velocity (m/s) (r= 0.45, r=0.50;
Figure 2). A small positive linear correlation was observed between peak power CMJ (cm)
& 40m sprint velocity (m/s) (r= 0.26; Figure 3). Medium positive correlations were found
between 40m sprint (0-10m) acceleration (m/s^2) and vertical & horizontal displacement
(cm) (r= 0.47, r= 0.40; Figure 4). A medium positive linear correlation was observed
between CMJ momentum & 40m sprint momentum (Kg m/s) (r= 0.46; Figure 5).

Table 1: Different variables collected during the sprint, the broad jump, and the
countermovement jump.
Variables Means SD
Countermovement JUMP
Vertical displacement (force platform) [cm] 37.1 ± 9.4
Takeoff peak force CMJ (force platform) [N] 27,455.5 ± 8,882.7
Average power CMJ (force platform) [W] 995.9 ± 607.8
Peak power CMJ (force platform) [W] 2,698.3 ± 1,082.9
Broad JUMP
Horizontal displacement [cm] 197.9 ± 32.0
40M SPRINT
40 m velocity (timing gates) [m/s] 6.4 ± 0.6
Momentum (timing gates) [kg m/s] 496.8 ± 108.5
0-10 m acceleration [m/s^2] 2.3 ± 0.5
10-20 m acceleration [m/s^2] 1.4 ± 0.7
20-30 m acceleration [m/s^2] 0.5 ± 0.9
30-40 m acceleration [m/s^2] 0.3 ± 1.0

Values shown are meansSD

 110.0 110.0
r= 0.28 r= 0.45
100.0 100.0
Body Mass (Kg)

Body Mass (Kg)

90.0 90.0
80.0 80.0
70.0 70.0
60.0 60.0
50.0 50.0
40.0 40.0
5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0
40 m velocity [m/s] Vertical Displacement [cm]

110.00 r = 0.29
100.00
Body Mass [kg]

90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
100.00 190.00 280.00
Horizontal Displacement [cm]

Figure 1: Correlations between body mass (Kg) and sprint performance (m/s),
countermovement jump performance (cm), and broad jump performance (cm).

60.0 r = 0.50
r = 0.45 260.00
Horizontal Displacement
Vertical Displacement

50.0
220.00
40.0
[cm]

180.00
[cm]

30.0
20.0 140.00

10.0 100.00
5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
40 m velocity [m/s] 40m sprint velocity [m/s]

Figure 2: Correlations between vertical displacement CMJ (cm) & 40m sprint velocity (m/s)
and horizontal displacement BJ (cm) & 40m sprint velocity (m/s).
 6000.0 r = 0.26

Peak power CMJ (W) 5000.0

4000.0
3000.0
2000.0
1000.0
0.0
5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
40m velocity (m/s)

Figure 3: Correlations between peak power CMJ (cm) & 40m sprint velocity (m/s).

65.0 300.0 r = 0.40

Vertical Displacement

r = 0.47
Horizontal Displacement
55.0 250.0
45.0
200.0
(cm)

(cm)

35.0
25.0 150.0

15.0 100.0
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
40m sprint 0-10 m 40m sprint 0-10 m
acceleration (m/s^2) acceleration [m/s^2]

Figure 4: Correlations between 40m sprint (0-10m) acceleration (m/s^2) and vertical &
horizontal displacement (cm).

850.00 r = 0.46
40M Sprint momentum

750.00
650.00
(kg m/s)

550.00
450.00
350.00
250.00
0.00 10.00 20.00
CMJ momentum (Kg m/s)

Figure 5: Correlation between CMJ momentum (Kg m/s) & 40m sprint momentum (Kg
m/s).
Discussion

This study aimed to investigate any possible link between lower limb power and running
characteristics. The major findings of the current experiment were the positive beneficial
associations between a 40m sprint and both vertical and horizontal jumping parameters

According to Septadina, Suciati & Se et al (2019) body mass anthropometric measurement

is an indication that can be used to differentiate athletes' capability and performance. It was
seen that there were positive correlations between the body mass and the jump
performance, Bobbert et al (2002) agree that the total of the potential energy and the kinetic
energy resulting from the vertical velocity of the center of mass, determines the height of
the jump and the quantity of work done by the muscles during takeoff and the efficiency
ratio, which indicates the percentage of this work that is transformed into effective energy.
Regarding the 40m sprint performance, there was also a positive correlation with body
mass. Contrary to what is demonstrated in the results Jalilvand, Banoocy, Rumps, and Lockie
et al (2019) concur that body mass has a negative relationship with sprint velocity.
However, according to the participant characteristic of this test, the relationship was
positive as the most weight participants had a better sprint performance. The same
happened with the broad jump, most weight participants had a better horizontal jump,
which made it appear as a positive correlation between horizontal displacement and body
mass, however, each study might be different depending on the participant characteristics.

Kale, Asci & Acikada et al (2009) stated that horizontal and vertical jumps are used to
determine the sprinter’s performance capacity. Concerning any connection between
countermovement jump and sprint parameters, a positive relationship was found between
sprint velocity and jump height. In support of the results, McErlain-Naylor and Beato et al
(2021) study showed a positive correlation between the jump height and the sprint velocity,
demonstrating that the capacity to apply an impulse and accelerate the body in one
movement and direction is strongly associated with similar abilities in another movement
and direction. There was found a strong relationship between horizontal jump performance
and sprint velocity, based on the study by Rodriguez, Dietze, Montalvo, Gonzalez, Cubillos,
and Dorgo et al (2021) generating a great of horizontal force is essential for achieving
greater wide jump distance, therefore this positive correlation occurs due to the importance
of horizontal force during both a broad jump and a sprint.
The findings of the present study in terms of jump power and sprint velocity, emphasize
that there was a positive relation, showing that approach sprint performance seems to be
influenced by maximal power output in jumping. According to Marques & Gonzalez-Badillo
et al. (2011), most researchers have discovered moderate to strong correlations between
jump relative peak power and sprinting performance, with most investigators agreeing that
this significant relationship is due to the rapid stretch-shortening cycle that occurs in both
sprinting and jumping exercise.

Habibi, Shabani, Rahimi, Fatemi, Najafi, Analoei & Hosseini et al (2010) concur that due to
the direction of force application and take-off angles, the connections between jump tasks
and sprint acceleration should be stronger in horizontal than in vertical leaps. However, this
study had shown that the vertical jump had a stronger relationship with the sprint
acceleration than the horizontal jump. The different characteristics of the subjects used in
the study could be the possible reason for the differences identified. Although, Maulder,
Bradshaw & Keogh et al (2006), concluded that the preconception of using distance as an
evaluation metric for the prediction of horizontal jump measurements to sprint
performance is beneficial for athletes who compete in sports that demand a variety of
sprints. However, a limitation of our study was that the participants' sports were not
provided.

According to McErlain-Naylor and Beato et al (2021), the relative momentum of the two
colliding bodies affects each collision's outcome. As a result, sprint or jump momentum may
have a greater impact on performance than either of the constituent parameters by itself,
such as body mass or sprint velocity. In this study, CMJ and sprint momentum were
correlated and showed a positive relationship suggesting that jump momentum could be
used to predict sprint momentum. Our results show a bland strong relation compared to
the study by McErlain-Naylor and Beato et al (2021), however, is still positive. McErlain-
Naylor and Beato et al (2021), concluded that a stronger positive association between sprint
velocity and jump height will unquestionably result in a stronger positive correlation
between sprint momentum and jump momentum, which this study data unequivocally
validates.
Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that there is a relationship between running
paraments and lower-limb parameters. In view of previously published research, the
significant correlations between vertical and horizontal jumps variables and sprint
velocities were not unexpected. As has been extensively discussed, the correlation between
these factors may be explained by the fact that both sprinting and jumping call for the
application of considerable amounts of similar variables, such as force or power. The
findings of this study indicate that sprinting and jumping can be connected to performance
success. Demonstrating that vertical and horizontal impulses can play a significant role in
determining a sprinter's ability, suggesting that jump training may be useful for improving
sprint performance. The study also had some limitations, including participant
characteristics and a lack of data in some exercises, that in future studies can be improved.
Finally, it should be recognized that correlations can only provide information about
relationships, not causation and effect. As a result, the practical applications mentioned here
must be evaluated in consideration of this.
Reference list

Bobbert, M. F. (2002). The effect of coordination on vertical jumping performance. In

K. E. Gianikellis (Ed.), Scientific Proceedings of the XXth International Symposium on
Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 355-361)

Dietze-Hermosa, M., Montalvo, S., Gonzalez, M. P., Rodriguez, S., Cubillos, N. R., & Dorgo, S.
(2021). Association and predictive ability of jump performance with sprint profile of
Collegiate Track and field athletes. Sports Biomechanics, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.2000022

Habibi, A., Shabani, M., Rahimi, E., Fatemi, R., Najafi, A., Analoei, H., & Hosseini, M. (2010).
Relationship between jump test results and acceleration phase of sprint performance in
national and regional 100m Sprinters. Journal of Human Kinetics, 23(2010), 29–35.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0004-7

Jalilvand, F., Banoocy, N. K., Rumpf, M. C., & Lockie, R. G. (2019). Relationship between
body mass, peak power, and power-to-body mass ratio on sprint velocity and momentum
in high-school football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(7), 1871–
1877. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002808

Kale, M., Aşçi, A., Bayrak, C., & Açikada, C. (2009). Relationships among jumping
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Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2272–2279.
https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b3e182

Marqués, M. C., & Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J. (2011). Relationship between strength parameters

and squat jump performance in trained athletes. Motrocidade, 7(4), 43–48.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.130

Maulder, P. S., Bradshaw, E. J., & Keogh, J. (2006). Jump kinetic determinants of sprint
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McErlain-Naylor, S. A., & Beato, M. (2021). Factors influencing the jump momentum –
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https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.2002420

Septadina, I. seta, Suciati, T., & Se, H. S. (2019). Body mass index as a parameter of running
speed. Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research, 3(2), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v3i2.83
Appendix

Calculations formulas

Vertical displacement (cm) = (1/2) * g * (t/2) ^2

Flight time (s) = time landing – time at take-off
Velocity (m/s) = displacement (m) / time (s)
Momentum = mass (kg) x velocity
Acceleration (m/s^2) = (final velocity – starting velocity) / time
Time = displacement (m) / velocity
Displacement = velocity x time (s)
Power = Mass x Acceleration x distance/time

Harman Formula:
Peak power (W) = (61.9 x jump height (cm)) + (36 x body mass (kg)) + 1822
Average power (W) = (21.2 x jump height (cm)) + (23.0 x body mass (kg)) – 1393.

Coefficient r:

Strength of Association Positive Negative

Small 0.1 to 0.3 -0.1 to -0.3
Medium 0.3 to 0.5 -0.3 to -0.5
Large 0.5 to 1.0 -0.5 to -1.0