Lecture 12:

Industrial Revolution: Development

of Railroad & Automobile Industry,
Urbanisation

Arc. Kofi OWUSU, Dr. Maria PANTA, Dr. Ayisha BAFFOE-ASHUN

ARC 152 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE, Semester II

12 July 2022

V
The First Industrial Revolution 1750-1850
• Before the Industrial
Revolution, most people in
Britain lived and worked in the
countryside.
• Things such as cloth were spun
and woven by hand in their own
homes.
• From about 1750 machines
were invented to do this more
quickly.
• Factories were built so the
bigger machines could be
powered by water, and later
steam.
• People moved from the Picture hand drawn by Rachel Wood on behalf of Saltaire Collection.

countryside to work in the

factories, so towns grew up.
The Second Industrial Revolution (1850-1914, USA
& Western Europe):
What we think of today as industrial architecture is
largely based on buildings from the Second
Industrial Revolution, which was brought about by
the introduction of new building materials such as
steel and concrete.

These advancements transformed industrial

facilities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. These new materials helped to make
industrial structures more efficient and safer for
workers.
Impact of the industrial revolution on society
and architecture and emergence of steel and
concrete as ‘new’ materials.
The Great Age of Invention and Innovation

• Transportation
• Oil
• Steel
• Communications
• General Industrial and Technological Advances
(Manufacturing)
 POPULATION

Before – Rural

After – Crowded cities

(Urban)
Industrialization
CASE STUDY: Manchester

The factory system changes the way people

live and work, introducing a variety of
problems.
Industrialization
CASE STUDY: Manchester
Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work
• Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more
expensive goods
Industrial Cities Rise
• Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to
cities
• Growing population provides work force, market for factory
goods
• British industrial cities: London, Birmingham,
• Manchester, Liverpool
 Industrialization Changes Life

Living Conditions
• Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums
• Life span in one large city is only 17 years
• Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban
homes
• Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes
• Cities also without adequate housing, education, police
protection
Industrialization Changes Life

Working Conditions
• Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round
• Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers
• Many coal miners killed by coal dust
Class Tensions Grow
The Middle Class
• Middle class—skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers,
professionals
• Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners,
aristocrats
• Middle class has comfortable standard of living

The Working Class

• Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by
machines
• Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out
of work
• Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological
progress
• Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing
improve
• Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and
conditions

Long-Term Effects
• Improved living and working conditions still evident today
• Governments use increased tax revenues for urban
improvements
 The Mills of Manchester

Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
• Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve
• Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and
conditions

Manchester and the Industrial Revolution

• Manchester has labour, water power, nearby port at Liverpool
• Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment
• Business owners make profits by risking their own money on
factories
• Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some
The Mills of Manchester

Children in Manchester Factories

• Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured
• 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours
• Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river
• Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and
creates wealth
Industrialization Spreads

The industrialization that begins in Great Britain spreads to

other parts of the world.
 Industrialization Spreads

Industrial Development in the United States

Industrialization in the United States
• U.S. has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize
• Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S.
• Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820
• Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the
country
• Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills
• Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize
Industrial Development in the United States
Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
• Industrialization picks up during post-Civil War technology
boom
• Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad
lines

Continental Europe Industrializes

The Impact of Industrialization

Rise of Global Inequality

• Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further
behind
• European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources
• Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets

Transformation of Society
• Europe and U.S. gain economic power
• African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts
• Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social
reform
Reforming the Industrial World

The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and

political reforms.
Transportation
• Nicholas Cugnot, a
French army officer is
generally given credit
for developing the
three wheeled, steam
driven horseless
carriage in 1769. The
carriage was later used
in 1770.
 Transportation
- The creations of canals linked cities by water transport
- Road travel was still far from what we see now though.
- Carrier carts, stage coaches, and pack carts
transported common people, the rich, and large hauls
of goods.
- The greatest innovation in
transportation during the
Industrial Revolution was the
locomotive
- Powered by James Watt’s
steam engine the locomotive
made it easy to get from
industrialized city to
industrialized city, and also
helped spread English
innovations across Europe.
Transportation Revolution
• The 1800s gave rise to Transportation
Revolution: period of rapid growth in new
means of transportation
• This created boom in business by reducing
shipping costs and time

• Two new forms of transportation were

steamboat and steam-powered trains
 Transportation
Search for more Better and
Increased
markets and faster means of
production
raw materials transportation

Before the Industrial Revolution

•Canal barges pulled by mules
•Ships powered by sails
•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

After the Industrial Revolution

•Trains
•Steamships
•Trolleys
•Automobiles
 Improvements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam Engine
• Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of
steam engine
• James Watt improves steam engine

Water Transportation
• Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807
• England’s water transport improved by system of canals

Road Transportation
• British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll
roads
 The Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Locomotives
• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive
• In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line to
carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington
Railway (UK).

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad 1830

• The first public inter-city railway line in the world to use
locomotives, the Railway, which opened in 1830.

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

• Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs
• Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to
cities
 Transportation

• In the early 1800s George Stephenson developed

steam-powered locomotives to pull carts along rails.
Railroads increased trade and industry, and connected
Britain from one end to the other
The Illinois central Railroad 1856 (US), the longest
railroad in the entire world at the time.

All the towns that the railroad passed through

were designed on the exact same grids and the
exact street names.

33 cities with the exact same plan.

The Illinois central Railroad is just one example of

the mass production of new towns around railway
routes.
Why would railroads need to found cities like
these and how were they designed?
In the Eastern part of the US railroads Primarily
connected existing cities to strengthen the ties of
the local economies.

In the Western part of the US there were very few

towns to connect, those that did exist aggressively
lobbied railroads to route their tracks nearby to
reap the economic benefits.
A railroad depot would serve as a hub for local
agriculture, they would get grain silos, local
marketplaces and the other benefits associated
with the connection between the local economy
and the larger national one.
 The impact of Railroads
• About 30,000 miles of
railroads linked
American cities by
1860.
• The U.S. economy
surged as railroads
moved goods cheaply
to distant markets.
Charles and Frank Duryea built the first successful
gasoline powered automobile in the United States. The
auto was tested in September 1893.

Charles Duryea (1893) Frank Duryea (1945)

link to: autohistory
 The transportation revolution that
began with the first railroads
continued.
• Transcontinental railroads linked cities together.
• Automakers such as Nikolaus Otto, Karl Benz, and Gottlieb Daimler
changed the way people traveled.
• Henry Ford used the assembly line to mass-produce cars and make
them affordable.
Henry Ford and eleven other investors launched the Ford Motor
Company in 1903. In 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly
line to mass produce his automobiles. By 1918 half of all cars in
America were the Ford Model T. Ford employed tens of thousands
of workers and used innovative business techniques to make his
company an automotive giant.
The innovations in automobile manufacturing gave
Americans jobs, greater mobility, and a sense of
freedom that many had never experienced before.

1965 Ford Mustang

1913 Ford Model T Ford Country Squire Station Wagon

Railroads ruled the land in the mid and late 1800s
and on into the 1900s. People such as Cornelius
Vanderbilt, James Hill, Leland Stanford and many
others built thousands of miles of track and linked
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Linking a nation – The Transcontinental Railroad
 Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
• During the Industrial Revolution, people moved
from villages and towns into cities
• Urbanization: movement of people to cities
• Garbage filled overcrowded city streets and disease
spread
Developments
 Mass production of goods
 Increased numbers of goods
 Increased diversity of goods produced
 Development of factory system of production
 Rural-to-urban migration
 People left farms to work in cities
 Development of capitalism
 Financial capital for continued industrial growth
 Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
 Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class
 Commitment to research and development
 Investments in new technologies
 Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the
sciences, and overall industrial growth
Industrial developments from the
1950’s brought about the following:

Explosive increase of population

World-wide trend of urbanization

Inconsiderate consumption of non-
renewable resources

Waste and lack of care for renewable

resources
Skyscrapers, office blocks,
etc.
 Skyscrapers, office blocks,
etc.

Explosive increase of
population
 Impact of Urbanization
Increased
Overcrowding of
demand for
people
resources

slums Urbanization

air Increased disposal

pollution of waste
Urbanization
• During the Industrial Revolution, people moved
from villages and towns into cities
• Urbanization: movement of people to cities
• Garbage filled overcrowded city streets and disease
spread
 City Life Changes
New Cityscapers
 City layouts will change with industrialization.
 Paris will tear down old medieval tenements and streets and build
new public building and wide streets
 In America, the rich will live outside of town. The poor will live in
slums near the city center in order to be near the factories
Safety, Sanitation, and Skyscrapers
 Cities become safer by adding electric lights, organizing police
forces and firefighters
 They become healthier by building sewage systems
 In Paris 1852 there was 87 miles of sewer. By 1911 there will be
more than 750 miles
 Steel will help make tall buildings in 1900.
 One family homes will be torn down in order to build multistory
multifamily buildings
 City Life Changes
The Lure of City Life
 City life will attract people
 They will come because of work or excitement of a city
 They will come for entertainment like music halls, opera houses,
theaters, sporting events.
 City Life Changes

This aerial view shows Paris around 1870, after being redesigned by Georges
Haussmann.
 Industrialization
• European cities go through a period
of urbanization because of the
factory system
• This caused living conditions to be
terrible
• Sickness was widespread (cholera)
• Average worker spent 14hours,
6days
• Dangerous industry-coal mines
 Activity
£1 50
p
Towns and cities
grew
Products were cheaper

Britain became richer.

What were the best things
about the Industrial Revolution?

Working and living conditions

eventually Improved.
Ideas and inventions
The industrial revolution gave rise to different
typologies of architecture and technological
innovations guided construction techniques.

Modern Architecture:
Glass, Steel, Reinforced concrete

Modernity, the Modern Era

THANK YOU