Objectives Activities

1. Compare 1. Draw and annotate a Cell structures to include cell wall, cell membrane,
the diagram of a plant cell to nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuoles, mitochondrion,
structure of show the function of the chloroplast
the structures.
generalized 2. Draw and annotate a Video source:
plant and diagram of an animal cell https://youtu.be/qHkUOlC8Nbo
animal to show the function of
cells, and the structures.
selected 3. Tabulate the differences
microbes;  between the 2 cells.
  4. How are the following
different in structure and
function?
 Mitochondria and
chloroplast
 Cell membrane and cell
wall

Draw the diagram of the Microbes to include bacterium, Protista, for example,
bacteria.                amoeba. Simple structure of a bacterium to include
nucleoid, cell wall, capsule and flagellum
Compare with plant and animal
cells.

Draw the diagram of the amoeba.

See labels on next slide. Please
note that amoeba does not have a
fixed shape as it keeps changing
the shape as it moves. Therefore,
you do not have to copy this
shape exactly.
Draw and label cells and cell
structures from electron
micrographs (mag.x2,000)

Microscopy

1. https://youtu.be/--
dIBinUdeU
2. https://youtu.be/
PB97svr7Ye8

Electron micrograph of animal cell.

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Diffusion:

1. Define the term diffusion

2. State examples of diffusion occurring in plants and animals

3. Discuss the importance of diffusion

4. Carry out simple experiments to demonstrate diffusion.

Osmosis:

1. Define the term osmosis;

2. State examples of osmosis occurring in plants and humans

3. Discuss the importance of osmosis

4. Define the terms active and passive transport.

5. Give examples of active transport occurring in plants and humans

 Content:

Video link: 

Differences among diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xYwHZZk03A

Cells need a supply of water and other substances that dissolve in water so that they can stay

alive.  Cells also need to get rid of waste products.  Dissolved substances move in to and out of

cells across the cell membrane through the processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

Diffusion

https://youtu.be/lxHMJaXOzP4

 This refers to the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low

concentration until they are evenly distributed

●   Diffusion takes place in the cells of all living organisms

●   For diffusion to occur there must be a concentration gradient; the concentration of

substances in one area must be higher than it is in another area.

 ●   Diffusion takes place in all directions away from the area of the highest concentration

●   Diffusion is a passive process.  It does not require added energy.  It will continue until

the molecules are evenly distributed through the gas or liquid.

●   The rate is affected by the concentration gradient, the thinness of a membrane and the

surface area of the membrane.

Where diffusion The substance that is How substances move

takes place diffused

Small intestine Glucose and amino acids From the small intestine, through
from dissolved food capillary walls into the blood

Lungs Oxygen from the air From the lungs through alveoli walls into
the blood

Pores of leaves Oxygen From the air spaces in leaves, through the
pores into the air (during photosynthesis)

Pores of leaves Carbon dioxide From the air, through pores into the air
spaces in the leaf

The cell Amino acids, sugars and From a food vacuole, through the
membrane of vitamins (products of membrane around it into the cytoplasm of
amoeba digestion) the cell

Link to video:  Diffusion of potassium permanganate crystals in water:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTn56X_fa7Y

Osmosis

https://youtu.be/4Eq8rO3fABM

●       Cell surface membranes are partially/differentially permeable.

 ●       Partially or differentially permeable membranes allow the movement of small

molecules (such as water) but not large ones such as sucrose. 

Osmosis is a special type of diffusion in which water moves from a dilute solution to a more

concentrated solution across a partially/differentially permeable membrane.

 https://youtu.be/rMa9MzP19zI

Osmosis and animal cells

If animal cells are immersed in a very dilute solution (hypotonic solution), they gain water by

osmosis, swell and burst.  This is because they do not have a cell wall to withstand the pressure.

If animal cells are immersed in a very concentrated solution (hypertonic solution), they lose

water by osmosis and shrink.  When this happens to red blood cells they are said to be crenated.

If animal cells are placed in a solution which is the same concentration as the cell contents

(isotonic solution), there will be an equal volume of water entering and leaving the cell and so

the cell will remain unchanged.

 Osmosis and Plant Cells

If plant cells are placed in a hypotonic solution/dilute solution, they gain water by osmosis,

swell, but do not burst because they have a cellulose cell wall to resist their expansion.  They are

turgid.
If plant cells are placed in a concentrated/hypertonic solution, they also lose water by osmosis. 

The vacuole shrinks pulling the cytoplasm and cell surface membrane away from the cell wall

causing plasmolysis.  If the solution is not very concentrated the cells will become flaccid.

When plant cells are placed in an isotonic solution it remains unchanged. 

➢     A plant cell is said to be flaccid when there is just enough water inside to keep the cell

membrane against the cell wall but the vacuole is not full enough to exert a pressure

against the wall.

 ➢     Turgidity is important for support in the soft part of plants such as young stems and

leaves.  Plants such as lettuce depend entirely on turgidity for support.  The opening and closing

of stomata also depend on changes in turgidity of the guard cells.

➢     Osmosis is important for the uptake of water by plant roots, as well as the movement of

water inside the plant.  Plants lose water to the soil if the soil water becomes too

concentrated, for example, when excessive amounts of artificial fertilizer are used.

 Link to video:  Osmosis and raisins

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjbO28Mh-vo

Active and passive transport

https://youtu.be/Gecu_RKFPho

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