MANAN VIDYA

SESSION- 2022-2023

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC To study the variousfactor
onwhich the internalresistance/ EMT
of
the celldepends.
Submitted by :- Submitted to :-
NAME
:
NISHA
NT
GANG
WAR
CLASS
:
Xllth'B'
ROLL
NO. .

INDEX
Sr no. Content
Certificate
Acknownledgment
Introduction
Aim of the project
Theory
Circuit diagram
Apparatus Required
 Procedured followed
Observation 12
10. Result & Inferences
11. Precautions

12. Bibliography15

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that NISHSANT
GANGWAR of class Xllth "B" DSR
MODERN SCHOOL has successfully
completed the Chemistry Investigatory
project on topic ‘Determination of amount
of acetic acid in vinegar’as prescribed by
the CBSE Board of the Academic Year
2022-23. It is further certified that the
project is Individual Work of the
Candidate.

External's Signature -:
Internal's Signature -:

Principal's Signature -

ACKNOWILEDGE
MENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.
ANSHUL GUPTA who gave me this
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
Determination of amount of acetic acid in
vinegar’ " which also helped me
doing a lot of research and I came to
know about so many new things, I
am really thankful to him.
Secondly, I would also like to thank
my parent 's andfriends who helped
me lot in finalizing this project
within the limited timeframe.

INTRODUCT
ION
There is a great need of batteries in
our daily use electronic appliances
and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made
more powerful so that their potential
can be increased greatly . Thus , this
project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the
internal resistance of a cell. When
the internal resistance of the cell is
decreased we can increase the
potential difference across it , and
hence make it more reliable.
Aim Of The
Project
To study the various
factors on which the
internal
resistance/emf of the
cell depends

Apparatus
Required
A potentiometer, a battery, two
one way keys, a rheostat, a
galvanometer, a resistance box, an
ammeter, a cell, a jockey, a set
square, connecting wires, and sand
paper.

THEOR
Y
The internal resistance of a cell is
the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions . The
internal resistance of a cell is -:
direct/v nronortiona/ to the
distance between the electrodes.
is inverse/v nronortiona/ to facing
surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
decreases with increase in
temperature Of electrolyte.
 is invenqe/v nronortiona/ to
concentration Of electrolyte

CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
FOLLOWED
1. Clean the ends ofthe connecting wires
with sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance

box.
3. Check the e.m.JC of the battery and of
the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the
battery is more than that of the cell,
otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained. To study variation of internal
resistance with distance of separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance
of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum currentfrom the
battery, making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2,
adjust the rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the last wire of the p
7. Determine the position of the null
point accurately using a set square and
measure the balancing length (Il) between
the null point and the end P. otentiometer.

8. Next introduce plugs in both keys

Kl and K2. At the same time, take out
a small resistance (l — 5 W) from the
shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a
potentiometer wire and obtain the null
point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12)
from end P. Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm
apart. Then remove the plugs ofkeys
Kl and K2. Waitfor some time and
repeat steps 7 to 10.
12. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart
to obtain another set ofobservations.

OBSERVATI
ON
 RESULT &
INFERENCES

The Electromotive Force of the eel/ is

constant and is equal to E Volt.
The internal resistance ofa
eel/ is direct/v proportional to
the separation between the
electrodes.
The internal resistance ofa eel/ is
inverse/v proportional to the area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
The infernal resistance ofa cell is
inversely proportional to the temperature
of electrolytes.
The infernal resistance ofa eel/ is
inverse/v proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte.
 PRECAUTIONS
l. The connections should be neat ,
clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced
in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery
E and cells El and E2 should , all be
connected to the terminal at the zero
of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be
rubbed along the wire. It should touch
the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should
remain constant for a particular set
of observation. Ifnecessary , adjust
the rheostatfor this purpose.
 INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the
resistance offered by the electrolyte
of the cell to the flow of ions.

Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Q)

For a cell ofe.m.f. (E) and internal

resistance (r), connected to an
external resistance (R) such that
(I) is the currentflowing through
the circuit,

E= V+1r
Internal
Resistance, r=E-
V/1
 BIBLIOGRAP
HY
WEBSITE

www.wikipedia.or

https://www.resear

chgate.net

https://www.sastas

undar.com

BOOKS

Comprehensive practical Manual

GUIDE

Mr. Abhas Kumar