UNIT -IV

Section-A
1. Among the following ___________ is the main source of Cellulose.

(a) Apple (b) Guavas (c) Bran (d) Barley

2. Which one of the following fiber occurs in woody part of plants?

(a) Lignin (b) Hemicellulose

(c) Pectin (d) Gums

3. Dietary fibre is known to be associated with reduced incidence of ________disease.

(a) Fungal (b) Coronary heart (c) Malaria (d) HIV

4. In which food source, contain both soluble and insoluble fibers.

(a) Fenugreek seeds (b) Milk (c) Eggs (d) Milk

5. In a normal adult diet, an intake of about _______of fibre per day recommended.

(a) 60g (b) 50g (c) 40g (d) 30g

6. Of all the pulses, _____contains maximum amount of anti-oxidant activity

(a) Rajmah (b) Soyabean (c) Peas green (d) Lentil

7. The deficiency syndrome of antioxidant nutrient Vitamin C is____.

(a) Constipation (b) Blindness (c) Beriberi (d) Scurvy

8. The skin of groundnuts contain___that play an important role in the ageing process.

(a) Folacin (b) Niacin (c) Resveratol (d) Lycopene

9. Among the following __ is an example of phenolic antioxidant.

(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin D (c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin E

10. Which exercise can increase oxygen utilization from 10 to 20 times over the resting state.

(a) Flexibility (b) Endurance (c) Intense (d) Balance

Section-B
11. Give the sources, components of Dietary fiber.
Types and Sources

Nutrient Food additive Source/Comments

Type – I water-insoluble dietary fibers

β-glucans (a few of which are water-soluble)

Cellulose E 460 cereals, fruit, vegetables (in all plants in general)

Chitin — in fungi, exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

Hemicellulose cereals, bran, timber, legumes

Hexoses — wheat, barley

Pentose — rye, oat

stones of fruits, vegetables (filaments of

Lignin —
the garden bean), cereals

production with Xanthomonas-bacteria from

Xanthan gum E 415
sugar substrates

Can be starch protected by seed or shell (type

Resistant starch RS1), granular starch (type RS2) or retrograded
starch (type RS3)[13]

high 37mylase corn, barley, high 37mylase

Resistant starch — wheat, legumes, raw bananas, cooked and cooled
pasta and potatoes[13]

Type – II water-soluble dietary fibers

Arabinoxylan (a hemice
— psyllium[28]
llulose)

replace or complement in some plant taxa

Fructans
the starch as storage carbohydrate
 Inulin — in diverse plants, e.g. topinambour, chicory, etc.

Polyuronide

in the fruit skin (mainly apples, quinces),

Pectin E 440
vegetables

Alginic
E 400–E 407 in Algae
acids (Alginates)

Sodium alginate E 401

Potassium alginate E 402

Ammonium
E 403
alginate

Calcium alginate E 404

Propylene glycol
E 405
alginate (PGA)

agar E 406

carrageen E 407 red algae

Raffinose — legumes

Polydextrose E 1200 synthetic polymer, ca. 1kcal/g

Contents in food

Children eating fiber-rich food

Dietary fibers are found in fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The amount of fiber contained in
common foods are in the following table:

Food group Serving mean Fibermass per serving

Fruit 120 mL (0.5 cup)[30][31] 1.1 g

Food group Serving mean Fibermass per serving

Dark green vegetables 120 mL (0.5 cup) 6.4 g

Orange vegetables 120 mL (0.5 cup) 2.1 g

Cooked dry beans (legumes) 120 mL (0.5 cup) 8.0 g

Starchy vegetables 120 mL (0.5 cup) 1.7 g

Other vegetables 120 mL (0.5 cup) 1.1 g

Whole grains 28 g (1 oz) 2.4 g

Meat 28 g (1 oz) 0.1 g

Dietary fiber is found in plants, typically eaten whole, raw or cooked, although fiber can be
added to make dietary supplements and fiber-rich processed foods. Grain bran products have the
highest fiber contents, such as crude corn bran (79 g per 100 g) and crude wheat bran (43 g per
100 g), which are ingredients for manufactured foods.[29] Medical authorities, such as the Mayo
Clinic, recommend adding fiber-rich products to the Standard American Diet (SAD) which is
rich in processed and artificially sweetened foods, with minimal intake of vegetables and
legumes.

Plant sources

Some plants contain significant amounts of soluble and insoluble fiber. For
example, plums and prunes have a thick skin covering a juicy pulp. The skin is a source of
insoluble fiber, whereas soluble fiber is in the pulp. Grapes also contain a fair amount of fiber.

Soluble fiber is found in varying quantities in all plant foods, including:

• legumes (peas, soybeans, lupins and other beans)

• oats, rye, chia, and barley

• some fruits (including figs, avocados, plums, prunes, berries, ripe bananas, and the skin
of apples, quinces and pears)

• certain vegetables such as broccoli, carrots, and Jerusalem artichokes

• root tubers and root vegetables such as sweet potatoes and onions (skins of these are
sources of insoluble fiber also)
 • psyllium seed husks (a mucilage soluble fiber) and flax seeds

• nuts, with almonds being the highest in dietary fiber

Sources of insoluble fiber include:

• whole grain foods

• wheat and corn bran

• legumes such as beans and peas

• nuts and seeds

• potato skins

• lignans

• vegetables such as green beans, cauliflower, zucchini (courgette), celery, and nopal

• some fruits including avocado, and unripe bananas

• the skins of some fruits, including kiwifruit, grapes and tomatoes

12. Discuss the impact of physical exercise on health.

Physical Exercise is defined as any movement that makes your muscles work and requires your
body to burn calories.

There are many types of physical activity, including swimming, running, jogging, walking, and
dancing, to name a few.

Being active has been shown to have many health benefits, both physically and mentally. It may
even help you live longer.

1. Exercise can make you feel happier

Exercise has been shown to improve your mood and decrease feelings of depression, anxiety,
and stress.

It produces changes in the parts of the brain that regulate stress and anxiety. It can also increase
brain sensitivity to the hormones serotonin and norepinephrine, which relieve feelings of
depression.

Additionally, exercise can increase the production of endorphins, which are known to help
produce positive feelings and reduce the perception of pain.
Interestingly, it doesn’t matter how intense your workout is. It seems that exercise can benefit
your mood no matter the intensity of the physical activity.

In fact, in a study in 24 women diagnosed with depression, exercise of any intensity significantly
decreased feelings of depression.

The effects of exercise on mood are so powerful that choosing to exercise (or not) even makes a
difference over short periods of time.

One review of 19 studies found that active people who stopped exercising regularly experienced
significant increases in symptoms of depression and anxiety, even after only a few weeks.

2. Exercise can help with weight loss

Some studies have shown that inactivity is a major factor in weight gain and obesity.

To understand the effect of exercise on weight reduction, it is important to understand the

relationship between exercise and energy expenditure (spending).

Your body spends energy in three ways:

• digesting food

• exercising

• maintaining body functions, like your heartbeat and breathing

While dieting, a reduced calorie intake will lower your metabolic rate, which can temporarily
delay weight loss. On the contrary, regular exercise has been shown to increase your metabolic
rate, which can burn more calories to help you lose weight.

Additionally, studies have shown that combining aerobic exercise with resistance training can
maximize fat loss and muscle mass maintenance, which is essential for keeping the weight off
and maintaining lean muscle mass.

3. Exercise is good for your muscles and bones

Exercise plays a vital role in building and maintaining strong muscles and bones.

Activities like weightlifting can stimulate muscle building when paired with adequate protein
intake.

This is because exercise helps release hormones that promote your muscles’ ability to absorb
amino acids. This helps them grow and reduces their breakdown (12Trusted Source, 13Trusted
Source).
As people age, they tend to lose muscle mass and function, which can lead to an increased risk of
injury. Practicing regular physical activity is essential to reducing muscle loss and maintaining
strength as you age (14Trusted Source).

Exercise also helps build bone density when you’re younger, in addition to helping prevent
osteoporosis later in life.

Some research suggests that high impact exercise (such as gymnastics or running) or odd impact
sports (such as soccer and basketball) may help promote a higher bone density than no impact
sports like swimming and cycling.

4. Exercise can increase your energy levels

Exercise can be a real energy booster for many people, including those with various medical
conditions.

One older study found that 6 weeks of regular exercise reduced feelings of fatigue for 36 people
who had reported persistent fatigue.

Exercise can also significantly increase energy levels for people with chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS) and other health conditions.

In fact, exercise seems to be more effective at combating CFS than other treatments, including
passive therapies like relaxation and stretching or no treatment at all.

And let’s not forget the fantastic heart and lung health benefits of exercise. Aerobic exercise
boosts the cardiovascular system and improves lung health, which can significantly help with
energy levels.

As you move more, your heart pumps more blood, delivering more oxygen to your working
muscles. With regular exercise, your heart becomes more efficient and adept at moving oxygen
into your blood, making your muscles more efficient.

Over time, this aerobic training results in less demand on your lungs, and it requires less energy
to perform the same activities — one of the reasons you’re less likely to get short of breath
during vigorous activity.

Additionally, exercise has been shown to increase energy levels in people with other conditions,
such as cancer.

5. Exercise can reduce your risk of chronic disease

Lack of regular physical activity is a primary cause of chronic disease.

Regular exercise has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, heart health, and body
composition. It can also decrease blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
More specifically, exercise can help reduce or prevent the following chronic health conditions.

• Type 2 diabetes. Regular aerobic exercise may delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. It also
has considerable health benefits for people with type 1 diabetes. Resistance training for
type 2 diabetes includes improvements in fat mass, blood pressure, lean body mass,
insulin resistance, and glycemic control.

• Heart disease. Exercise reduces cardiovascular risk factors and is also a therapeutic
treatment for people with cardiovascular disease.

• Many types of cancer. Exercise can help reduce the risk of several cancers, including
breast, colorectal, endometrial, gallbladder, kidney, lung, liver, ovarian, pancreatic,
prostate, thyroid, gastric, and esophageal cancer.

• High cholesterol. Regular moderate intensity physical activity can increase HDL (good)
cholesterol while maintaining or offsetting increases in LDL (bad) cholesterol. Research
supports the theory that high intensity aerobic activity is needed to lower LDL levels.

• Hypertension: Participating in regular aerobic exercise can lower resting systolic BP 5–7
mmHG among people with hypertension.

In contrast, a lack of regular exercise — even in the short term — can lead to significant
increases in belly fat, which may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

That’s why regular physical activity is recommended to reduce belly fat and decrease the risk of
developing these conditions.

6. Exercise can help skin health

Your skin can be affected by the amount of oxidative stress in your body.

Oxidative stress occurs when the body’s antioxidant defenses cannot completely repair the cell
damage caused by compounds known as free radicals. This can damage the structure of the cells
and negatively impact your skin.

Even though intense and exhaustive physical activity can contribute to oxidative damage, regular
moderate exercise can actually increase your body’s production of natural antioxidants, which
help protect cells.

In the same way, exercise can stimulate blood flow and induce skin cell adaptations that can help
delay the appearance of skin aging.

7. Exercise can help your brain health and memory

Exercise can improve brain function and protect memory and thinking skills.
To begin with, it increases your heart rate, which promotes the flow of blood and oxygen to your
brain. It can also stimulate the production of hormones that enhance the growth of brain cells.

Plus, the ability of exercise to prevent chronic disease can translate into benefits for your brain,
since its function can be affected by these conditions.

Regular physical activity is especially important in older adults since aging — combined with
oxidative stress and inflammation — promotes changes in brain structure and function.

Exercise has been shown to cause the hippocampus, a part of the brain that’s vital for memory
and learning, to grow in size, which may help improve mental function in older adults.

Lastly, exercise has been shown to reduce changes in the brain that can contribute to conditions
like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

8. Exercise can help with relaxation and sleep quality

Regular exercise can help you relax and sleep better.

With regard to sleep quality, the energy depletion (loss) that occurs during exercise stimulates
restorative processes during sleep.

Moreover, the increase in body temperature that occurs during exercise is thought to improve
sleep quality by helping body temperature drop during sleep.

Many studies on the effects of exercise on sleep have reached similar conclusions.

One review of six studies found that participating in an exercise training program helped
improve self-reported sleep quality and reduced sleep latency, which is the amount of time it
takes to fall asleep.

One study conducted over 4 months found that both stretching and resistance exercise led to
improvements in sleep for people with chronic insomnia.

Getting back to sleep after waking, sleep duration, and sleep quality improved after both
stretching and resistance exercise. Anxiety was also reduced in the stretching group.

What’s more, engaging in regular exercise seems to benefit older adults, who are often affected
by sleep disorders.

You can be flexible with the kind of exercise you choose. It appears that either aerobic exercise
alone or aerobic exercise combined with resistance training can both improve sleep quality

9. Exercise can reduce pain

Although chronic pain can be debilitating, exercise can actually help reduce it.
In fact, for many years, the recommendation for treating chronic pain was rest and inactivity.
However, recent studies show that exercise helps relieve chronic pain.

In fact, one review of several studies found that exercise can help those with chronic pain reduce
their pain and improve their quality of life.

Several studies also show that exercise can help control pain associated with various health
conditions, including chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic soft tissue shoulder
disorder, to name a few.

Additionally, physical activity can also raise pain tolerance and decrease pain perception.

10. Exercise can promote a better sex life

Exercise has been proven to boost sex drive.

Engaging in regular exercise can strengthen the heart, improve blood circulation, tone muscles,
and enhance flexibility, all of which can improve your sex life.

Physical activity can also improve sexual performance and sexual pleasure while increasing the
frequency of sexual activity.

Interestingly enough, one study showed that regular exercise was associated with increased
sexual function and desire in 405 postmenopausal women.

A review of 10 studies also found that exercising for at least 160 minutes per week over a 6-
month period could help significantly improve erectile function in men.

What’s more, another study found that a simple routine of a 6-minute walk around the house
helped 41 men reduce their erectile dysfunction symptoms by 71% .

Yet another study demonstrated that women with polycystic ovary syndrome, which can reduce
sex drive, increased their sex drive with regular resistance training for 16 weeks.

The bottom line

Exercise offers incredible benefits that can improve nearly every aspect of your health. Regular
physical activity can increase the production of hormones that make you feel happier and help
you sleep better.

It can also:

• improve your skin’s appearance

• help you lose weight and keep it off

 • reduce the risk of chronic disease

• improve your sex life

And it doesn’t take much movement to make a big difference in your health.

If you aim for 150 to 300 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity each week or 75 minutes
of vigorous physical activity spread throughout the week, you’ll meet the Department of Health
and Human Services’ activity guidelines for adults.

Moderate intensity aerobic activity is anything that gets your heart beating faster, like walking,
cycling, or swimming. Activities like running or participating in a strenuous fitness class count
for vigorous intensity.

Section-C
14. Describe in detail the sources of nutrient antioxidants.
The process of oxidation in the human body damages cell membranes and other structures,
including cellular proteins, lipids and DNA. When oxygen is metabolised, it creates unstable
molecules called ‘free radicals’, which steal electrons from other molecules, causing damage
to DNA and other cells.
The body can cope with some free radicals and needs them to function effectively. However,
the damage caused by an overload of free radicals over time may become irreversible and
lead to certain diseases (including heart and liver disease) and some cancers (such as oral,
oesophageal, stomach and bowel cancers).
Oxidation can be accelerated by stress, cigarette smoking, alcohol, sunlight, pollution and
other factors.
Antioxidants and free radicals
Antioxidants are found in certain foods and may prevent some of the damage caused by free
radicals by neutralising them. These include the nutrient antioxidants, vitamins A, C and E,
and the minerals copper, zinc and selenium.
Other dietary food compounds, such as the phytochemicals in plants, are believed to have
greater antioxidant effects than vitamins or minerals. These are called the non-nutrient
antioxidants and include phytochemicals, (such as lycopenes in tomatoes and anthocyanins
found in cranberries).
The effect of free radicals
Some conditions caused by free radicals include:
• Deterioration of the eye lens, which contributes to vision loss.
• Inflammation of the joints (arthritis).
• Damage to nerve cells in the brain, which contributes to conditions (such
as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease).
• Acceleration of the ageing process.
• Increased risk of coronary heart disease, since free radicals encourage low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to stick to artery walls.
• Certain cancers triggered by damaged cell DNA.
Disease-fighting antioxidants
A diet high in antioxidants may reduce the risk of many diseases (including heart disease and
certain cancers). Antioxidants scavenge free radicals from the body cells and prevent or
reduce the damage caused by oxidation.
The protective effect of antioxidants continues to be studied around the world. For
instance, men who eat plenty of the antioxidant lycopene (found in tomatoes) may be less
likely than other men to develop prostate cancer.
Lutein, found in spinach and corn, has been linked to a lower incidence of eye lens
degeneration and associated vision loss in the elderly.
Flavonoids, (such as the tea catechins found in green tea) are believed to contribute to
the low rates of heart disease in Japan.
Sources of antioxidants
Plant foods are rich sources of antioxidants. They are most abundant in fruits and vegetables,
as well as other foods including nuts, wholegrains and some meats, poultry and fish.
Good sources of specific antioxidants include:
• allium sulphur compounds – leeks, onions and garlic
• anthocyanins – eggplant, grapes and berries
• beta-carotene – pumpkin, mangoes, apricots, carrots, spinach and parsley
• catechins – red wine and tea
• copper – seafood, lean meat, milk and nuts
• cryptoxanthins – red capsicum, pumpkin and mangoes
• flavonoids – tea, green tea, citrus fruits, red wine, onion and apples
• indoles – cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower
• isoflavonoids – soybeans, tofu, lentils, peas and milk
• lignans – sesame seeds, bran, whole grains and vegetables
• lutein – green, leafy vegetables like spinach, and corn
• lycopene – tomatoes, pink grapefruit and watermelon
• manganese – seafood, lean meat, milk and nuts
• polyphenols – thyme and oregano
• selenium – seafood, offal, lean meat and whole grains
• vitamin A – liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, milk, and egg yolks
• vitamin C – oranges, blackcurrants, kiwifruit, mangoes, broccoli, spinach, capsicum and
strawberries
• vitamin E – vegetable oils (such as wheatgerm oil), avocados, nuts, seeds and whole
grains
• zinc – seafood, lean meat, milk and nuts
• zoochemicals – red meat, offal and fish. Also derived from the plants that animals eat.
Vitamin supplements and antioxidants
There is increasing evidence that antioxidants are more effective when obtained from whole
foods, rather than isolated from a food and presented in tablet form.

Research shows that some vitamin supplements can increase our cancer risk. For example,
vitamin A (beta-carotene) has been associated with a reduced risk of certain cancers, but an
increase in others – such as lung cancer in smokers (if vitamin A is purified from foodstuffs).

A study examining the effects of vitamin E found that it did not offer the same benefits when
taken as a supplement.
Also, antioxidant minerals or vitamins can act as pro-oxidants or damaging ‘oxidants’ if they
are consumed at levels significantly above the recommended amounts for dietary intake.
A well-balanced diet, which includes consuming antioxidants from whole foods, is best. If
you need to take a supplement, seek advice from your doctor or dietitian and choose
supplements that contain all nutrients at the recommended levels.
 Dietary recommendations for antioxidants
Research is divided over whether antioxidant supplements offer the same health benefits as
antioxidants in foods.
To achieve a healthy and well-balanced diet, it is recommended we eat a wide variety from
the main five food groups every day –
• vegetables and legumes or beans
• fruit
• whole grain foods and cereals,
• lean meat, poultry and protein (such as fish, eggs, tofu, legumes, nuts and seeds)
• dairy and dairy alternatives – mostly reduced fat (reduced fat milk is not recommended
for children under 2 years)
14. Explain the beneficial effects of antioxidants in the following diseases.

(i) Diabetes Mellitus (ii) Colon cancer

Unit V
Section-A
1. Which among the following characteristics does not attributes a mentally healthy person?
(a) he searches for identity (b) he is well adjusted
(c) he has low self-esteem (d) self-actualization
2. Health is a
(a) unifactorial (b) Multifactorial
(c) Individual factor only (d) External factor only
3. In history the improvement in human adaptation to natural environment can lead to
(a) Shorter life expectancies (b) Absence of health
(c) Longer life expectancies (d) Minimal disease
4. Genetically modified foods are not banned in
(a) Europe (b) India (c) Austria (d) Russia
5. Immune deficiency syndrome could develop due to (AIIMS)
(a) Defective liver (b) Defective thymus
(c) AIDS virus (d) Weak immune system
6. The best place to teach human policy is the _____.

(a) School (b) College (c) Work place (d) None of these

7. The aim of ________ education is to guide, people to choose optimum and balanced diets,

remove prejudices and promote good dietary habits.

(a) Family health (b) Social health (c) Mental Health (d) Nutrition

8. Among the following ___hygiene includes bathing, clothing, washing hands after toilet.

(a) Domestic (b) Personal (c) Community (d) Environmental

9. Which one of the following is a key word in health education?

(a) Participation (b) Motivation (c) Interest (d) None of these

10. One of the declared aims of _______ education is to inform the people about the health

services that are available in the community

(a) Self (b) Health (c) Dietary (d) Distance

Section-B
11. Define : Health Education.

Definition:
Health education has been defined in many ways by different authors and experts.
Lawrence Green defined it as “a combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate
voluntary actions conducive to health.”
The terms “combination, designed, facilitate and voluntary action” have significant
implications in this definition.
Combination: emphasizes the importance of matching the multiple determinants of
behavior with multiple learning experiences or educational interventions.
Designed: distinguishes health education from incidental learning experiences as
systematically planned activity.
Facilitate means create favorable conditions for action.
 Voluntary action means behavioral measures are undertaken by an individual, group or
community to achieve an intended health effect without the use of force, i.e., with full
understanding and acceptance of purposes.
Importance of health education
HE improves the health status of individuals, families, and communities in general.
HE enhances the quality of life for all people
HE reduces premature deaths
HE is concerned with helping people to help themselves.
A way of empowering people to understand their own problems, identifying its solution and take
appropriate action.
The ultimate goals and educational objectives of health education
A) The ultimate goals of health education
The goal of all health professionals including health educators is to improve the quality of
life. The goal of health education is to promote, maintain and improve individuals and
community health. In simple words the ultimate goals of health education are:
• To help everyone and family exercise the right to achieve a harmonious development of
the physical, mental and social potential.
• To promote health, prevent illness, self-adjust to live with disabilities and decrease
morbidity and mortality.
B) Educational objectives of health education
There are many types of objectives in health education depending on the stage and/or
level of interventions. The following are broad educational objectives of health education:
• To provide appropriate knowledge: provision of correct knowledge, facts and
information. For example, facts about HIV/AIDS.
• To help develop positive attitude: has a lot to do with changing opinions, feelings and
beliefs of people.
• To help exercise health practice/behavior: concerned with helping people in
decisionmaking and taking action. For example, helping people choosing alternatives (weather to
abstain, be faithful, or use condom)
Dimensions and characteristics of health Education
 Health education is an eclectic in nature. As applied science, it drives its body of
knowledge from a verity of discipline. Health education’s body of knowledge represent a
synthesis of facts, principles and concepts drawn not only from medical sciences but also
behavioural, biological, sociological and health sciences, anthropology, etc. and interpreted in
terms of human needs, human value and human potentials. Health education is concerned with
the whole person and encompasses physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of a person.
Most health problems are the result of complex mixture of the psychological and physical
reactions of people to their socio-cultural and economic environment.
The major causes of diseases and deaths are governed by behavioural and environmental
factors that are created by human beings themselves; HE is a life long process from birth to
death, helping people to change and adopt at all stages It influences so many aspects of life.
HE is concerned with people at all points of health and illness continuum. It is not limited
to patients in clinical setups. It includes those who are apparently healthy and who want to
minimize the risk of having a problem. Health education is concerned with helping people to
help themselves and with helping people to work towards creating healthier conditions for
everybody. HE is directed towards individual, family, group and community health.
Health education involves formal and informal teaching and learning using a range of
methods. Health education is concerned with a range of goals, including giving information,
attitude change, behaviour change and social change. Health education is not an end by itself.
Rather a way of empowering people to understand their own problems, identifying its solution
and take appropriate action.
Health promotion is primarily a societal and political venture and not medical service
although health professionals have an important role in advocating and enabling health
promotion Principles of health education The practice of health education is based on the
assumption “that beneficial health behavior will result from a combination of planned,
consistent, integrated learning opportunities and scientific evaluation of programs in different
settings.” The following points are few working principles of health education:
1. Principle of educational diagnosis
The first task in changing behaviors is to determine its causes. Just as physicians must
diagnose an illness before it can be properly treated, so, too, must a behavior be diagnosed before
it can be properly changed. If the causes of the behaviors understood health educator can
intervene with the most appropriate and efficient combination of education, reinforcement and
motivation.
2. Principle of Participation
The prospect for success in any attempt to change behaviors will be greater if the
individuals, families, community groups, etc…have been participated in identifying their own
needs for change and have selected the methods that will enable them to take action.
3. Principle of multiple methods
This principle follows from the principle of educational diagnosis. In so far as multiple
causes will invariably be found for any given behaviors.
4. Principle of planning and organizing
Planning and organizing are fundamentals for health education which distinguishes it
from other incidental learning experiences. It involves deciding in advance the when, who, what,
how, what and why of health education. It also requires the planning for resources, methods and
materials to be used, identification of target groups etc. It is very difficult and often unsuccessful
when carrying out health education program that are not planned and organized appropriately.
5. Facts Health education is given based on scientific findings/facts and current knowledge. It is
unthinkable to provide health education without scientific and knowledge related to the topic or
issues to be addressed.
6. Segmentation Health education should be designed for a specific group of people/ specific
target groups
7. Need based Health education is primarily educational, and its purpose is to ensure a desired
health related behavior after real need identification. All HE should be need-based. If the
problem is severe or serious from the health person’s point of view but is not felt as much by the
individual or the group, then a proper diagnosis should be made. Therefore, before involving any
individual, group or the community in health education the felt need of the community should be
ascertained and if there is no felt need the education will be wasted.
8. Culture Health education should not consider as artificial situation or formal teaching –
learning process. One should get into the culture of the community and introduce novel ideas
with a natural ease and caution. Health education should respect cultural norms and take account
of the economic and environmental constraints faced by people Therefore, Health education
starts from where people are and slowly build up the talking point to avoid any clash of ideas to
allow for people understanding, appreciation and internalization of fresh ideas.
Who is responsible to provide health education?
It is true that some people are specially trained to do health education work. We may
refer to those as specialists. But since all health workers are concerned with helping people to
improve their health knowledge and skills, all health workers should practice health education in
their job. If health and other workers are not practicing health education in their daily work they
are not doing their job correctly. Health education, then, is really the duty of everyone engaged
in health and community development activities.
12. Describe the aspects of Hygiene.

The various practices that help in maintaining health constitute hygiene. The word
hygiene comes from a Greek word Hygeia that means ‘Goddess of health’. Adopting hygienic
practices and promoting hygiene in the community, school and workplace prevent spread of
many infectious diseases.
Hygiene deals with both personal health as well as community health
Personal And Community
Health Both personal and community health are important for the well being of an
individual as well as the community. Health may be affected by the environment, availability of
quality food and other necessities. Participation of local and government organizations becomes
essential in promoting community health.
(i) Balanced diet: A balanced diet is one containing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins,
minerals and fibres in correct proportion to meet the nutritional requirement of a person at a
certain age and doing a certain amount of physical work. The energy requirement for moderately
active adolescent (teenage) boy is about 2200 to 2400 Calories where as for adolescent girls it is
2000 Calories. The food pyramid shown in figure 32.2 depicts the different categories of food
and their quantities that we need to include in our diet.
(ii) Personal hygiene : Following are some necessary hygenic habits.
Regular toilet habit:: Regular bowel movement keeps us free of waste generated within
the body.
Washing hands before eating
eating:: Our hands may carry many disease causing germs and
therefore we must wash them with soap or ash before taking food.
Bathing regularly and wearing clean clothes: Bathing regularly keeps our body free of
dirt, body lice and germs.
Cleaning the teeth:: When we eat, some food particles may remain stuck to our teeth.
These particles attract germs which harm our gums and teeth, and cause bad breath.
Brushing teeth
eth every morning and after dinner helps in their removal.
Washing hair, cleaning eyes, ears and nails
nails:: Regular washing and combing of hair, and
washing eyes with clean water helps to keep the germs away. Nails of both hands should
be clipped regularly. Nail
il biting is unhygienic and must be avoided.
(iii) Domestic hygiene
We dust and mop our houses to keep them clean and free from dirt, flies and germs. Disposal of
garbage in the allotted bins ensures clean surroundings and prevents breeding of disease causing
organisms. Used sanitary napkins need to be wrapped and put in the garbage bins.

All utensils that are used at home should be kept clean.

(iv) Clean food and water
Before they are consumed, fruits and vegetables should be washed thoroughly in clean water to
make them free from germs.
In many households it is a common practice to remove the footwear outside before entering the
house.
Water used for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing utensils should be from a clean source
such as taps, hand pumps and covered wells setup by corporations/panchayats.
(v) Cooking with care
Food should be prepared in a clean kitchen.
While cooking food, it is important to heat it to high temperature to kill germs.
Cooked food should be eaten fresh or covered and stored in cool and clean place. If
stored, food should be kept at a low temperature using either conventional methods or in
a refrigerator.
(vi) Exercise
Regular walking, yoga and physical exercises and outdoor games keep the heart and circulatory
system in good condition. Walking keeps the joints healthy.
(vii) Regular sleep and relaxation Is necessary for good health.
(viii) Abstaining from habit-forming
forming substances such a smoking, chewing of betel nut, gutka,
tobacco, and drinking alcohol; These are addictive an
andd their continuous use damages the liver,
kidney, heart, gums and teeth. You may have noticed that spitting is quite common among
people who chew betel nut, gutka and tobacco. We must stay away from such habits and try to
convince others to do the same.

Section-C
13. Give an account on importance of Health Education.

Importance of Health Education

Health education develops the awareness, skills and positive attitudes of students towards
health. Health education teaches physical, mental, emotional and social health. It helps students
to improve and preserve their health, avoid illness, and reduce risky behaviours. Health
education curricula and training help students learn skills so that they can make healthier
decisions in their lives. It is important for students as it builds their health awareness and
attitudes. Health education is not just about being well. It also focuses on emotional, mental and
social wellbeing. Educating students on the value of wellness is building their inspiration. As a
consequence, they aim to promote good health, prevent illness and avoid risky behaviour.
Instilling the value of good health in schools helps students make healthier decisions as they
grow older and continue to do so in their lives. Understand the Importance of Health Education
below.

Importance of Health Education

Health Education is really important in school. It allows them to realise the

risks of using illegal drugs, smoking and consuming alcohol. It helps avoid
deaths, illnesses such as obesity and diabetes, and sexually transmitted
diseases. Parents and students must really understand the importance of
health education in school. It instils skills, knowledge and positive attitude in
students. The curriculum for health education in all schools and colleges must
include Emotional health, Social health, Physical health and Mental health. All
of these are really important. WHO (World Health Organization) promotes
school health programmes as a strategic means to prevent important health
risks among youth and to engage the education sector in efforts to change the
educational, social, economic and political conditions that affect risk. The
Importance of Health Education must be understood by all schools. These
schools can also be called as health-promoting schools. These are really
important because they

Foster health and learning with all the measures at its disposal

Engages health and education officials, teachers, teachers’ unions, students,

parents, health providers and community leaders in efforts to make the school
a healthy place

Strives to provide a healthy environment, school health education, and school

health services

Implements policies and practices

Strives to improve the health of school personnel, families and community

members as well as students

Why Health Education

Now that you know what health education is you must also understand why it
is important. There are many aspects that must be focussed on in school in
different parts of the world. But the Importance of Health Education is vast.
Due to certain reasons like the ones mentioned below, students must be
health educated in school.

Injury is the leading cause of death and disability among school-age youth

One out of two young people who start and continue to smoke will be killed by
tobacco-related illness

Worldwide, 5% of all deaths of young people between the ages of 15 and 29

are attributable to alcohol use

In some countries, up to 60% of all new HIV infections occur among 15 years
to 24-year-olds

<<<HEALTHY FOOD FOR KIDS>>>

Schools with health education in their curriculum focus on certain things. This
makes the students of this school more aware of their health. They
understand all kinds of health and how to stay healthy. Such schools focus on
Caring for oneself and others

Making healthy decisions and taking control over life’s circumstances

Creating conditions that are conducive to health

Building capacities for peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable

ecosystem, equity, social justice, sustainable development

Preventing leading causes of death, disease and disability: helminths, tobacco

use, HIV/ AIDS/ STDs, sedentary lifestyle, drugs and alcohol, violence and
injuries, unhealthy nutrition

Influencing health-related behaviours

Goals for School Health Education

Schools and colleges must set certain goals for themselves. This way they can
make their students more informed about health. Some of the goals these
schools must set for themselves are

Make students aware of their health problems and needs

Promote student’s lifestyle through the inculcation of correct health concepts

and behavioural patterns with the ultimate objective of enabling the students
to make the best possible choice for their optimum health and total well being

Improve school and family environment

Enhance the role of students in conveying health messages to the community

and in giving active support to such national health programmes as their
country may be launching at the time

Each school has to prioritize certain aspects of their curriculum. Less

developed countries may have different priorities than those in more
developed countries. Check some of the major priorities in different parts of
the world.