Romblon State University

Laboratory Science High School

Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon
MODULE 1: Polygons
This module is designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
polygons. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many ways. The language
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module is divided into two topics, namely:
 Topic 1 – Polygons: Defined
 Topic 2 – Triangles
 Topic 3 – Quadrilaterals
 Topic 4 – Other Polygons
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Should be able to solve word problems involving sides and angles of a polygon.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate polygons (a) convexity; (b) angles; and (c) sides;
2. Derive inductively the relationship of exterior and interior angles of a convex polygon;
and
3. Differentiate convex and concave polygons.
TOPIC 1: Polygons: Defined
A polygon is either convex or concave. The difference lies on the measurement of the
angles. All the interior angles of a convex polygon is less than 180°; otherwise, the polygon is
concave.
A polygon is said to be convex if all of its interior angles measure less than 180°. The
vertices of a convex polygon point outward or away from the interior.
Examples:

A polygon is said to be concave if at least one of the interior angles measures more than
180°.
Examples:

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 Romblon State University
Laboratory Science High School
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon

The polygons are also classified based on their sides and angles. Remember that there
must be at least three sides to form a polygon.
DIY (Do It Yourself)
Draw your own example of Convex and Concave polygons.
TOPIC 2: Triangles
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three angles.
Kinds of Triangles according to Sides
1. A scalene triangle is a triangle with no equal sides.

2. An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two equal sides.

3. An equilateral triangle is a triangle with three equal sides.

Kinds of Triangle according to Angles

1. A right triangle is a triangle with one right angle.

2. An acute triangle is a triangle with three acute angles.

3. An obtuse triangle is a triangle with one obtuse angle.

TOPIC 3: Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides and four angles.

Kinds of Quadrilaterals

1. A trapezium is a quadrilateral with no pair of parallel sides.

2. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

Isosceles Trapezoid

3. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. Opposite sides of a

parallelogram are equal in length. Its diagonal bisects each other.
A B
AB∥ DC and AD ∥ BC

Diagonals AC and BD bisects each

other.
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 Romblon State University
Laboratory Science High School
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon

D C
The square, rectangle, rhombus, and kite are special parallelograms.
a. A square is a special parallelogram with four equal sides and four equal angles. Its
diagonals are of equal length and bisects each other at 90°.
b. M N

MN =NO=OP=PM
MN ∥ PO∧ON ∥ PM
Diagonals MO∧PN bisects each other.

P O
c. A rectangle is a special parallelogram with two pairs of opposite parallel sides. All of
its angle measures 90°. Its diagonals are equal in length and bisects each other.
d. D E

DE ∥ GF ∧DG ∥ EF
Diagonals DF ∧¿ bisect each other.

G F
e. A rhombus is also a special parallelogram with four equal sides. It has two pairs of
oblique congruent angles.
P M

PM ∥ NO∧OP ∥ PM
PM =MN =NL=LP

L N
f. A kite is also a special parallelogram with two pairs of equal adjacent sides. The
diagonals bisect the opposite angles.
K
KG∧GL are adjacent sides.
F G KF ∧FL are adjacent sides.
KL bisects ∠ K and ∠ L.
FG bisects ∠ F and ∠ G.

TOPIC 4: Other Polygons

1. Pentagon
A pentagon is a polygon with five sides and five angles.

2. Hexagon
A hexagon is a polygon with six sides and six angles.

3. Heptagon/Septagon

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 Romblon State University
Laboratory Science High School
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon

A heptagon (sometimes called septagon) is a polygon

with seven sides and seven angles.
4. Octagon
An octagon is a polygon with eight sides and eight angles.

5. Nonagon
A nonagon is a polygon with nine sides and nine angles.

6. Decagon
A decagon is a polygon with ten sides and ten angles.

7. Hendecagon/Undecagon
A hendecagon (also called undecagon) is a polygon
with eleven sides and eleven angles.

8. Dodecagon
A dodecagon is a polygon with twelve sides and twelve angles.

Interior Angles of a Polygon

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°.

50 60 80

90
40 60 60 50 50
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of any quadrilateral is 360°.

When a diagonal is drawn from one vertex to the opposite

180
vertex, two triangles are formed. Since the sum of the angle
180 measures of a triangle is 180°; therefore, the sum of the
angle
measure of any quadrilateral is 360°.

For a pentagon, we can draw two diagonals from one vertex,

180 180 resulting in three triangles. Therefore, 180 ×3=540° .

180

18
0
0
18

180 4
180
 Romblon State University
Laboratory Science High School
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon
For a hexagon, we can draw three diagonals from one
vertex,
resulting in four triangles. Therefore, 180 × 4=720° .

To determine the sum of the interior angles of a polygon, we can use the formula
S=(n−2)×180 ° , such that n is the number of sides of the polygon.
Remember that the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°. Let us try n = 3 for
the number of sides of a triangle.
S=(n−2)×180 ° Substitute 3 for n as the number of sides of a triangle. With
S=(3−2)×180 ° computation, we can say that this arrived formula is correct.
S= (1 ) ×180 °
S=180°
Examples:
1. What is the sum of the interior angles of a decagon?
Solution: Since decagon has 10 sides, then n = 10.
Formula: S=(n−2)×180 °
S=(10−2)×180 °
S= ( 8 ) × 180 °
S=1 440°
2. What is the sum of the interior angles of a 25-gon?
Solution: This polygon has 25 sides, so n = 25.
Formula: S=(n−2)×180 °
S=(25−2) ×180 °
S= ( 23 ) × 180°
S=4 140 °
3. What is the sum of the interior angles of a 40-gon?
Solution: This polygon has 40 sides, so n = 40.
Formula: S=(n−2)×180 °
S=(40−2)× 180°
S= ( 38 ) × 180°
S=6 840 °

4. What is the sum of the interior angles of a 50-gon?

Solution: this polygon has 50 sides, so n = 50.
Formula: S=(n−2)×180 °
S=(50−2)×180 °
S= ( 48 ) ×180 °
S=8 640°
We know that a regular polygon has sides with the same length and has interior angles
with the same size. The interior angle and the exterior angle of a regular polygon form a line,
so they are supplementary.
Exterior
Thus, the sum of the measures interior angle and angle

5 Interior
angle
 Romblon State University
Laboratory Science High School
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon

exterior angle of a regular polygon is 180°.

Therefore:
measures of interior angle = 180° – measure of exterior angle.
measures of exterior angle = 180° – measure of interior angle.
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°.
We have learned that the sum of the angles of any triangle is 180° and the sum of the
interior and exterior angles is also 180°. Therefore, we can say that:
m∠1+ m∠2+m∠3=m∠3+ m∠4
1 m∠1+ m∠ 2=m ∠ 4
This means that the sum of the two opposite angles of the
2 3 4 triangle is equal to the measure of the exterior angle.
We can find the measure of the exterior angle of a regular polygon by dividing 360° by the
number of sides of the polygon
360°
Exterior angle =
n
We can also find the number of sides of a regular polygon by dividing 360° by the size of
the exterior angle.
Below is the formula to use in finding the measure of the interior angle of a regular
polygon.
(n−2)×180 °
Interior angle =
n
Example 1: Find the measure of the exterior angle of a regular decagon.
360°
Formula: Exterior angle =
n
360°
Exterior angle = 10 =36 °

Example 2: Determine the measure of the interior angle of an octagon.

There can be two solutions to this problem.
Solution 1: Use the formula for finding the interior angle of a polygon.
(n−2)×180 °
Formula: Interior angle =
n
(8−2)×180 °
Interior angle =
8
(6) ×180 °
Interior angle =
8
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 Romblon State University
Laboratory Science High School
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon
1080 °
Interior angle = 8
Interior angle = 135 °
Solution 2: Use the measure of the exterior angle of the polygon. We know that the sum of
360°
the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°, so using the formula
n
, the measure of the
exterior angle of a regular octagon is 45°.
Interior angle = 180° – measure of the exterior angle
Interior angle = 180° – 45°
Interior angle = 135°
Example 3: What is the measure of the exterior angle of a triangle if the measures of two
opposite angles are 53° and 44°?

1 Exterior angle: m∠ 4=m∠ 1+m ∠2

m∠ 4=53 °+ 44 °
m∠ 4=97 °
2 3 4
For irregular polygon, the sum of the exterior angles is also equal to 360 °. Its interior
angles have different measurements just like its exterior angles. To calculate for the
measurement of the exterior angle, just subtract the measurement of the interior angle from
180°.
Example: What is the measure of the exterior angle if the interior angle measures 80°?
Solution:
Exterior angle = 180° – 80°
Exterior angle = 100°
Key points:

1. A polygon is convex if all of its interior angles measure less than 180°.
2. A polygon is concave if at least one angle measures more than 180°.
3. To determine the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a polygon, use the
formula S=(n−2)×180 ° , such that n is the number of sides of polygon.
4. The sum of the two opposite angles of a triangle is equal to measure of its exterior
angle.
5. To calculate the measure of the exterior angle of a regular polygon, divide 360° by
the number of sides of the regular polygon.
6. The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°.
7. To determine the number of sides of a regular polygon, divide 360° by the
measure of the exterior angle.
8. The formula for finding the measure of interior angle of a regular polygon is
(n−2)×180 °
interior angle =
n
.

DIY (Do It Yourself)

Directions: Solve for the following problems.

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 Romblon State University
Laboratory Science High School
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon

1. Find the sum of interior angles of a regular 45-gon.

2. Find the measure of exterior angle of a regular 25-gon.

ASSESSMENT
I. Directions: Draw the following polygons.
1. Rhombus 2. Trapezoid
3. Heptagon 4. Nonagon
5. Hexagon 6. Scalene Triangle
II. Directions: Identify each polygon as CONVEX or CONCAVE.

1. 3.

2. 4.

III. Directions: Calculate the sum of the interior angles of each polygon. Show your solution.
1. Parallelogram
2. Pentagon
3. 20-gon
4. 60-gon
5. 45-gon
IV. Directions: Find the measure of the required angle. Show your solution.
1. If m∠1=35 ° and m∠2=50 °, find m∠ 4 .
2. If m∠1=55.5° and m∠ 2=44 ° , find m∠ 4 .
1
3. If m∠1=60 ° and m∠ 2=52° , find m∠ 3 .
4. If m∠ 1=40 ° and m∠ 4=76 °, find m∠ 3 .
5. If m∠2=30 ° and m∠ 4=65 °, find m∠3 . 2 3 4
V. Directions: Solve each of the following word problems. Show your solution.
1. Find the sum of the interior angle of a 22-gon.
2. Calculate the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle with opposite angles that
measure 48° and 55°.
3. Find the measure of the exterior angle of a polygon if its interior angle measures 68.5°
4. Determine the number of sides of a polygon if the exterior angle measures 45°.
5. Find the measure of the exterior angle and interior angle of a regular octagon.
References:
Enfolding Mathematics in Life 7: by Marilyn B. Enojado, 2019
E-Math Teacher’s Resource Material 7: by Orlando A. Oronce, Marilyn O. Mendoza, 2015
www.slideshare.net