CHECKED BY: ELINA TOVMASYAN

Participle clauses
& participle
phrases
DONE BY: LAZIZAHON AND ASAL
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PLAN:
1. What is a participle
2. What are participle clauses
3. Types of participle clauses and their
explanations
4. Test
5. What are participle phrases
6. Key points for using participle phrases
7. Be careful!
8. Test
 What is a
participle?
 - A word formed from a verb
or
-ing or -ed verb acting as an
adjective
It can be used as an adjective
Example: burned toast, working woman, ringing alarm
Also it can be used as a noun
Example: good breeding, detailed monitoring
Sometimes they appear as a part of a phrase
Example: is going, has been
What are participle clauses?

Participle clauses are non-finite clauses.

They use a present participle or a past
participle to shorten a main clause.
Participle clauses are common in written
English because they allow us to include
information without making long or
complicated sentences.
 Let's take a look at grammar
structure
Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more
economical way. They are formed using present participles (going,
reading, seeing, walking, etc.), past participles (gone, read, seen,
walked, etc.) or perfect participles (having gone, having read,
having seen, having walked, etc.).
We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in
the main clause have the same subject. For example,
Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea. (While I was waiting for Ellie, I
made some tea.)
Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. The tense is
indicated by the verb in the main clause.
Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in a
literary, academic or journalistic style.
 Some useful information Usage
Participle clauses are common in written language. We can use them to shorten active and passive sentences.
Active Sentences
Use the present participle (ing-form) to show that two actions are taking place at the same time.
Example:
Holding the hair-dryer in her left hand, Susan cut her hair with the scissors in her right hand.
Long form: Susan was holding the hair-dryer in her left hand and cutting her hair with the scissors in her right
hand.
Use the perfect participle to indicate that the action in the participle clause took place before the action in the
main clause.
Example:
Having washed her hair, Susan reached for the hair-dryer and scissors.
Long form: After Susan had washed her hair, she reached for the hair-dryer and scissors.
Passive Sentences
We use the past participle to shorten a passive clause.
Example:
Blown to the right by the hair-dryer, her hair could easily be cut.
Long form: Her hair was blown to the right by the hair-dryer and could easily be cut.
 To Note
We use the perfect participle (having been + past
participle) to stress that the action in the participle
clause took place before the action in the main clause.
However, this form is rarely used.
Example:
Having been cut, her hair looked strange.
Long form: After her hair had been cut, it looked
strange.
The conjuctions as, because and since, as well as the relative pronouns who and which,
are not used in participle clause.
Example:
As the hair was blown to the right by the hair-dryer, it could easily be cut.
→ Blown to the right by the hair-dryer, the hair could easily be cut.
Her hair, which has been cut, looks strange now.
→ Her hair, having been cut, looks strange now.
But, the conjunctions before and when are used in the participle clause.
Example:
Before she cut her hair, she washed it.
→ Before cutting her hair, she washed it.
The conjunctions after and while can either be used or not.
Example:
After she had washed her hair, she cut it.
→ (After) having washed her hair, she cut it.
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:
1. Present participle clauses
2. Past participle clauses
3. Perfect participle clauses
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
CLAUSES
Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. Note
that present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs.
To give the result of an action
Ex: The bomb exploded, destroying the building.
To give the reason for an action
Ex: Knowing she loved reading, Richard bought her a book.
To talk about an action that happened at the same time as another
action
Ex: Standing in the queue, I realised I didn't have any money.
To add information about the subject of the main clause
Ex: Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city
centre.
 PAST PARTICIPLE
CLAUSES
Here are some common ways that we use past participle
clauses. Note that past participles normally have a passive
meaning.
With a similar meaning to an if condition
Used in this way, participles can make your writing
more concise. (If you use participles in this way, … )
To give the reason for an action
Worried by the news, she called the hospital.
To add information about the subject of the main
clause
Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage.
 PERFECT PARTICIPLE
CLAUSES
Perfect participle clauses show that the
action they describe was finished before
the action in the main clause. Perfect
participles can be structured to make an
active or passive meaning.
Having got dressed, he slowly went
downstairs.
Having finished their training, they will
be fully qualified doctors.
Having been made redundant, she
started looking for a new job.
Change words in the brackets into correct participle clause.
1. ___(Confuse) by the changing information, they thought the plane was cancelled.
2. ___(Wash) at a low temperature, these jeans will keep their original colour for a
long time.
3. ___(Read) the paper, he saw the news about his hometown.
4. ___(Build) by a local architect and artist, the house combines traditional materials
with original design.
5. ___(Live) in India for two years, Kaleem could speak some Hindi.
6. ___(Work) in prisons throughout her twenties, she wrote her first play about life
behind bars.
7. ___(Walk) through the woods, they found a bird with a broken wing.
8. ___(Select) for the final interview, the candidates were asked to prepare a short
presentation.
 WHAT ARE
PARTICIPLE
PHRASES?
A participle phrase is an adjective phrase headed
by a participle.A participle phrase is a group of
words containing a participle, modifier, and
pronoun or noun phrases. The Pronoun/Noun will
act the recipient of the action in the phrase.
 You need a comma after a Participle Phrase if it comes at the beginning of a sentence
and the following phrase is a complete sentence. If the Participle Phrase is in the
middle or at the end of a sentence, you do not need a comma.

Participle Phrase + Comma + Whole Sentence

Ex: Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.
Present Participle (removing) + Whole Sentence (Subject: Jack, Verb: rushed)
The participle phrase in this sentence is removing his coat, which is at the beginning of the
sentence with a whole sentence following it so a comma is needed.

Whole Sentence + Participle Phrase

Ex: Delores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline.
Subject (Delores) + Verb (noticed) + Present Participle (walking)
The participle phrase in this sentence is walking along the shoreline, which is at the end of the
sentence so a comma is not needed.
KEY POINTS FOR USING
PARTICIPLE PHRASES
Use a participle phrase to say something about your subject
before you've even mentioned your subject. That's cool. For
example:
Packed with vitamin C and antioxidants, oranges are a
popular fruit.
Placed at the front of a sentence, a participle phrase is offset
with a comma.
A participle phrase placed immediately after the noun its
modifying is not offset with commas (unless it's nonessential).
Put your participle phrase next to its noun. If there isn't a
noun, you're dangling (and that's never good).
Having read your letter, my cat could not have fathered
your kittens.
Having read your letter, I can assure you that my cat could
not have fathered your kittens.
Be careful!
Incorrect: Tattered but not ripped, Lee handed the ticket to the doorman.
(This is clumsy and potentially ambiguous.)
Correct: Lee handed the ticket, tattered but not ripped, to the doorman.
Incorrect: Tim saw David Attenborough, filming the leatherback turtles for Blue Planet.
(This is clumsy. There are better ways to avoid ambiguity than relying on that comma.)
Correct: When he was filming the leatherback turtles for Blue Planet, Tim saw David
Attenborough. (Rewording your sentence is often a good idea.)
Incorrect: Overcome by emotion, the whole speech was delivered in two- and three-word
bursts. (The shaded participle phrase is meant to be an adjective to a noun, but the noun is
missing. That's why nothing is underlined.)
Correct: Overcome by emotion, he delivered the whole speech in two- and three-word
bursts.
Incorrect: Having taken the antimalarial tablets religiously, the malaria diagnosis came as a
shock.
Correct: Having taken the antimalarial tablets religiously, Sarah was shocked by the malaria
diagnosis.
Do not confuse a present participle phrase with a gerund
phrase.
Present participle phrases and gerund phrases are easy to
confuse because they both begin with an ing word. The
difference is the function that they provide in a sentence.
A present participle phrase will always act as an adjective
while a gerund phrase will always behave as a noun.
Consider these examples:
Walking on the beach, Delores dodged the jellyfish that
had washed ashore.
Walking on the beach = present participle phrase
describing the noun Delores.
Walking on the beach is painful if jellyfish have washed
ashore.
Walking on the beach = gerund phrase, the subject of the
verb is.
Select the correct version.
When using a participle phrase at the start of a sentence, it is best to place the noun being
modified directly after / before the comma.
Participle phrases can only start with present participles/ start with past participles or present
participles.
Select the one with an example of a participle phrase:
A: He nodded his head just once to signify his agreement.
B: He reluctantly agreed, nodding his head just once.
Select the one with an example of a participle phrase:
A: On the desk, there was a note written on a scrap of paper.
B: There was a note on a scrap on paper on the desk.
Select the one with an example of a participle phrase:
A: Jumping in the lake was an end-of-race ritual.
B: Shouting as loudly as he could, he frantically waved his arms at the liner.
Select the one with an example of a participle phrase:
A: The dog which raced after the hare was out of sight within 5 seconds.
B: Within 5 seconds, the dog chasing the hare was out of sight.
QUESTIONS? Answers of tests:
TEST 1

CLARIFICATIONS?
1. Confused
2. Wasted
3. Reading
4. Built
5. Having lived
6. After working
7. Walking
8. Having been selected
TEST 2
1. Directly after
2. Start with past participles or present
participles.
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. B
 REFERENCES
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-
intermediate/participle-clauses
https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/sentences/participle-
clauses#:~:text=Participle%20clauses%20are%20non%2Dfinite,making%20l
ong%20or%20complicated%20sentences.

https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participle_phrases.htm
https://www.esu.edu/writing-
studio/guides/participles.cfm#:~:text=A%20participle%20phrase%20is%20a,p
hrase%20is%20a%20complete%20sentence.
https://www.chompchomp.com/terms/participlephrase.htm
 Thanks for your
attention and time