10th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE2020) October 29-30, 2020 – Ferdowsi University of Mashhad - Iran

Improve Performance of RTP Relaying Sessions in

IMS Transport Layer With LREProxy
Mojtaba Esfandiari.S
1st
dept. of Computer Engineering,
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Iran
dept. of R&D member of
NasimTelecom knowledge-base
co, Tehran, Iran
Email:
esfandiari@nasimtelecom.com
2nd
Seyed Mojtaba Najafi 3rd
Morteza Iravani 4th
Sajad sabri
dept. of Telecommunication dept. of Computer Engineering, dept. of Computer engineering,
Engineering, Islamic Azad Ferdowsi University of Shafagh Institute, Tonekabon,
University, Mashhad, Iran Mashhad, Iran Iran
dept. of R&D member of dept. of R&D member of dept. of R&D member of
NasimTelecom knowledge-base NasimTelecom knowledge-base NasimTelecom knowledge-base
co, Tehran, Iran co, Tehran, Iran co, Tehran, Iran
Email: Email: Email:
najafi@nasimtelecom.com iravani@nasimtelecom.com sabri@nasimtelecom.com

Abstract—The IP Multimedia Subsystem is an architectural

network for delivering IP multimedia services and data. The IMS
network has built on three layers which allows for the convergence
of different access networks. Each layer in IMS is consisting of
various elements and protocols that consequently process signaling
or media flow to specific application service. While the Call Session
Control Function (CSCF) is the main route decision of the IMS
network, the most significant of resources are used by routing and
delivering media flow in Transport data layer in IMS network.
With raising of request for service in IMS, the usage of resource
have been increased. The ingress and egress nodes in IMS network
are critical points and could potentially being bottleneck because
they have to transmit huge signaling and media packets from and
to IMS network. In this paper, we focused on Transport data layer
on Edge-Border IMS network to manage and optimize its
resources. We propose a new model of proxy that is called Light-
RTP-Engine-Proxy (LREProxy). Also we implement our proposed
paper as new module for Kamailio, Open Source SIP Server. We
demonstrate how to use this module, the usage of resources in IMS
network especially Edge-Border and IMS-Transit network have
been significantly decreased.

Keywords—IMS/NGN, CSCFs, ATGW, MGCF, I-BGW, TrGW,

Transport-Layer, MMTEL, TAS
I.INTRODUCTION
IP Multimedia Subsystem have introduced by 3 rd
Generation Partnership Project[1]. It is a completely
new open network structure for providing IP
multimedia services in next gneration networks
(NGN). It supports real-time communications like as
voice, video, Instance Message(IM).
IMS provides three distributed horizontal layers
for supporting of multimedia data and control them
(Fig.1).
978-1-7281-8566-8/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
Fig. 1. The IMS Core Network. (Three layers)
All SIP servers are placed in the Session and
Control layer in Fig.1. The main protocol for
controlling sessions and signaling is Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) [2]. The SIP is simplicity
Text Style Protocol in application layer for creating,
modifying and terminating communication.
The SIP protocol cooperates with some other
protocols such as the Session Description Protocol
(SDP) which use to describe streaming media

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communication parameter in a session [3], the real-
time Transport Protocol (RTP) which use for carrying
data and RTP-Control Protocol (RTCP) for
controlling and monitoring the QoS in session [4].
The Transport Layer is responsible to carry out
real-time multimedia and data in the IMS network.
Some elements that will be used in this session are:
Session Border Controller (SBC), Media Gateway
(MGW), Interconnect Border Gateway Function (I-
BGF). All these elements provide access to transport
layer in IMS network.
With extending and developing new Application
Services in IMS, the number of requests to IMS
would be increased. In this situation, the capability
of share public identities in IMS/VoLTE is more
significant [5] and the capability of elastic scalability
and extendibility of IMS/VoLTE is more and more
important [6]. Although it could be composed of
various framework vendors, it is possible to migrate
from hardware and moving all functions to VM
which is running in the cloud environments as a real
example realization of Network Function
Virtualization (NFV) techniques [7]. Using NFV
techniques, not only increases the scalability and
extendibility of development, but also decreases the
development cost.
The IMS Cloud-Computing can provide a
convenient access mechanism to improve the
scalability and extendibility of developing IMS. [8],
[9] and [10] introduce some software architecture
ways to improve efficient virtualization on IMS
network in different operating systems.
We also could use the NFV techniques in Edge-
Border of IMS and IMS-Transit networks. In IMS-
Transit networks or the Edge-Border of IMS core
network, transmitting real-time multimedia is really
playing critical rules in the heavy load-traffic
network.
The cost of scalability and extendibility of IMS
network, especially in Edge-Border network for
transferring real-time multimedia, is more and more
higher than other parts in IMS core network. The
servers in Edge-Border of IMS network, works as a
Transit Gateway(TrGW), and routes all incoming
traffics to IMS network. Even though, there are some
critical bottleneck points in IMS core network[11],
[12], the elements in Edge-Border of IMS network,
could become a bigger problem and higher critical
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bottleneck. Using NFV techniques, like other section
of IMS network, in Edge-Border of IMS, could
increase of scalability, but it does not lead to reduce
the development cost and management.
In this study, we demonstrate why using the NFV
techniques for Transport layer is not sufficient and
would be costly. We will propose how our model will
improve the usage of resources in Edge-Border of
IMS network or IMS-Transit network. The method in
this study could be extended in IMS core network.
Our study could be extended in [11], [13], [14], [15]
to improve performance of IMS network.
This paper aims to identify of positive potential of
using LREProxy module while using NFV
techniques in Edge-Border of IMS network in
Transport layer or in IMS-Transit network. While
most resources of IMS network has been consumed
in Transport layer, none of previous studies have
covered in this layer.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows:
Section II introduces the background studies. Section
III presents the System Under Test (SUT) or System
Model. In Section IV, we illustrate the architecture of
LREProxy module in SUT in details. In Section V,
we evaluate the performance of IMS network and
LREProxy module. We conclude our work in Section
VI. We also describe some of disadvantage of our
work.
II. RELATED WORKS
Much researches have been done for improving
IMS core network and its protocol. These approaches
are classified as below:
A. Security
As the voice over internet protocol has become the
popular communication around the world, more
security is required to reduce the risk of attack from
attacker. The security could be divided into two
sections, authentication in SIP protocol and
confidentiality in RTP protocol. In [16], the security
of SIP Trunk on IMS network using Session Border
Controller (SBC) has described. [17] offers a realistic
solutions to encrypt Instant Messages (IM) in VoIP
network. The IM would be used in IMS network as
an Application Service.
The work presented in [18] based on some
weaknesses of SIP protocol (such as generating
random value of nonce), introduces an approach for
generating significant value of nonce, that depends on
callid, realm, URI, secret key and timestamp.
In [19], two different models for security
requirement in IMS Home Network have evaluated:
the HTTP-Digest and TLS for a secure authentication
and IPSec tunnel and SRTP for data confidentiality.
In our recent book [20], we described some methods
to increase the security of SIP protocol for
authentication. They could be used in MMTEL or
TAS in Application Service Layer in IMS network.
B. Load Management in Session and Control Layer
All methods in this way is used to control overload
and congestions in CSCFs in IMS network. The
methods are divided as local (independent) way and
distributed way. All nodes in CSCFs, would be aware
of its resource. As a local SIP controller, [21]
proposes an overload control system for regulating
both of the queue length and the CPU load of the SIP
server using the Extreme Seeking algorithm. The
proposed control system is made of two proportional-
integral controllers tuned by minimizing a proper cost
function. The main drawback of this methods is use
of its resources to reject the excess calls with heavy
overload. In [22], distributed overload control
mechanisms for SIP has investigated. It shows a
positive effect in controlling overload. In [23]
demonstrate window-based overload control method
to limit the number of messages are sent to an SIP
proxy. The author uses fuzzy logic for regulating the
accurate size of window at first. In [24], a heuristic
approach based on mathematical optimization has
introduced. What would be notice is all of these
researches are done on SIP protocol in Session and
Control layer in IMS network.
C. Scalability of IMS Network Based on NFV
Technique and Cloud Computing
It is possible to abstract the IMS functionalities
from hardware and moving them to virtual machine
that is running in the cloud environment. In [6], [25],
[26], [27], NFV techniques have used to implement
IMS networks in cloud environment. In [28] has
shown the challenges of IMS inter-domain scalability
with three core original contributions toward. In [14],
the author tries to decompose SCSCF into two
functions. The first one is handling the UE
registration (vI-CSCF(R)) and the second is
processing the call control (vS-CSCF(C)). This paper
also designs for registration and Call-Setup procedure
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in vIMS. This paper is focused on virtualizing IMS
by using network functioning virtualization (NFV).
In [15], authors propose a new model of virtual load
balancing for call admission control (VLB-CAC) in
cloud-hosted SIP servers. The authors used a new
linear programming model for optimization. It
requires some critical information (CPU, RAM,
bandwidth of SIP servers) as input. In [10], a set of
three software architectures has introduced for
efficient virtualization of IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS) to respond to the high level requirements of the
ETSI NFV. The Virtualized-IMS as standardized by
3GPP, Split-IMS architecture, and Merge-IMS
architecture. In [29], a model has proposed to
distribute SDN controller in order to maintain the
signaling IMS network in session and control layers.
In [30], the author focuses on expansion of IBCF
entities in IMS network to improve interconnection
with other telecommunication networks. The model
that we are going to introduce it, would be used in
IBCF elements in Edge-Border of IMS network in
Transport Layer.
D. Performance Evaluation and Analysis of IMS
Network
In this field, several works have done to evaluate
and improve the Quality of Services (QoS) of IMS
networks. The attributes of QoS are defined by the
ITU in 1994 [31]. The QoS of packet-switched
telecommunication networks is defined in Bit-Rate,
Delay, Packet-Loss and Jitter. In [32], introduced
three different layer of QoS classes: conversational,
streaming and interactive. In [33], an analytical model
of jitter has proposed to evaluate manage the QoS in
IMS network and for stable networks, it showed how
traffic would be distributed. [11] introduces the aim
of evaluating the operation of IMS. This paper is
focused on identify the potential performance and
figure out bottleneck points in IMS network. In [34],
[35], the capacity of IMS test-bed components, which
are developed on one machine, have measured. In
each paper, the resource of machines are difference.
[36] has exclusively focused on measuring the
performance of FOKUS Fraunhofer HSS (FHOSS).
To improve its performance and to eliminate disk
access, the back-end databases has been mounted on
a memory-based file-system. In [11], the authors used
IMS Bench SIPp as a bench-marking software based
on IMS benchmarks the ETSI IMS/NGN
Performance Benchmark specification. [37] has and try to evaluate the network from different
suggested an mathematical model for evaluating end- perspectives: performance metrics, dynamic load
to-end characteristics of network based on the latest manager, call admission controller.
Internet Engineering task force (IETF)
recommendation. In [38], a model proposed to III. SYSTEM MODEL
calculate the volume of incoming traffic from Our System Under Test (SUT) is based on [50] in
network and its value after conversion to requirement call flows use-case scenario. Since the SUT model is
of IMS architecture. The result in [39] shows the required to allow not only a complete IMS network
maximum delay in IMS network takes place at but also subsystems of a network corresponding to
Serving-Call Session Control Function (S-CSCF). discrete products that may be available from a
supplier, all CSCFs are based on Virtualized
E. High-Performance Network Processing and NIC
Functions on KVM hypervisors. We used Kamailio
Queue Management V.5.0 in our SUT. The Fig.2 shows the topology of
In this field, several works have done to improve IMS core components on SUT.
performance enhancements that can be achieved in
IMS in different networks (5G/6G-SDN) on NFV
multicore systems
The researches try to evaluate performance data
based IP flow in Multi-Core system (Linux)[40],
[41], Multi-Queue NIC [40], [42] and Multi-Thread
connection tracking applications [41], [43], [44]. In
paper [45], the authors propose a radical network
stack design to treat queue allocation policy in NIC
driver or protocol implementation instead of utilizing
NIC hardware queues. It operates on a NIC hardware
abstraction that represents NICs as directed graphs.
Using this abstraction, Dragonet searches the NIC Fig. 2. The Topology of IMS Core Component on System Model
configuration space for optimal solutions based on
cost functions expressing policy requirements. The
FlexNIC [46], propose FlexNIC, a flexible network Kamailio configuration of CSCFs are default and
DMA interface that can be used by operating systems based on Table II on [11].
and applications alike to reduce packet processing
overheads. It moves some of the packet processing to The Linux scheduler load-balancing algorithm [41]
the NIC driver. It can be done flexibly at high speed. has positive impact on performance of multi-threaded
Sometimes, it is needed to leverage NIC features Kamailio SIP server.
implemented in software and hardware, without As our SUT is limited, we use a specific server for
sacrificing performance. In [47], presents a hybrid virtualization platform with hardware configuration
software-hardware architecture to bridge the gap has shown in Table I.
between limited hardware capabilities and ever
TABLE I. VIRTUALIZATION PLATFORM MACHINE
changing user demands. We could use this feature of
SoftNIC in our study while relaying different codecs CPU RAM HDD NIC OS Kernel
in IMS network.
2*CPU
2*10 G Debian Linux 4.15.0
In [48], describe the model to discover a failure on (12 Core 64 GB 500 GB
Intel (Buster)
2.4 GHZ)
emergency service in Application Layer based on
charging events [49] and implementing alarming
system in IMS Network. We could extend this IV. THE PROPOSED METHOD AND WEAK POINTS
method in our study, LREProxy.
The architecture of LREProxy model could be
Most previous researches, had worked on CSCFs stand-alone node in IMS network or be integrated
in Session and Control Layer in IMS core network with other nodes in IMS network. These nodes are:

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  P-CSCF/ATGW: The Access Transfer B. LREP_Transport Stateful Layer (LREP_TSL)
Gateway is an entity in P-CSCP to relay The second layer is developed in Kernel-Space as
Multimedia to IMS networks. It could be a main decision point for RTP admission controller
worked as SBC or B2BUA. and Quickpath selector to where a received packet
 I-BCF/IM-MGW: IMS Media Gateway to should be forwarded with power of packet mangling
relay Multimedia to other IMS networks. framework in the network stack [53].
 MGCF/TrGW: Transit Gateway to relay It offers some netfilter hooks, which is a way to
multimedia to other PSTN networks. use callbacks in order to forwarding packets inside
the kernel. There are five different kinds of netfilter
The LREProxy architecture is composed of two hooks. We create and define a new hook function and
different layers. These layers are independent of each register it in kernel. We used netlink socket [54] to
other. communicate between the kernel and user-space
A. LREP_Controlling Layer (LREP_CL) application.
The first layer is developed as User-Space When a new RTP packet is revived by LREP-TSL,
application based on Netmap [51] that allows User- it is en-queued to one of queues NIC and an
Space to directly access and manipulate cache data interruption is occurred. Then, based on its related
buffer and packet buffer in Kernel-Space. This layer CPU core, the admission controller algorithm uses
gets all information about creating new sessions, destination port as index to access build-in
active sessions and tear-down sessions which is connection tracking linked-list for getting SDP
gotten from SDP body during signaling plan and relay information. When the packet is received, the index
them to the LREP-Transport Stateful Layer (LREP- based destination is calculated. Since destination port
TSL). The data structures of layer are used by LREP- of each RTP session is unique in LREP_TSL, the
TSL algorithm could get access to the SDP information of
The data structures is like bellow. RTP session in one order time. If there is any SDP
information, matching algorithm is started to check
struct lreproxy_hash_entry_tuple { other tuple information of packet. The process of
__be32 src_ipv4_caller; matching is done as binary operation. It causes the
process of our study is done quickly and just need a
__be16 src_port_caller; bit time to find RTP session and relaying.
__be32 dst_ipv4_callee;
__be16 dst_port_callee;
__be32 res_audio_port_caller;
__be32 res_audio_port_callee;
str callid;
str viabranch;
struct lrep_node *node;
unsigned int tout;
struct lreproxy_hash_entry *next;
};
To improve performance and reduce time
conversion of data structure, we used Big-Endian
Byte-Order [52].

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Fig. 3. The Flow Chart of LREP_TSL (Admission Controller Algorithm and
Matching Algorithm)
The number of queue would be defined based on
the number of CPU cores in machine [42], [43]. We
could use NIC IRQ affinization between NIC queues
and CPU core [40], [42] for more optimization, (Fig.
4).
Fig. 4. NIC IRQ Affinization Between Queues and CPU’s Core
The LREP_CL and LREP-TSL could be run as
independence functions on different machines. We
could have one LREP_CL with multiple LREP-TSL
on different machines. The LREP_CL could works
with all LREP-TSL with different strategies.
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Fig. 5. One LREP_CL with Multiple LREP-TSL
Be noticed using of IRQ load balancing service
[40] could have negative effect. In the proposed
model, LREProxy does not perform the codec
conversion (trans-coding) here. Instead, this
operation is assigned to other specific services within
IMS network, like as Application-Services.
V. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
To evaluate our LREProxy module and its
performance, we performed various experiments in
different conditions. The main important things in our
experiments is QoS metrics with respect to
concurrent SIP sessions for relaying RTP with
LREProxy. In other words, we evaluated the
LREProxy and its QoS when the SIP sessions calls
are increasing per second more and more. Also, we
evaluated the QoS metrics and all resources during
test-bed. The metrics that we focused on were Packet
loss, Delay, Jitter, MoS Score, CPS, Voice Codec,
Queue Buffer Length, Rx/Tx-Flow-Hash algorithm,
Rx/Tx Multiple Queue.
In practical experiment, the Maximum SIP sessions
calls in Sipp is limited for generating RTP media,
Sipp is limited to 10000 concurrent RTP sessions for
pcap_play. However to overcome this problem, we
preferred to run the call-flow scenario of Sipp several
times simultaneously in one machine. The RTP
traffic over SIP sessions are selected from different
Voice Codecs during our test. The Codecs are used
for converting an analog voice signal to a digitally
encoded version. The standard popular Voice Codes
are G.711, G723, G729 and GSM. For making calls
up to 20000 concurrent RTP sessions with SIPp, we
use specific hardware configuration [table II].
TABLE II. SIPP HARDWARE CONFIGURATION AND LREPROXY

CPU RAM HDD NIC OS Kernel

2*CPU
2*10 G Debian
(16 Core 92 GB 500 GB Linux 4.15.0
Intel 10
2.4 GHZ)

A. QoS Metrics (Packet loss, Delay, Jitter, MoS

Score)
Fig. 8. Jitter and RTP Session
The following plots show the performance result
of maximum scale of system with different metrics.
As shown in figures, LREProxy has excellent values
quality in Qos metrics. This means that the QoS
percentage metrics provided by LREProxy is within
acceptable range for real-time voice communication
[55].
Since the more compact is codec used (such as
G729 and GSM), the lower volume of relaying
packets but the rate of sending packages increases,
QoS parameters will be lower than the standard G711
codec. Fig. 9. MOS Score and RTP Session

B. IRQ Affinization And NIC Multi-Queue

Combined
As we described in section IV that LREProxy
could be as stand-alone node in IMS network, one of
our experiments is based on limiting INC IRE
affinization between NIC queues and CPU’s core
[40], [42], [45]. In some NIC, we could control
network driver and hardware setting, using ethtool
[56].
Fig. 6. Packet Loss and RTP Session
Since the number of sending packets in sessions
that use more compact codecs is higher, CPU
resources will consume are more than G711codec,
that do not use compression mechanisms.

Fig. 7. Delay (MAX Delta) and RTP Session

Fig. 10. The effect of Number of Queues on CPU Core Performance

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Fig. 11. The Effect of Number of CPU Cores on QoS in 20000 RTP Sessions
C. Multi-Queue Hashing Algorithm
One of main question could be raised is how does
the NIC decide to which RX queue to enter a packet
when it received. Actually, load-balancing or Round-
robin balancing is not acceptable. The best way based
on [57] is using hash from the packet. The hash is
counted from a 5-tuple (srcip, dstip, src port, dst port,
protocol). Many NICs allow customization of the
hash using ethtool.
$ethtool -N ethN rx-flow-hash udp4
sdfn
D. Compared to RTPEngine ،RTPProxy, and
Connection Tracking in Linux
Compared to other existing services such as
RTPEngine and RTPProxy, and even connection
tracking in Linux, LREProxy has better performance
in the volume of high number of sessions because it
performs forwarding operations at the third layer of
the network. Connection tracking will have good
performance at low capacities but will show negative
performance at high capacities. RTPEngine has the
ability to forward packages in the third layer in the
local-hooking section of the network, but has lower
performance compared to LREProxy, which works in
the prerouting-hooking section.
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Fig. 12. Compare suggested method with common method
VI. CONCLUSION
In this study, we proposed a new model of relaying
RTP multimedia in IMS network. In this study, we
used two NIC with HP 817747-001 10 Gigabit
Ethernet controller. The packet classification used in
this study is related of SDP metadata in SIP sessions.
The LREProxy architecture provide these
information for each layer in the model. The
information transmit between each layers with netlink
sockets. The LREP-TSL provide a Quickpath
Selector, which uses a SDP metadata index lookup
table to identify the output port. Our experiment
indicates that how to use LREProxy in IMS network
affects on the overall performance of QoS and usage
of resources. Also we have presented the effect of
allocating more NIC queue and CPU resource for
packet forwarding. We assume that the remaining
CPU resources will be used for more RTP sessions
forwarding or other service processing. The
DPDK[58] is the data plan development kit that
created by Intel to accelerate packet processing
workloads running on a wide variety of CPU
architectures. By enabling very fast processing of
packages, DPDK allows the communications
industry to transfer performance-sensitive
applications such as the backbone for mobile
networks. It has also been identified as an important
technology for network performance virtualization
(NFV) in the original white ETSI NFV article [59].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The result of this study lead to defining new
module for Kamailio, called LREProxy module [60].
It will be published in Kamailio open-source project.
This work is supported by laboratory of Nasim
Ertebat Ayande knowledge-base Co.

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