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Nutrition Notes
Nutrition Notes
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CHAPTER
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Autotrophic Nutrition It is a mode of nutrition in which the organisms
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obtain readymade organic food from outside
Heterotrophic Nutrition
sources. The organisms that depend upon outside
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Digestive system of Human sources for obtaining organic nutritens are called
heterotrophs. Heterotrophic nutrition is of three
Alimentary canal sc types - saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic.
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TYPE OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
NUTRITION
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The process of intaking the food & utilization of 1. Saprophytic or Saprotrophic Nutrition :
food is called nutrition. It is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition in which food
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functions like providing energy, materials for nutrition are called saprophytes.
body building, maintenance & regulation of
2. Parasitic Nutrition :
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Herbivores :
(L.herba-plant, vorare-to eat). They are holozoic
organisms which feed on plants or plant parts, e.g.,
Cow, Buffalo, Deer, Goat, Rabbit, Grasshopper,
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Elephant, Squirrel, Hippopotamus.
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Carnivores :
They are animals which feed on other animals.
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Carnivores are also called predators they hunt, kill
and feed on their preys, e.g. Lion, Tiger, Leopard, sc
Snake, Hawk.
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Omnivores :
(L.omnis-all, vorare-to eat). They are holozoic
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Nutrition in Amoeba :
Protozoan protests carry out holozoic nutrition
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Some protests can ingest food particle from any As soon as Amoeba comes in contact with a food
point on the surface (e.g., Amoeba) while others particle or prey, it throws pseudopodia all around
have fixed points for the same (e.g., the same. The tips of encircling pseudopodia fuse
Paramoecium). Protozoans like Amoeba capture and the prey comes to lie in a vesicle or
food with the help of temporary finger-like phagosome. This method of intake of food is
called circumvallation. Amoeba can also ingest
processes called pseudopodia. Protozoans like
food by other methods like import, circumfluence
(Paramoecium have small hair-like processes
and invagination.
called cilia.) Beating of cilia creates current in
water that pushes food particle through cytostome DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF HUMAN
or cell mouth. The process of ingestion of solid Digestive system is a group of organs & associated
food particle by a cell or unicellular organism is digestive glands that take part in ingestion,
called phagocytosis. digestive absorption of food & egestion of
undigestible matter. Digestive organs from a Pharynx :
continuous canal called alimentary canal.
It is short conical region that lies after the mouth
ALIMENTARY CANAL CONTAINS cavity.
FOLLOWING PARTS Oesophagous :
Alimentary Canal in man is 9 metres long & It is a long narrow muscular tube which leads to
consists of the following part the stomach. No digestive gland are present.
Mouth :
Stomach :
Transverse slit like aperture.
It lies below the diaphragm on the left side of
abdominal cavity is J-shaped.
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Oesophagus regions, viz. Duodenum which is the first part of
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(food pipe)
small intestine & is curved C-shaped; Jejunum,
Liver comparatively longer & more coiled and Ileum,
Stomach
Gall bladder
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which is the last part of small intestine whose
Duodenum
inner surface is folded to form villi, which
Small
Intestine IIeum Pancreas sc absorbs the products of digestion.
Large Intestine :
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Rectum
Anus It is much shorter & wider than small intestine &
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It is bounded by lips & has cheeks, gums, teeth & which vermiform appendix arises;
tongue. Colon is the inverted U-shaped tube
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The food taken inside oral cavity is masticated i.e. The rectum opens to exterior through anus.
mechanically broken into smaller particles before
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Name of
S.No. Secretion Site of action Enzymes Food acts upon End product
gland
1 Salivary glands Saliva Buccal cavity Salivary amylase Starch Maltose
2 Gastric glands Gastric Juice Stomach Pepsin Proteins Peptones & proteoses
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Renin Casein of milk Paracasein
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HCl Stomach — Pepsinogen Pepsin
3 Liver Bile Duodenum — Fats Emulsification of fats
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4 Pancreas Pancreatic Duodenum Amylase Starch & Glycogen Maltose & Isomaltose
Juice Trypsin Proteins Peptones & peptides
acid
Lubrication of faecal
Mucous Large intestine — —
matter
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Mechanism of Photosynthesis :
Photosynthesis :
Photosynthesis is divided in 2 main steps
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Photosynthetic Pigment :
Absorption of light by chlorophyll.
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Wall of grow under extremely xeric (dry) condition,
guard cells
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fix atmospheric CO2 in dark.
Chloroplasts Outer thin
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cells. When guard cells are in turgid state the Bryophyllum, kalanchoe etc.) It was termed
stomatal aperture opens and when guard cells sc crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM).
are in flaccid state the stomatal aperture The most characteristic feature of these plants
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closes. The inner wall of guard cells (towards is that their stomata remain open at night (in
pore) is thick and outer wall (towards other dark) but closed during the day (in light).
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of water.
out (towards the periphery) due to which a
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Q.10 Muscular contractions of alimentary canal are
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Q.3 First stable compound in C3 cycle is
(A) Phosphoglyceraldehyde (A) Circulation (B) Deglutition
(B) Phosphoglyceric acid (C) Peristalsis (D) Churning
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(C) Fructose-1-6 diphosphate
Q.11 Which of the following regions of the
(D) Glucose-6-phosphate
sc alimentary canal of man does not secrete a
Q.4 Dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the digestive enzyme ?
(A) Stroma of the chloroplast outside the (A) Oesophagus (B) Stomach
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lamellae (C) Duodenum (D) Mouth
(B) Space between the two membranes of the
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(D) Thylakoid membrane of the grana (A) Protein (B) Nucleic acids
(C) Fats (D) Carbohydrates
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(B) To facilitate absorption
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(C) To maintain low pH to activate pepsinogen Q.24 The specific function of liver is
to form pepsin (A) Excretion
(D) To dissolve enzyme secreted in stomach (B) Digestion
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(C) Histolysis
Q.19 If the stomach did not produce any hydrochloric
(D) Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
acid, which enzyme will not function ? sc
(A) Ptyalin (B) Trypsin Q.25 The original function of the vertebrate
(C) Pepsin (D) Collagenase stomach was
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(A) Storage
Q.20 Chief function of bile is
(B) Digestion
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Q.1 Define heterotrophic nutrition. Q.20 Name a digestive juice that has no enzymes.
What is the role of this juice ?
Q.2 What are heterotrophs ?
Q.21 Name the various parts of large intestine.
Q.3 Which types of organisms are called consumers ? What is the role of large intestine ?
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Q.5 Define saprophyte. Q.22 Explain the mechanism of nutrition of
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Amoeba with the help of suitable diagram.
Q.6 Define a hervivore.
Q.23 Describe the various types of heterotrophic
Q.7 What is carnivore ?
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nutrition.
Q.8 Which type of animal is called omnivore ? sc
Q.24 Briefly describe the digestive system of
Q.9 Define digestion. humans.
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Q.10 What is ingestion ? Q.25 What happens to food in the small intestine ?
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heterotrohic nutrition.