Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INSIGHT Inter - S's Book
INSIGHT Inter - S's Book
ru
Jayne Wildman
O X FO RD Cathy Myers Claire Thacker
www.frenglish.ru
Jayne Wildman
O X FO RD Cathy Myers Claire Thacker
www.frenglish.ru
Unit A Reading and vocabulary B Grammar and listening
1
p4 The art of beauty p6 Appearance and survival
Reading Ideal beauty Grammar Present simple and present continuous
Strategy Guessing the meaning of unknown words Listening Humans and survival
The way Vocabulary Describing appearance
we are Vocabulary insight Compound adjectives: appearance
2
p16 The power of tourism p18 Memorable journeys
Reading A road less travelled Grammar Narrative tenses
Vocabulary insight Compound nouns: travel Listening Alternative holidays
Travellers' Vocabulary Travel
tales
Vocabulary insight 2 p26 Using a dictionary: compound nouns Review 2 p27 Cumulative review units 1-2 p28
3
p30 Happiness p32 Healthy bodies, healthy minds?
Reading Is chocolate the answer? Grammar Past simple and present perfect
Strategy Identifying main ideas of paragraphs Listening Physical activity in school
Feeling good Vocabulary insight Idioms: happiness and sadness
Vocabulary insight Noun suffixes: -ness, -ity
Vocabulary insight 3 p40 Building word families through suffixes Review 3 p41
4
p42 Disappearing worlds p44 Action!
Reading Island story Grammar Expressing the future
Vocabulary The environment Listening A Critical Mass bike ride
A right to fight Vocabulary insight Prefixes: semi-, under-, over-, re-, co-, inter-
Vocabulary insight 4 p52 Word-building: the meaning of prefixes Review 4 p53 Cumulative review units 1-4 p54
5
p56 Teenage gangs p58 Natural born liars
Reading The choice Grammar First and second conditionals
Strategy Using referencing to understand a text Listening Moral dilemmas
Rights and Vocabulary Crime
wrongs Vocabulary insight Noun prefixes: mis-, dis-
6
p68 Word on the street p70 Fairtrade
Reading The influencers Grammar The passive
Vocabulary Advertising Listening A fair-trade fashion show
Paying Vocabulary insight Collocations: advertising
the price
Vocabulary insight 6 p78 Using a dictionary: collocations Review 6 p79 Cumulative review units 1-6 p80
7
p82 Taste p84 Beyond human senses
Reading A question of taste Grammar Reported speech
Strategy Understanding the purpose ofa paragraph Listening Dogs to the rescue
The senses Vocabulary insight Perception and observation
Vocabulary insight Adverb-adjective collocations
Vocabulary insight 7 p92 Using a dictionary: homonyms and homophones Review 7 p93
—
8
p94 Think differently p96 If they h ad n't...
Reading The big question Grammar Third conditional; /wish and If only
Vocabulary Describing jobs Listening Help from Heifer
Decisions Vocabulary insight Idioms: work Listening Regrets
Vocabulary insight 8 p104 Using a dictionary: idioms Review 8 p105 Cumulative review units 1-8 p106
9
p108 A day in the life p110 Friendships now and then
Reading A day in the life ofa digital human Grammar Defining relative clauses
Vocabulary insight Phrasal verbs: relationships Listening Online friendships
Digital Vocabulary insight Words often confused
humans
10
p120 Art is everywhere p122 Around the world in one dance
Reading The stories behind the names Grammar Participle clauses
Strategy Summarizing what you read Listening Singing in the Rain
Creativity Vocabulary Abstract nouns: talent
Vocabulary insight Phrases with and
Vocabulary insight 10 p130 Fixed phrases with two key words Review 10 p131 Cumulative review units 1-10 p132
www.frenglish.ru
C Listening, speaking and vocabulary D Culture, vocabulary and grammar E Writing
p20 One journey, different travellers p22 America on the move p24 A story
Listening Tourist or traveller? Reading The Mother Road Strategy Writing opening
Strategy Identifying purpose Vocabulary insight Verbs + prepositions: travel paragraphs
Vocabulary Types of journey Grammar used to and would Ordering events in a story
Everyday English Persuading and negotiating
p46 Making our voices heard p48 Make a difference p50 An opinion essay
Listening An inspiring campaign Reading Go the Extra Mile Strategy Organizing an opinion
Strategy Identifying facts, opinions and speculation Vocabulary insight Collocations: charities paragraph
Vocabulary insight Verbs + prepositions Grammar Future perfect and future continuous Introducing arguments and giving
Everyday English Asking for and expressing opinions opinions
p60 Sorry is the hardest word p62 Young people's rights p64 A letter to a newspaper
Listening Why we don't like to apologize Reading Coming of age Strategy Making suggestions and
Vocabulary insight Three-part phrasal verbs with to Vocabulary insight Synonyms: the law expressing results
and with Grammar Modals of obligation, prohibition and Grammar should and ought to
Everyday English Apologizing and accepting apologies permission
p72 How to spend it? p74 Traditional festivals p76 A formal letter of complaint
Listening Teenagers' spending habits Reading Traditions for sale Strategy Deciding on register:
Strategy Listening for specific information Vocabulary Trade formal and informal
Vocabulary Describing amounts Grammar h ave/ get som et h in g done Vocabulary Addition and contrast
Everyday English Talking about photos
p86 Don't shout, 1can see! p88 A Walk in the Woods (Bill Bryson) p90 A report on survey findings
Listening Teenagers with sensory impairments Reading An extract from A Walk in the Woods Strategy Making your writing flow
Vocabulary insight Noun suffixes: -ion, -sion Vocabulary Sight and sound Vocabulary Approximations and
Everyday English Complaining and asking people to Grammar Reported questions and commands fractions
do things
p98 Important decisions plOO Do the right thing pi02 A covering letter
Listening Decisions that made a difference Reading A bus ride to freedom Strategy Avoiding general
Strategy Dealing with unknown words while listening Vocabulary Conflict statements
Vocabulary Decisions and ideas Grammar Speculating about the past Vocabulary Action verbs
Everyday English Giving presentations
p112 Can't live w ithout... P114iPeople p116 A for and against essay
Listening Favourite gadgets Reading Touchscreen by Marshall Soulful Jones Grammar Introductory It
Vocabulary Describing gadgets Strategy Understanding poetry Strategy Making your writing
Everyday English Asking for instructions, Vocabulary insight Words with more than one meaning neutral
explanations and clarification Grammar Non-defining relative clauses
p124 What's the point of art? pi26 On stage p!28 A review of an event
Listening Art therapists Reading Famous festivals Vocabulary insight Synonyms:
Vocabulary Describing art Vocabulary insight Compound adjectives: describing evaluative adjectives
Everyday English Debating events Strategy Creating emphasis
Grammar Determiners
STRATEGY
Hide-and-seek
Today, in the last in our series on wildlife, ’we’re looking at animals and their appearance. Why are polar
bears white? Why do leopards have spots? Why do zebras have stripes? 2lt’s all about survival.
Wild animals spend half their life looking for something to eat and the other half trying not to get eaten!
Life is just one long game of hide-and-seek. Luckily for them, the way they look usually helps them. The
zebra is a very good example.
3Zebras usually travel in large groups. Imagine 4a hundred zebras are moving together across the
savannah. 5The herd is getting bigger and bigger. A lioness is lying under a tree, watching and waiting.
The zebras are getting nearer, but they’re running very close together. 6The lioness sees a big mass of
black and white stripes, so it’s impossible for her to attack a single zebra. She’s very annoyed, but what
can she do? 7The animals on the savannah are always trying to hide from her. Breakfast must wait.
But do zebras’ stripes confuse other zebras like they confuse lions? No, they don’t. Actually, they often
help zebras to recognize each other. Every zebra has a different pattern of stripes and zoologists
believe this is how zebras know who is who in the group. A mother zebra always recognizes her
foal among the crowd because its stripes are just a little different from the others.
3 St udy sent ences 1-7 in t he t ext . Which ones are in t he present simple and which are in t he
present cont inuous? Match sent ences 1-7 to rules a-g. Then find more examples in t he text.
We use t he present simple:
a to talk about routines or habits,
b to talk about facts and general truths.
c with verbs that describe states: believe, have, know, like, need, think, see, seem , want, understand, etc.
We use t he present cont inuous:
d to talk about actions happening now.
e to talk about tem porary situations,
f to talk about changing or developing situations,
g to describe an irritating habit, usually with always.
Time expressions:
Present simple: always, every day, often, regularly, usually, som etim es, hardly ever, n ever ,...
Present cont inuous: right now , a t the m om ent, this w eek ,...
1B
4 Use t he prompt s to make quest ions in t he present simple or present cont inuous t ense.
Then mat ch quest ions 1-7 to answers a-g.
1 W h y / le o p a r d s / h a v e / s p o ts a Because the ice w here th ey live is melting,
2 W h at / the leopard in the photo / hunt for b It's hunting for its dinner,
3 H o w / a zebra's stripes / help it to survive c So that their enem ies can't see them,
4 W h y / p o la r b e a rs / b e c o m e / a n d So that the animals th ey are hunting can't
endangered species see them coming.
5 W h y / a tree frog / bright blue e They help to confuse its enemies,
6 H o w / peacocks / attract / a mate f It's w arning its enem ies that it's dangerous,
7 W h y / stick insects / look like / sticks g They usually show off their feathers.
Mimicry
Animal survival is a fascinating and complex subject.
As these photos 1 (show),
nature usually 2 (play) tricks
on us. Two insects 3 (sit) on a
flower. They both 4 (look) like
bees, but one of them 5 (not
be) a real bee. It 6 (imitate) a
bee in order to protect itself from possible predators.
The real bee on the left7....................................
(have) a sting, which it uses as a weapon to attack
its enemies. However, the hover fly on the right
8 (not be) dangerous.
It’s completely harmless. This imitation of one
species by another often 9 .......................
(happen) in nature and is called mimicry. Animals
10 (copy) the appearance,
actions or sounds of another animal and this
11 (help) them to survive.
4 St udy t he adject ives from t he int erview and match t hem t o t he definitions.
Which adject ive in each pair has a negat ive meaning?
1 lazy/easy-going
a relaxed and happy to do w hatever people w ant
b not liking to w ork or use energy
2 determ in ed /stu b b orn
a not letting anything stop you doing w hat you've decided to do
b not willing to ch an g e your decision or consider anyone else's opinion
3 m odest / s h y
a not feeling confident in the com p an y o f people you don’t know
b not w anting to talk about the things you d o well
4 sensitive/em otional
a having intense feelings about things and show ing them
b being aware o f your o w n feelings and other people's
5 arrogant/assertive
a thinking you are better and m ore im portant than others
b expressing your opinions and feelings in a confident w ay
6 SPEAKING Work in groups. Prepare four t ips on how t o make a good f irst impression.
Then compare your t ips wit h anot her group and agree on t he best t hree t ips.
■
1C
Speculating
7 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Look at t he phot os. Which words in exercise 4 would you use to
describe t he people? Why?
9 1.03 Com plet e t he phrases from t he dialogues. Then listen and check.
Speculating
M odal verbs l o o k / l o o k like / l o o k a s i f
H e 1.................................... be in his thirties. H e 6.... y o u n g e r than I
H e 2................................... understand us better. expected.
S h e 3.................................... be nearly tw o metres tall. H e 7....................................a typ ica l head
seem teacher.
4 nice? She8 she's an
5 easy-going. O lym pic athlete.
10 1.04 List en to t he t wo people t alking about t hemselves. Which words do t hey use to
describe t hemselves?
11 1.05 Com plet e t he dialogue about anot her person wit h t he phrases below. Then listen
and check. Which person in t he photos are t hey t alking about ? Underline t wo more phrases
for speculating.
he could be th e n e w school secretary then ■ looks nothing like him this on e looks m uch older
than that But he seems nice He m ust be our n e w science teacher then That m ight be his dad
th ey both look happy No, he can't be He looks as if he's a m anager o f a big com p an y
12 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Discuss your first impressions of t he ot her people in t he phot os.
2 What do you know about t hese f ashion st yles: mod, Mod fashion started in the early 1960s. Most mods
hippie, punk, got h? Read t he t ext and compare your were fans of the rock band The Who. They often fought
with ‘rockers’, who were traditional rock and roll fans
ideas. Then com plet e t he t ext wit h sent ences A-F.
with leather jackets and motorbikes.
There is one sent ence t hat you do not need.
A I bought ordinary T-shirts, cut holes in them , fastened
them with safety pins and then w rote things on them
using a marker pen.
B And although it's dark, it's a ve ry pretty look, w ith lots
o f lace for the girls.
C W e w ere the first generation that didn't need to do
that, so w e had m oney to spend on stylish clothes.
D It was im portant that the clothes were very
com fortable to d ance in.
E That's w h at happened before the 1960s brought the
a g e o f teen age rebellion and young people started
their o w n innovative and original fashion styles.
F And it wasn't just the girls - the boys liked wearing ‘In the difficult economic times before
pink and purple flow ery designs, too! the 60s, parents expected teenagers with
jobs to nav ren t.2 The mod look wasn’t
cheap - the classic outfit was a slim-fitting suit with a
Clot hes and fashion shirt and thin tie, and pointy leather shoes. There was
a more casual mod look, too. Although it borrowed
3 St udy t he highlight ed words in t he t ext and in
a lot from Italian and French style, we liked to give
exercise 2. Then match t hem t o def init ions 1-6. it a very British character, with Union Jacks and RAF
1 used by som eone before emblems. It's a fashion that’ll always be popular with
2 using a style from the recent past people who like to dress smartly.’ Alan, the mod
Verb patterns
6 St udy t he rules below. Then add t he underlined verbs in t he
t ext and in exercise 2 to 1-4.
Punk fashion became popular with the
British punk bands of the late 1970s, the 1 Verbs + infinitive w ith to: decide, promise, choose,
Sex Pistols being the most famous. Punks 35 .................. • .................../...................
were anti-pop music, anti-government, and 2 Verb + infinitive w ithout to: shall, must, could, w ill,.................. ,
... anti-everything. even fashion!
‘You might think all punks 2 a 'Let's go to the festival in Reading,'said Mike.
were angry and aggressive, b Mike to th e festival in Reading, (suggest)
but a lot of us were just having fun and 3 a I'm thinking o f buying that black leather coat.
enioved dressing in ways that would b I .................................... that black leather coat, (consider)
shock people. We wanted to have a
4 a Looking for vintage clothes is som ething w e enjoy,
kind of fashion that was cheap and
‘do-it-yourself, so we avoided buying b We for vintage clothes, (love)
things from fashion shops. 4 5 a M y m um said she'll buy m e som e n e w boots for m y birthday,
Piercings became fashionable with punk b M y m um m e som e n e w boots for my
and the hair was an important part of the birthday, (promise)
look. You still often see people with a
6 a It looks like 1980s fashion is popular again.
Mohican haircut today.' Jack, the punk
b 1980s fashion.................................... popular again, (seem)
SPEAKING Read t he
advert and answer t he
quest ions. Link up!
1 Does your school W e are looking for young people to link up with students
have a partner school? in our partner school in South Africa. The students are
W h ere is this school? all aged between sixteen and eighteen and are studying
2 Do you or your friends for their final exams. They want you to email them, so
email students in other that they can learn more about your lives, families,
countries? W h a t do
friends and school. If you are interested, come to the
you write about?
meeting in Room 5 after break on Thursday 1 6 * to hear
more about the Link up project.
STRATEGY
2 Read t he st rategy. Then correct t he sent ences. There is one mist ake in each sent ence.
Match each mist ake to a- e in t he st rategy.
1 I live with m y fam ly in Abingdon, near Oxford.
2 Does your brother like to carry football tops?
3 Im studying for m y final exams.
4 I lives with m y fam ily in the centre of Bristol.
5 On Saturdays, w e go always to the park to play football.
6 W h a t do you like to d o in your free tim e
Position
5 Com plet e t he phrases t hat Bert uses t o ident ify people in t he photo. Then find t he phrases in
Bert's email and check your answers.
I
1 the b a ck/fro n t 2 front of ■ in the m id d le 3 4 the le ft/rig h t of
on the rig h t/le ft 5 the to p / b o tto m / rig h t- h a n d / le ft- h a n d / c o rn e r
in the foreground / background behind
1E
Hello Adela,
P gr
My names Elise and I write to you as part of
I for a local team play and my school team. My name's Bert and I'm from Belgium. I'm writing
to you as part of the Link up project. I live in
We're not very good and we're always losing
Ghent with my parents and brother. There are 900
matches, but we have fun when we play. students in my school, but only eighteen in my class.
sp I usually walk to school with my friends.
I'm ataching a photo of myself and my friends
I enjoy foreign films and I'm a member of a film
on our last school trip. I'm the dark-haired girl club. I'm attaching a photo of me and my friends
from one of our film nights. I'm the dark-haired one
in the middle. My best friend Larissa is the tall
gr in the middle of the bottom row. The guy in the
one on my right. She wears a white T-shirt top left-hand corner is my friend Yura. The blonde
and jeans. She's quite shy, but we get on well haired girl to the right of Yura is Marianne. The
attractive girl behind me is Ellie. She's very clever,
together and she's got a very good sense of
but modest, too. At the back, behind Ellie, is Kara.
humour. The guy in the top right-hand corner is Dirk. He's my
best mate. We always play football together at the
Please email me back and send me a photo. weekend. And my brother Felix is in front of Dirk.
Tell me about your life and your friends. Can you send me a photo of you and your friends
when you email me back?
Bye for now, I hope to hear from you soon.
WRITING GUIDE
s tu u n in 0 = (translation in y o u r own, lan gu age) Dictionary, notes with the heading 'o t her w o r d s f or '
com pare it with words that have a similar meaning. They
also tell you the typical context that the word is found in.
d e o d e r ( a d j ) t h io (in ao a t t r a c t i v e W a y )
slim ( a d j ) th io (io ao a t t r a c t i v e W a y )
5 Read t he st rat egy above. Then st udy t he dict ionary
st a t u s ( o ) s o c ia l positioo
ent ries for t h in and fa t . Answer t he quest ions using
st r e t c h ( v ) m a k e lo o g e r
c tu o o io g ( a d j ) v e r y a t t r a c t iv e
t he words in bold in t he ent ries.
1 W h ich words w ou ld a doctor use?
2 W h ich word w ould a friend use to pay you a
Twe, IO O ct stunning (adjective) = (informal) very com plim ent?
Appearance attractive 3 W h ich word w ould you use to describe a child?
A h& ndSoiue. ma o
/stAnii]/ 4 W h ich word is an im polite w a y of saying that
a pretty woman Synonym: beautiful som eone is overw eight?
overweight / f a t 5 W h ich word is an im polite w a y of saying that
Rosie Huntington-Whiteley is stunning,
slim / t r iM
(translation in your own language) som eone is too thin?
STRATEGY thin
Thin is the most general word for describing
Recording vocabulary: what to record people who have very little fat on their bodies.
Slim is used about people who are thin in an
It is im portant to keep good records o f n e w vocabulary. attractive way: You’re so slim! How do you do it?
If you say a person is skinny, you mean that he/
Decide where you will record n ew words, for example, in she is too thin and not attractive. Underweight is
a special notebook or in a docum ent on your computer. a formal word, and is often used in a medical
context: The doctor says I’m underweight.
Decide w h at information you need to record about
the word. So m e things to record are: part of speech,
OTHER WORDS FOR
pronunciation, synonyms, antonym s or collocations.
fat
You will find all o f this information in a good It is not polite to describe sb as fat. Large and
overweight are sometimes used instead: She’s a
dictionary. Look for other information that tells you
rather large lady. » I’m a bit overweight. Generally
about the typical context in w hich the w ord is used. it is not polite to refer to sb’s weight when you
talk to him/her. Chubby is mainly used to
For example, th e label inform al tells you that you describe babies and children who are slightly fat
should on ly use the w ord with friends and family. in a pleasant way: a baby with chubby cheeks.
Doctors use the word obese to describe people
who are very fat in a way that is not healthy.
14 Vocabulary insight 1 Dictionary entries from Oxford W ordpow er Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 1
i V . v 7 t* W in
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Complet e t he sent ences with t he words below. 5 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he present simple or
There is one word t hat you do not need. present cont inuous t ense.
elegant handsom e overw eight plum p slender 1 'Look at that cheetah! H o w fast
stunning unattractive (it/run )?' 'Over 110 kphl'
2 'H o w m any hours (pythons /
1 I think too m uch make-up is a ctu a lly .....................
sleep) every day?' 'Eighteen.'
2 Stylish and clothes don't need to be
3 'H o w lo n g .................................... (flies / live)?'
expensive.
'Tw o to three weeks.'
3 Both Robert Pattinson and Taylor Lautner are very
4 'W hich animals eat while (they/
, but w h o is m ore attractive?
lie) on their backs?' 'Sea otters!
4 M ore than a billion adults globally are unhealthily
5 'Look at that h u m m in g b ird !'!
, with m any being obese.
(fly) backwards!'
5 Most ballerinas are v e r y .............. in order to be light.
6 'M ale m osquitoes n e v e r........................ (bite) humans.'
6 It's official: Ukrainian w o m e n are ! In 2012,
7 'Zebras n orm ally.................................... (eat) all day.'
th ey w ere voted the most beautiful in th e world.
8 T h a t lio n .................................... (not hunt). W h y?'
M arks 16
'M ale lio ns.................................... (not usually / hunt).'
different) and created some gold Nikes. They cost b Clothes s e e m ...............................................................
8 a I'm getting a piercing w h e n I turn 18.
$50,000 - but they do look 6 (fashionable and
b I d e c id e d ......................................................................
expensive)!
M arks /8
M arks 76 Tot al 750
Travellers’ tales
Reading and vo cab u lary The pow er of tourism
16 Travellers'tales
www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary: compound nouns: travel; travel; types of journey;
verbs+prepositions: trave
Speaking: discussing ideal holidays, memorable journeys; persuading
and negotiating
2A
Grammar: narrative tenses; used to and would Writing: a story
Tr av e l l e r s' t al e s 17
www.frenglish.ru
I you
Apply o n l i n e a t w w w .r o w ...
1 SPEAKING Read t he advert for t he At lant ic challenge and discuss t he quest ions.
1 W h at typ e o f even t is it?
2 W h at m ight the challenges be?
3 If you took part in the event, w h o w ou ld you choose as your rowing partner?
your best friend your m u m / d a d your teacher som eone famous
2 Read part 1 of t he story. Who was supposed to be Daniel's rowing part ner? What happened?
What do you t hink happened next?
P a rt 1
’jan Meek usually g o t home from work at 6 o'clock and today was no different. 2She m a d e herself
a cup of tea and lo o k e d out of the kitchen window. 3|f w a s ra in in g and cold outside - not good
weather for building a boat. ]an had an uneasy feeling and decided to check her answering machine.
There was a message from her son, Daniel, and it wasn’t good news. 4At the tim e, 21-year-old Daniel
w a s p r e p a r in g to com pete in the Atlantic challenge with a friend. Unfortunately, his friend had just
called him with some bad news. He didn’t have the tim e to prepare for the race, so Daniel had to
find another partner, som eone with enough free tim e to raise money, build a boat and to train!
5The boat w a s very small and the race was long, so it also had to be someone he could get on with.
6|an phoned her son and asked him what h a d h a p p e n e d . Then 7w hile |an w a s s u g g e s tin g solutions
Daniel in te rru p te d h e r...
Narrative tenses
3 Read p ar t i of t he st ory again. Then match sent ences 1-7 t o rules a-g.
We use the past simple for:
a a past state,
b a past habit.
c a sequence of actions in th e past.
We use the past continuous for:
d background descriptions.
e an action or actions in progress at a specific tim e in the past.
We use the past simple and the past continuous for:
f a longer action interrupted by a shorter action.
We use the past perfect for:
g an action or even t that happened before another action in the past.
4 Com plet e part 2 of t he st ory wit h t he correct form of t he verbs in bracket s. Then answer t he
quest ions.
1 W h o did Daniel ask and w h y?
2 W h y did th ey agree?
3 W h at was goo d / bad about th e journey?
18 Tr av el l er s' t al e s
www.frenglish.ru
2 B
Pa rt 2
Surprisingly, D a n ie l1........................ (ask) his fifty-year-old mum to be his rowing partner His
mum 2........................ (never / row) in her life, but she was very adventurous. The previous year she
3........................ (study) Chinese in Taiwan, then she had gone backpacking round the world on
her own. )an said 'yes' because she 4........................ (know) that the race was a 'once-in-a-lifetime'
opportunity.
Two years and m any hours of training later Jan and Daniel 5........................ (arrive) in Tenerife. At
last they were ready to take part in the race - they 6........................ (raise) enough money and they
7........................ (build) a good boat. On the boat, there was enough food for 100 days, as well as
books and m usic for entertainm ent. They 8....................... (also / ask) friends to w rite them letters
and poems, so they had som ething to open during the difficult days ahead.
Once the race 9....................... (start), |an and Daniel realized just how hard it was going to
be. The rowing was tiring, they couldn’t wash and they were constantly soaked with salt w ater
There were terrible days when they wanted to give up, but there were also good days. W hile they
10........................ (row), they saw dolphins, whales, and flying fish. They also 11.........................(get)
to know each other extrem ely well.
In the end, the journey 12....................... (take) 101 days - two m onths longer than the winners
of the race. Ian and Daniel thought that everyone 13........................ (forget) about them. But
when they arrived in Barbados, people 14....................... (w ait) on boats to greet them. Everyone
15........................ (cheer) and waving, and there was m usic and fireworks. People wanted to
congratulate them on their amazing achievem ent!
1.06 List en to a radio show about Jan and Daniel. What did t hey do next?
Ja n and Daniel tho ug h t about giving up. They learned h o w to use a gun.
They w e n t on a course to learn survival skills. Friends followed their blog posts.
They had a bad accident. They w ere ready to start the expedition
Jan suffered from frozen hands. Th ey broke another w orld record.
8 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Ask and answ er quest ions about a memorable journey you have
had. Use t he ideas below.
Think about:
w here you went. w h a t you did / saw on the journey,
w h at you had packed / read / d on e before h o w you w ere feeling before, during and after,
your journey. w h at you thought about the journey,
w h o you travelled with.
Tr av e l l e r s' t al e s 19
www.frenglish.ru
SPEAKING Work in pairs. What are t he dif f erences bet ween t hese t ravellers? Where do t hey
normally spend t heir holidays? What are t he pros and cons of each t ype of travel?
arm chair traveller staycationer adventure tourist globetrotting backpacker holidaymaker
STRATEGY
Identifying purpose
When you listen to people t alking, t ry and ident ify t he purpose of t he conversat ion. List en for:
the context. H o w m any peop le are speaking? W h o are th e y? W h ere are they?
h o w the speakers feel. Are th ey angry, happy, bored, interested, worried?
w h y th ey are speaking: to make an arrangem ent / give an opinion / give instructions / make
suggestions, etc.
2 1.07 Read t he st rategy. List en t o t he radio show. Which of t he t ravellers in exercise 1 are
speaking? Why are t hey calling in?
3 [aH 1.07 List en again and match each speaker 1-4 wit h t wo sent ences a-h.
1 Luca 2 Noah 3 Katrina 4 Jed
a likes to visit places that aren't popular f disapproves o f people on package tours,
b says travelling is hard work, g is aware o f th e environm ental im pact of
c thinks typical tourist holidays are boring, travel.
d finds ou t about places on a computer, h doesn't like to go aw ay for a long time.
e likes to tell stories about his / her travels.
PI Types of journey
4 St udy t he highlight ed words in sent ences 1-7. Then match t hem to definit ions a-g.
1 Last summer, I w e n t on a trek through the Alps.
2 I also w en t on a ten-day voyage around Antarctica, w hale watching.
3 I'm not an explorer. I've never been on a polar expedition.
4 I also prefer short trips or w eekends aw ay to local places.
5 A flight to Thailand w ould produce a lo to fC O j.
6 They g o on coach tours w hich stop off at popular tourist attractions.
7 They g o on planned excursions to crow ded museums.
a A jou rn ey by air.
b A long jou rn ey w hich is often scientific
c A jou rn ey in a ship o r a spacecraft,
d A difficult walk, lasting several days or weeks,
e Travelling from place to place w ith an organized group,
f A short outing to on e place for pleasure,
g A short or long jou rn ey for business or pleasure.
5 SPEAKING Work in pairs A and B. Choose a role card and prepare a dialogue bet ween a
t ravel agent and a t ourist .
St udent A St udent B
You a rea travel agent. Think about w hat visitors You are a tourist. Tell student A w h at you
can see and do in your town. Decide which w an t from your holiday and w h at typ e of
activities and places would appeal to different activities you enjoy. Ask them for advice
types of tourist. Listen to Student B, then give about w hat you can see and do.
advice about w hat they can see and do.
20 Tr av el l er s' t al e s
www.frenglish.ru
2C
~ mm ^ i ■■■■
7 1.08 List en t o a dialogue bet ween a t our guide and t wo t ourist s. Which t our in exercise 6
are t hey t alking about ? How does t he t our guide persuade t hem t o join t he t our?
8 ^ 1.08 Com plet e t he phrases from t he dialogue. Then listen again and check.
10 Read t he dialogue again. Underline more ways of persuading and negot iating,
and reaching agreement .
11 SPEAKING Work in pairs A and B. Choose one of t he t ours in exercise 6 and persuade
your part ner to go with you.
St udent A St udent B
You are very sporty and like to be active. You You are really interested in film and think the
also like visiting famous places and ticking film tour sounds amazing. It's expensive, but
them off your 100-things-to-see-before-you- you're willing to pay because it's a'once-in-
die' list. You think th e idea of a jogging tour a-lifetime'experience. Your friend is not that
is great. It's also ch eap and you don't w an t to interested in film, th ey’d rather go jogging. But
spend loads of money. Persuade your friend. they do w ant to see the sights. Persuade them.
Travellers'tales 21
www.frenglish.ru
22 Tr av el l er s' t al e s
www.frenglish.ru
2D
6 Complet e t he t ext wit h t he correct form of t he verbs
in bracket s and u sed to or w o u ld . Somet imes both
may be possible.
1940s-1950s
4W h e n the G re a t D ep ressio n c a m e to an e n d after
W o rld W a r II, there w a s a n e w a g e o f optim ism and
thousands m o v e d from East to W est, looking fo r a
better life. P e o p le h ad m o re fre e tim e a n d m any
o w n e d cars, f a m ilie s w o u ld n 't stay at h o m e during
holidays. Instead, th e y w o u ld d rive a lo n g R o u te 66 to
the b e a c h e s o f California, visiting the G ra n d C a n yo n
WILLIAMS, ARIZONA
a n d oth er attractions a lo n g the w ay. It w a s b o o m Williams, Arizona, on Route 66, is a small town
tim e for the ro a d a n d hund red s of diners, m otels and
50 miles from the Grand Canyon National Park.
s e rv ic e stations lined th e route. Billb o ard s a n d huge
statues te m p te d tourists to sto p at m an-m ade and Today, the town is a popular tourist attraction, with
natural attractions, such as the giant Blue W h a le in steam train rides and Houte 66 memorabilia. But in
O k la h o m a or the M e ra m e c C a ve rn s in Missouri. Then the past, life 1 (be) very different in
jazz m usician B o b b y Troupe w ro te the hit s o n g Route
Williams, Arizona.
66. The m other ro a d h ad a brand n e w im a g e - o n e
of fre e d o m and fun. In 1882,250 people2 (live) in Williams.
The town had a few dirt streets with log cabins and
1956-present day tents and everyday life3 (be) very
A s m o re p e o p le tra v e lle d from East to W e st, a
dangerous. Cowboys4 (often / have)
new er, b ig g e r ro a d w a s n e e d e d a n d w o rk b e g a n
‘gunfights’ in the streets and outside the town
on a n atio n al interstate h ighw ay. Sadly, the to w n s
a n d attractions a lo n g R o u te 66 b e g a n to d ie out. outlaw s5 (often / rob) stagecoach
Then in th e 1990s, p e o p le started c a m p a ig n s to passengers or travellers on horseback.
p re s e rv e the o ld road , n e w signs w e r e put u p a n d
tourists b e g a n to tra ve l d o w n it o n c e ag ain. Day-to-day life was hard, too. Back then, there
Today, the m other ro a d still offers an 6 (not be) a school, so children
am azin g jo u rn e y through the A m erican 7 (stay) at home. They8
W e s t. W h e th e r y o u w an t the fre e d o m
(help) their parents to milk cows, collect wood
of the o p e n road, a trip into the past,
or sim p ly a g re a s y b u rg e r from an and grow vegetables. They9 (not
all-Am erican diner, y o u can still 'g e t play) much because there were so many chores
y o u r kicks* on R o u te 66'. to do. When they did have free time, families
10 (entertain) themselves with picnics
in the forest, violin music, or simply reading aloud
* highways = main roads in America, from a book.
usually 8 lanes w id e
* shanty tow ns = areas outside a town
w h e re p o o r p e o p le live in hom es m ade
out of card b o ard and w o o d
get yo u r kicks = h a v e a g o o d time
7 SPEAKING Write sent ences using u sed t o or w o u ld
about life in your t own in t he past.
Think about:
houses and homes,
transport: h o w people g ot around,
free tim e and entertainm ent,
everyday life.
Tr av el l er s' t al e s
«.
www.frenglish.ru
2 E ■ W riting A story
STRATEGY
Starting a story
When you write a story, your opening sent ence should grab t he reader' s at tent ion and get
t hem int erest ed.
Start with:
1 a quote from a character in the story, that introduces a main event.
2 a description o f the weather, the tim e of day and h ow you w ere feeling. It establishes the atmosphere.
3 a description of the location, especially if it's unusual.
Try not to st art wit h:
4 w h e n the even t happened, like Last sum m er, A few weeks ago, The year before l a st ... etc. But if you
do, make it interesting by adding som ething surprising.
3 Read t he st rategy. Then read ext ract s A-D again and match t hem t o 1-4 in t he strategy.
Which st ory do you t hink will be t he most int erest ing? Why?
24 Tr av el l er s' t al e s
www.frenglish.ru
2E
Ordering events in a story
4 Com plet e 1-4 wit h t he highlight ed words and phrases in ext ract s A-D.
1 Start of a sequence of events: In th e beginning, To start w it h , ....
2 Show how a story moves on: A few minutes later, Just th en .......
3 Show that two events happen at the same time: A s,....
4 End of a sequence of events: In the end, Finally,...
7 Com plet e t he st ory in exercise 6 with t he words and phrases below. There might be more
t han one possible answer.
eventually tw o hours later finally at first after a w hile suddenly as just then
WRITING GUIDE
Task Write your own entry for t he travel competition. Writ e Write your story. Use t he paragraph plan to
help you.
Ideas Brainst orm ideas for your story. Think of
quest ions beginning wit h W ho / W hy / W h at / Check Check t he f ollowing points:
W h ere / W h en .Then answer t hem.
■ Does the story start in an interesting w ay? Is there a
Decide how you are going t o st art your st ory. Use variety o f adjectives and adverbs?
t he st rat egy t o help you. ■ Is the story divided into logical paragraphs? Does the
sequence of events make sense?
Plan Decide which ideas you are going to use and ■ Have you checked grammar, vocabulary, spelling and
match t hem t o t hese paragraphs. punctuation?
Paragraph 1: Begin your story in an interesting way.
Introduce the main character(s), the place
and the typ e o f journey.
Paragraph 2: D evelop the story, describing th e events
in the order that th ey happened. Use the
w ords and phrases in exercise 7 to help
you.
Paragraph 3: Bring your story to an end. Did anything
happen to end your journey? Did
som eone help you continue it? Did
anything funny, strange, scary happen?
Tr av e l l e r s' t al e s 25
www.frenglish.ru
3 St udy t he dict ionary ent ry for tour. How many 6 Mat ch t he words in A to t he words in B t o make
compound nouns does it list ? What t ypes of compound nouns. Check your answ ers and t he
compound nouns are t hey? spelling in a dict ionary.
% t o u r /tua(r); t>:(r)/ noun 1 [C] a tour (of/round/ A holiday school travel them e guide
around sth) a journey that you make for pleasure
during which you visit many places: to go on a B park resort book holiday agency
ten-day coach tour ol/around Scotland ♦a sightsee
ing tour ♦ a tour operator (= a person or company
that organizes tours) O note at travel 2 [C] a short 7 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he compound nouns
visit around a city, famous building, etc: a guided
tour round St Paul's Cathedral/ ““ ■ in exercise 5.
1 W e always buy a to read about the
4 Complet e t he sent ences wit h com pound nouns places we're travelling to.
from t he dict ionary ent ry in exercise 3. 2 M y class w en t to a last week. Everyone
had a great tim e and w e tried all the rides.
1 W e w ere taken on a ....................... around the
3 T h e ........................ w e booked our holiday w ith
m useum and learned a lot about the various pieces
specializes in coach tours abroad.
o f art.
4 I can't w ait for t h e ........................ to start. No
2 W e didn't enjoy the because w e sat
hom ew ork for six weeks!
in on e place for too long and there w as no space to
stretch our legs.
5 I he w e stayed in last tim e didn't have
an y sports facilities, so w e decided to g o som ewhere
3 During t h e ........................ w e saw th e most
else this year.
im portant m onum ents in the city.
4 W e norm ally book our holiday with a
because th ey arrange everything for us.
26 Vocabulary insight 2 Dictionary entries from Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 2
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Match t he words in A to t he words in B t o make 5 Complet e t he t ext wit h t he past simple, past
compound nouns. Then use t he compound nouns to cont inuous, or past perf ect form of t he verbs in
complet e t he sent ences. bracket s. Include a t ime word where given.
A national package public tour travel tourist
In April 2012, Laura Dekker1........... (become) the youngest person
B destination guide holiday trap park to sail around the world. Journalists 2 (hurry) to interview her
transport as soon as she 3 (complete) her voyage. The sixteen year
1 Thom as Cook invented the first w ith travel old 4 (just / spend) 518 days at sea, so at the time of the
and accom m odation in 1841. interviews she 5............(feel) quite tired! But she 6 ........... (say) she
2 Disneyland, Paris, is Europe's m ost p o p u lar............... was very happy. Just before Laura finished her journey, she 7
3 The first kind o f w as the ferry boat. (celebrate) her sixteenth birthday - by eating doughnuts for breakfast!
4 Polar bears live in the world's b ig g e st.............. in While she 8 (travel), she also 9 .......... (spend) time surfing,
diving, and playing the flute. She explained that the flute was easier to
Greenland.
play than a guitar while strong winds10 (blow)!
5 Before becom ing an author, Jo h n Steinbeck worked
as a ............... M arks / 10
6 I he souvenir shop in the m useum was a real
- everything was overpriced. 6 Complet e t he sent ences. Use t he past simple, past
M arks 16 cont inuous or past perf ect form of t he verbs below.
already leave clim b d ow n load lie listen lose
2 Complet e t he collocat ions wit h verbs.
not g o take
1 W e prefer to off the beaten track.
2 We time out from school. 1 T h e y ....................maps from th e internet yesterday.
3 I love to up the sun on the beach. 2 This tim e yesterday I on the beach.
Listening
1.10 List en and match speakers 1-4 to opt ions
A-E. There is one opt ion t hat you do not need.
Which speaker's holiday:
A did not have good facilities?
B w as quite expensive?............
C did the speaker not book a h e a d ? ............
D w as very relaxing?............
E does the speaker regret taking?
Speaking
2 Work in pairs. Look at t he phot os of different
holiday accommodat ion. Speculat e about where
t hese places might be, why people might choose
t o st ay in t hem and what a st ay might be like.
by Annie Toase
3 Work in pairs and follow t he inst ructions. It w a s th e n ig h t b efore m y holiday a n d I w a s alread y
1 Each choose a different photo from exercise 2. e x h a u ste d . I’d ju st s p e n t th e w h o le day frantically
cle a n in g th e f la t .1 I ’d ev e n d u s te d th e lights!
Im agine you are planning a holiday with your
M y e a sie r-g o in g o th e r half found m y efforts very
partner. Try to persuade h im / h e r to choose your
am u sin g . ‘A re n ’t h o lidays m e a n t to b e rela x in g ? ’ he
accom m odation.
asked.
2 Negotiate a com prom ise with your partner. Agree a
W e’d jo in ed HouseExchange.com a fe w w e e k s ago,
place to stay, but make sure both of you feel happy!
w h e n w e ’d b e e n s e a rc h in g for c h e a p holidays online.
P a c k a g e h o lidays w e re o u t of th e q u e s tio n .2
Reading I’m a s tu d e n t n u rse a n d M ax is a m usician, so m oney
4 Complet e t he t ext H o u se sw a p p i n g with sent ences is tig h t. B ut HouseExchange.com allow s you to sta y
A-H. in so m e o n e 's hom e in a b e a u tifu l to u ris t d e stin a tio n
- for free!
A Firstly, there are the profiles.
So w h a t’s th e ca tc h ? Well, w h ile y o u 're aw ay,
B They cost a fortune!
s tra n g e rs w ill b e sta y in g in your h o m e .3 Or
C Luckily, she seem ed to like w h at w e ’d written, too.
la u g h a t y our b a d ta s te in fu rn itu re? T he w o rries
D By the tim e m y boyfriend cam e h om e from his d o n 't e n d th e re . W hat if you d o n ’t like theii hom e? It's
Saturday job, it w as spotless. im p o rta n t to ch o o se your h o u se s w a p w ith care!
E Well, yes and no. It isn't for everyone. HouseExchange.com is a b it like a d a tin g service in
F A flat above an all-night bar didn't make the list, either. tw o re sp e c ts. 4 E veryone h a s to w rite o n e of
G W h at if they make a mess? th e s e in o rd er to 'sell' th e ir hom e a n d n eighbourhood.
H Thanks to them, w e discovered a wonderful jazz cafe - Secondly, s ite u s e rs are o ften q u ite fussy! A fter all,
and a roller disco! fe w of u s w a n t to s w a p w ith ju st ‘a n y o n e ’.
Paris
Paris is a ‘dream ’ destination for m any foreign
tourists. Som e love shopping in th e boutiques and
adm iring th e fashions. Parisians are fam ous for
th eir 1 , m odern style and effortless
elegance. O ther tou rists im m ediately 2
for th e m useum s and art, galleries, especially
th e astonishing Louvre. O ther people simply
enjoy spending th eir tim e relaxing and soaking
3 th e atm osphere. But, like all big
cities, Paris can 4 a lonely place at
times! If you’d like to m eet o th e r travellers during
y our stay, w hy n o t a tte n d o u r ‘Polyglot Picnic’?
We 5 th is free event, every Sunday
a t 3 p.m ., for visitors who 6..........................for
language exchange, food and fun. You can
7..........................th e noise and crow ds in a
beautiful city park n e a r th e university. It’s a
g rea t way to 8 to know people
in th e area and to m ake friends from around
th e world. Everyone is very w elcom e, so
th e re ’s no n e e d to be 9 .....................No one
is a stra n g e r here and you'll quickly feel
welcome. We 10..........................a small group
in th e past, but now h u n d red s of people
join us every sum m er. We hope you'll join
us, too. Please bring a frisbee, badm inton
racket, gam e o r m usic to share. And of
course, a smile!
Feeling good
Reading and vo cab u lary Happiness
chocolate
make you happy? What ot her t hings make you
happy?
STRATEGY
30 Feeling good
www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary: idioms; suffixes: -ness, -ity; values; adverbs
Grammar: past simple and present perfect; present perfect continuous
Speaking: discussing tips for a happy life; giving and reacting to news
Writing: a personal letter
3A
o f fam ily m em bers a n d also h a v e stro n g frien d sh ip s 5 An idiom is a group of words which form an
are m ore likely to be happy. Feeling protected and expression. The meaning is diff erent from t he
respected a n d know in g y o u can tru s t in th e p eo p le lit eral meanings of t he individual words. St udy t he
a ro u n d y o u is vital. But h a p p in e ss m eans y o u have underlined idioms in t he t ext. Which ones are about
to give a n d take. P erfo rm in g acts of k in d n ess and happiness and which about sadness?
gen ero sity on a re g u la r basis, for exam ple, listening
to a frien d in n e e d o r carry in g a n e ig h b o u r's r aa Noun suf fixes: - n ess, - ity
m iserable? If so, it's p robably because y o u h a v e n 't Try to get up early - 4lazy / laziness will make you
h a d e n o u g h o f it. Teenagers tend to go to b e d too feel 5tire d / tire d n e s s - you will feel more positive
late a n d h a v e to g et u p early, so m an y suffer from after an early start.
a lack of sleep. T iredness w ill certain ly affect your It's not 6n ecessary / n ecessity to have more and
h a p p in e ss levels a n d p u t y o u in a bad m ood. It also
more things. 7P ro sp e ro u s / P ro s p e rity isn't
affects y o u r ab ility to concen trate a n d m ay slow
the key to happiness. Be 8h a p p y / h ap p in ess
y o u r grow th. So if yo u w a n t to be h a p p y a n d do
w ith w h at you have and w h o you are.
well a t school, try to g et a t least eig h t h o u rs a night.
N o w y o u k n o w th e theory, it's tim e to p u t it all into
practice. Sm ile, everyone!
Feeling good
www.frenglish.ru
1 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Which of t hese t hings can help you to st udy bet t er?
singing listening to m usic chatting to friends doing sport eating chocolate
sleeping longer exercising before class
2 1.11 List en t o a radio programme about how f it ness helps us t o perf orm better
and answer t he quest ions.
1 W h at tw o experiments are m entioned in the program m e?
2 W h at d o som e students in the USA do before th ey start their lessons?
3 W h at d o som e students have to do during their lessons?
4 W h at are som e o f th e results of introducing physical exercise in school?
5 Did you find any o f the information surprising?
I've completed a forty-minute workout W e've just heard that we'll be sitting I'm exhausted. I've
this morning and I'm about to go and on exercise balls during some of our just d o n e 'W a k e up
do a test. I feel full of energy! lessons. a n d shake up'.
W e did the
I’ve done the W e began the programme
programme for I've never done this sort
programme for a year a week ago and w e’ve
one term, but our of thing before, but I'm
and I’m still attending already seen the benefits
really enjoying it.
students didn’t like it. all the classes. among the students.
4 Compare t he t wo sent ences. In which sent ence is it still morning? Which t ense is used?
32 Feeling good
www.frenglish.ru
3B
5 Work in pairs. Study t he pairs of sent ences. Why are diff erent t enses used in
sent ences a and b?
1 a I w as a teacher for three years.
b I've been a teacher for three years.
2 a Have you ever used an exercise ball in class?
b Did you use an exercise ball in class yesterday?
3 a I finished m y w orkout before school.
b I haven't finished m y daily w orkout yet.
4 a I've never played tennis.
b I didn't play tennis last night.
5 a I didn't speak to Julia at the party last Saturday,
b I haven't spoken to Julia for ages.
6 a Have you seen Dan this m orning?
b Did you see Dan this m orning?
8 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Interview each ot her about how healt hy you are at school.
What can you do t o have a healt hy body and a healthy mind?
Feeling good 33
www.frenglish.ru
Q Values
4 St udy t he words below. Which ones do you t hink refer to t eam sport s, which to individual
I
sports and which to bot h? Mat ch t he words t o sent ences 1-9.
com m itm en t discipline self-esteem self-reliance self-sacrifice single-mindedness
sportsm anship stamina team spirit
5 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Your school has received money to st art one of t he sport s in t he
phot os and it has asked you to choose t he sport . Discuss t he advant ages and disadvant ages
of your chosen sport . Then work with t wo ot her pairs and decide on one sport t hat t he
school should choose.
34 Feeling good
www.frenglish.ru
9 Read t he dialogue in exercise 8 again and underline t hree more phrases t hat Oily uses to
make Sean feel bet ter. Which of t he exclamat ions does Oily use?
10 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Give and react t o news. Use t he ideas below or your own ideas.
You and your fam ily are m oving to another country.
You have just w o n a sports com petition.
You have been chosen to appear on a television programme.
Your youth club has decided to stop the afternoon sport activities.
Feeling good 35
www.frenglish.ru
36 Feeling good
www.frenglish.ru
3D
Present perfect simple and present
perfect continuous
D o cto rs fear an ep idem ic o f illnesses like diabetes, (score) two touchdowns. It's pretty good and I tell him
so during the break. 'How long3 (you / be) a
h e a rt disease a n d cancer. M any th in k th is co u ld be
member of the Johnson Eagles football team?' 'Six months,'
th e first gen eratio n th a t doesn't outlive its parents.
says Austin, 'and I'm getting good.' When Austin Walker
B ut h ealth centres for obese ch ild ren are startin g
joined the school football team he weighed over 120 kilos.
to m ake a difference. A t th e centres are ch ild ren 65
Today, he's a Lot slimmer - he 4 (lose) weight
like 12-year-old C o n ch ita. 3C onchita's tired today
bit by bit and he's almost reached his goal. He 5
because she's b e e n exercising. 'It's h a rd w ork, but
(stop) eating fast food, too. 'It's something I 6
I'm feeling good,' she says. 4H ow m an y tim es has
(want) to do for a Long time/ he says. 'I just didn't have
she exercised th is week? ‘Three,' she replies, and
the discipline before.' So what changed his mind? 'Six
5I've given u p fast food, too.' ‘These kids w ant long 70 months ago my mum was diagnosed with diabetes,' explains
lives a n d th ey w an t to d o a lot o f things,' explains Austin. 'It was a shock, so my family decided to make some
a d o c to r at th e centre. ‘Clearly, that's n o t going to lifestyle changes - we 7 (eat) less food and
h ap p en unless th ey change th e ir lifestyle.' exercising more.'
'It 8 (not be) easy,' he adds, 'but I want to be
with my family for as long as I can and that means living
a healthy life.'
Feel i n g g o o d 37
www.frenglish.ru
W ho:
1 has tried som ething n e w recently? 4 has been worried about other people's feelings?
2 has m ade an im portant decision? 5 is worried about their future?
3 has had a frightening experience? 6 feels optim istic about the future?
STRATEGY
38 Feel i n g g o o d
www.frenglish.ru
3E
Hi Abby,
results Felix suggested th at I needed to do something about your results, but the rock climbing sounds great. I’d
d ifferen t so th a t I can relax and forget abocit love to try it myself one day.
everything, SO I'v e taken Up rock Climbing! I ’m not Guess what, I’ve decided to give up competitive tennis! I
very sporty, so obviously, the thought of hanging o ff realized that I didn’t want to make it my whole life; there are
a rock face on the end of a rope was quite scary too many other things 1want to do. ’ Surprisingly / Obviously,
But, surprisingly, I ve been enjoying it and it's helped 1 was terrified of telling my parents, because I thought they’d
me take my mind o ff things I t was also an exciting be disappointed in me. But, 2to be honest / luckily, I knew
experience, the scer\ersj was beautiful and, luckily, I I wasn’t committed enough, f ort unat ely / Unfortunately,
haven’t hurt myself. I actually really like it! they took the news very well. “Sadly / Frankly, I think my dad
is relieved that he no longer has to wake up at 5 a.m. in order
Since everyone's got exam fever and all we do is study,
to drive me to tennis practice or to tournaments around the
I haven't got much else to w rite about By the way,
Felix says ‘hello' Sadly, he can 't go to the lakes with us country!
this summer You are coming back to the lakes again Anyway, I’d better go now - I’ve got to get ready for a party!
with your parents, aren 't you? I'v e got to go now For years, I haven’t had time to do anything except play
because I ’ve got a revision class in ten minutes, but tennis, so I’m enjoying my new social life! 5To be honest /
w rite soon! Luckily, I still have some friends left.
Take care, In answer to your question, of course we’re coming to the
lakes this year, but it’s a shame 1won’t see Felix.
SimOn
Write soon!
Love, Abby
W R IT IN G G U ID E
Feel i n g g o o d 39
www.frenglish.ru
W ords that have similar forms can be grouped into a am ount will help.
Review 3
V o cab u lar y Gr am m ar
3 C o m p le te th e te x t w ith th e w ord s.
4 th ey / beat / our team / in the last match
com m itm en t self-esteem discipline self-reliance
stamina team spirit 5 I/ n o t d o / a n y sp o rt/last year
Gym trainer Mart Hardy says, ‘If you really want to get
6 y o u / e v e r / r id e / a m ountain bike ?
fit, you need 1 - a determination to succeed.
That means2 , for example, waking up early
M arks 16
in the morning, so you can exercise. You'll soon build up
3 , so you can exercise for a long time without 7 C o m p le te th e te x t w ith th e p re se n t p e rfe c t sim p le
getting tired. Exercising alone demands 4 or c o n tin u o u s fo rm o f th e v e rb s b e lo w .
you’ve only got yourself to depend on. If the gym isn’t
be believe dream encourage forget join
for you, take up a sport, like basketball. It’s fun and you’ll
play practise run w atch
enjoy the 5 of playing with others. Being part
of a winning team boosts your6 , so you feel
11 football all day, and I’ve got another
great about yourself!’
hour to go. I’m exhausted! The whole team
M ark s /6 2 around the pitch for hours. I
3 (just) the Manchester United Youth
team - that’s why I 4 so intensively. I
4 C h o o se th e co rre c t an sw ers.
5 (always) of being a famous footballer
one day.
Surfing is an 1extremely / rapidly popular sport, Dad 6 my biggest fan ever since I
enjoyed by millions of people. It started in ancient first kicked a ball. He 7 me to train for
Hawaii, and 2quickly / worryingly spread worldwide. the last 15 years, and he doesn’t show any signs of
For ancient Hawaiians it had religious significance, so stopping! He 8 me train all day today -
3rapidly / clearly, it wasn’t just a sport. Surfing was he’s still looking at me right now. He 9
4incredibly / worryingly important, too, as the chief (always) in me, even when I doubted myself. He
ruler was usually a 5comfortably / really good surfer. remembers all my best goals - even the ones I
6Clearly / Surprisingly, Hawaiians who surfed badly 10 (already)!
A right to fight
Reading and vo cab u lary D isappearing w orlds
The environment
42 A right to fight
www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary: the environment; prefixes: semi-, under-, over-, re-, co-,
inter--, verbs + prepositions; collocations: charities
Speaking: discussing cultural identity; comparing types of protest; asking
for and expressing opinions
4A
Gram m ar: expressing the future; future perfect and future continuous W riting: an opinion essay
Blue gold
Did you know that 97% of all the world's water is salt
water? 3% is drinkable, but we can only use 1% of this
because the rest is trapped in glaciers or deep underground.
The bad news is this percentage is getting smaller because
of overpopulation, pollution and climate change.
It's a scary situation: rising sea levels1
homes and sometimes whole islands on one side of the
world. Floods and high tides2 fresh water
and 3 disease. Governments are forced
to 4 communities from danger zones and
m alnutrition.The d y in g trees a re h o m e to m osq uitoes
5 them to higher ground. But, in other parts
th a t s p re a d d ise ase s, like m a la ria . P e o p le kn ow th a t
of the world, droughts 6 crops and kill farm
life o n th e island is c o m in g to a n e n d .
animals. And as people move to other areas in search of
Experts p re d ict th a t th e C arfere fs will b e u n d e r w a fe r food, traditions and cultures 7
b y 2015. Before th e n , 'hhe islanders will r e lo c a te to It's a man-made problem, so what's the solution? We
p la c e s like B o u g a in ville a n d rebuild their lives.This have to learn to 8 this valuable resource. In
2030, almost 50% of the world's population will probably
m o v e will p ro vid e p e o p le with fo o d a n d shelter, but
experience water shortages, and experts predict the first
w h a t will h a p p e n to their c u ltu re ? Th e islanders h a v e
water wars. Who will be the winners and losers? Will we
so n g s for different e v e r y d a y activities, a n d traditions 9 the battle for blue gold?
a n d ce le b ra tio n s linked to th e s e a .T h e y a ls o h a v e
their o w n la n g u a g e , c a lle d 'H a lia '. 5lt th e y co-exist
with o th er cultures, this m a y d ie out.
insig h t Prefixes: sem i- , u n der- , over- , re- , co- , in t er-
'W e're losing ou r h o m e , o u r identity, ou r w h o le life,'
sa ys isla n d e r Ursula R a k o v a .'W e h o p e th e world
St udy sent ences 1-6 in Isla n d st o r y . Then match t he
is listening.' It is. 6O v e r th e last fe w years, article s in
underlined prefixes t o definitions a-f.
intern a tio n a l n e w s p a p e rs , YouTube vid e o s a n d a n a again or back d not enough, below
O s ca r- n o m in a te d d o c u m e n ta r y film c a lle d Su n is Up b together e half, partly
h a v e fa lk e d a b o u f fh e C a rte re t islands. P e o p le h a v e c b etw een f too much
s u p p o rte d fh e islanders a n d a s a result, th e y h a v e
fu m e d their a n g e r a n d frustration info actio n .'T u le le Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he words in brackets
P e isa ' is a p ro je ct w h ic h is h elp in g to e v a c u a t e and a pref ix in exercise 6.
p e o p le like Ursula. It's also looking for w a y s to 1 The island w a s ......................... Too m any people w ere
p rese rve their w a y of life a n d re co rd their la n g u a g e living there, (crowded)
a n d traditions for future generatio n s. 2 O nce the Carterets are under the sea, th ey will never
b o a t for th e last tim e. He's s a yin g g o o d b y e to his 3 If the islanders .th e re m ight be
h o m e a n d to his a n ce sto rs. He d o e s n ot kn ow w h a t enough food for e ve ry o n e (-operate)
th e future will bring; h e d o e s n o t k n o w if his culture 4 It's difficult t o ........................ w ith people w h o speak
A right to fight 43
www.frenglish.ru
F
1 W h a t are flashmobs? la sh m o b s are p u b lic p e rfo rm a n c e s g iv en
2 W h y d o people organize them ? b y g ro u p s of s tra n g e rs w h o find o u t a b o u t
3 W h y is Jo e l organizing his flashmob? e v e n ts th ro u g h social m e d ia , n e tw o rk in g sites
4 H o w will people find out about it? a n d tex t m essa g e s. F la sh m o b b e rs m e e t a t a
p recise tim e a n d p e rfo rm a s h o rt a c tio n to g e th e r
Expressing the future w h e n a s ig n a l is giv en . T h e p e rfo rm a n c e
fin ish es su d d e n ly , a t a n a rra n g e d tim e a n d the
3 Read t he t ext again. Then match sent ences 1-7 in t he t ext p e o p le th e n m o v e a w a y im m ed iately . F o r so m e
t o uses a-g. p e o p le , fla sh m o b s are a b o u t h a v in g fu n . B ut
Ways of expressing the future: fo r o th e rs, th e y 're a w a y of g e ttin g to g e th e r
a present sim ple for scheduled events, timetables a g ro u p of p e o p le to m a k e a p o litic a l p o in t.
b present continuous for arrangem ents W e a s k e d Joel to tell u s a b o u t h is n e x t fla sh m o b
c will for promises and hopes for th e future (often w ith hope, event.
prom ise) Joel is a 19-year-old C a n a d ia n a n d h e 's a
d will for predictions about the future (often with think probably) s tro n g a d v o c a te o f recycling. 'O n S atu rd ay ,
e going rofor intentions ’I'm org a n izin g a fla sh m o b e v e n t to p ro m o te
f going to for predictions based on evidence recycling. 2It starts a t ten in th e m o rn in g .
g m a y/ m ig h t for uncertain predictions about the future. 3H o w w ill w e organ ize th e e v e n t? P ro b a b ly
th ro u g h T w itter, F aceb o o k a n d o th e r w eb sites.
Ref erence and pract ice 4.1 W orkbook page 110
A c c o rd in g to th e w e a th e r forecast, 4it's g o in g
to b e re a lly h o t o n S atu rd ay , so 5I h o p e th a t
4 Read t he sent ences and choose t he correct answers.
lo ts o f p e o p le w ill b e there. 6W e're g o in g
1 I m ight go to the eco festival in the park this weekend,
to lea v e so m e ru b b is h n e a r a recy clin g b in
a I have a definite plan to go to the festival.
a n d th e n w a it in th e p a rk . I h o p e w e 'll look
b I haven't decided on m y plans yet.
c I probably w on't go.
2 W h a t are you doing tonight?
a I w ant to know about your arrangements for tonight,
b I w ant to know about your activities now.
c I'm asking you to make a prediction about the future.
3 The protest starts at 730 a.m.
a The protest has just started,
b The protest m ight start at that time,
c Fhe protest will definitely start at that time.
4 I'm m eeting Anna at the cafe to talk about th e protest,
a I m ight m eet Anna in the cafe.
b Anna and I have decided the tim e and place to meet
already.
c I hope I'll see Anna in the cafe.
5 I think that flashmobs will becom e m ore popular
in the future.
a I predict that this will happen,
b This will definitely happen,
c I w an t this to happen.
44 A right to fight
www.frenglish.ru
4B
lik e o rd in a ry p e o p le , e n jo y in g a d a y o u t. B ut
e v e ry o n e 's g o in g to s ta rt c la p p in g a n d c h e erin g
a s s o o n a s so m e o n e p ick s u p th e ru b b is h a n d
p u ts it in th e recy clin g bin. S om e p e o p le 7m ay
n o t und erstan d w h a t w e 're d o in g , b u t I th in k
th a t it w ill b e fu n . F la sh m o b b in g is p o ssib le
b e c a u se o f th e w a y th a t p e o p le c o n tin u a lly
s h a re m fo rm a tio n a ro u n d th e w o r ld now . It's
th e fu tu re o f p o litical p ro te s t.'
A right to fight 45
www.frenglish.ru
3 1.16 List en to t he radio programme again. Are t he sent ences t rue (T) or
f alse (F)? Correct t he f alse ones.
1 Kate thinks that Shannen is very fam ous around th e world.
2 Shannen believed that children needed education as preparation for life.
3 Shannen w rote to children all over Canada and asked them to support her
cam paign.
4 The ann ou ncem ent from the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs in 2008 was
probably very disappointing for Shannen.
5 The Attawapiskat com m unity cancelled the school trip in order to pay for their
representatives to travel to Ottawa.
6 Shannen tho ug h t that the First Nation children had special rights to education.
7 Shannen m oved to N ew Liskeard because the school there had better facilities.
8 The n e w school in Attawapiskat will probably not have a gym or a music studio.
STRATEGY
4 Read t he st rategy. Then st udy t he st at ement s in exercise 3 again. Are t hey f act s (F),
opinions (O) or speculat ion (S)?
46 A right to fight
www.frenglish.ru
4C
BA SKETBA LL PROTEST IN THE SCHOOLS SHORTEN
COURTS PARK SUM M ER HOLIDAYS
CA N CELLED!
2 0 0 people prot est Students and teachers at Park
Plans for a new School are horrified at the
ag ain st p lans t o build a
basketball court decision to shorten summer
in North Park have w ast e r ecyclin g f acilit y
holidays to three weeks.
been cancelled. in t h e sk at ep ar k .
9 1.17 Com plet e t he phrases from t he dialogue. Then listen again and check.
1 a I'm not so sure b To tell you the truth c I take your point
2 a That’s just w h at I was thinking b That’s a great idea c In m y opinion
3 a W h at do you reckon? b As far as I'm concerned c I see w h at you're saying
4 a I'm not so sure b W h a t d o you think? c If you ask me
5 a I'm not so sure b I agree with you about that c That's a great idea
12 SPEAKING Work in groups of f our Choose an issue t hat you all f eel st rongly about. Discuss
how you are going to organize a campaign t o support your cause. You have a campaign
budget of €150. Use t he ideas below or your own ideas.
more cycle paths ■ recycling
more youth facilities helping the elderly Campaign price list
Leaflets: €10 for 100 black and
1 Look at the price list and decide h o w to
white leaflets or 50 colour leaflets
spend your budget.
2 Discuss h ow you will use social media.
Po st ers: €15 for 50 posters
3 Discuss other ways o f protesting (for T-shirts: €8 per T-shirt
example, writing letters to the governm ent, Advertisement on bus: €250
organizing a march, a sit-in, a flashmob). Using a local celebrity: €100
YouTube video: €120
A right to fight 47
www.frenglish.ru
3
Read t he t ext and com pare your ideas.
Be humankind
Sin ce the 1960s, charities have put slogans on T-shirts to
1 awareness of social problems and encourage
people to take action. In the past, these slogans w ere often
about world peace, but today slo g an s2 many
different issues, such as environmental problems, poverty
and social injustice.
T-shirts with slogans show that w e 3 a charity
or a campaign. Sport Relief slogans like ‘Rise to the
Challenge’ and ‘G o the Extra Mile’ encourage people
to 4 events. Other slogans such as Oxfam’s
‘Change, not Charity’ encourage us to 5 our
time and not ju s t6 money. And although
slogans don’t 7.................. people’s lives on their own,
they are an important part of the process. In the words
of another Oxfam slogan, they persuade us to ‘Be
humankind’.
48 A right to fight
www.frenglish.ru
4D
Many people make regular donations to big charities that 8 A school magazine int erviewed Sophie before
aid po o r people in different countries.5 Smaller t he race. Complet e t he interview. Use t he future
charities, such as sports projects o r hospices, address cont inuous or t he f ut ure perf ect .
m ore local issues and rely on smaller events, like car boot Int erviewer W h a t1 (you do) at 1 p.m.
sales and fun runs.They also rely on volunteers for the on Saturday?
day-to-day running o f these projects. Sophie I2 ...............(run) in the
m arathon and hopefully by 6 p.m.
Teenagers play a big role in this culture o f giving. A recent
13.............................. (finish).
W o rld Vision study showed that 6 9 % o f teens are aware of
Int erviewer H o w fa r4 .......... (you run) by
the needs o f others thanks to the internet and globalization.
the end of the race?
And although teens may not have much money to give, they
Sophie About 42 km.
often help in other ways.6............In the UK, more than a
Int erviewer That’s im pressive.5 lots
third o f teenagers have given time to charities in the last
of p e o p le................. (take part) in the
year In fact, supporting a charity is part o f everyday life, and
event on Saturday?
young people are the new champions o f this culture. 1 feel
Sophie Yes, 16 (not do) it alone.
good when I do something,’ explains Sophie after the race.
Hundreds of people will be there.
‘I read about so many problems in the news - at home and Int erviewer 7 ..........(you celebrate) with
abroad. Often, I feel helpless, I don't have a lot o f money, but your friends after th e event?
then I can volunteer; I can get sponsors and I can make a Sophie Yes, I will. 18 (collect)
difference.’ Back in Sierra Leone, Mohammed is smiling. their money, too!
Int erviewer H ow m uch m o n e y 9
(you raise)?
Sophie About £200,1hope!
STRATEGY
3 Read t he st rategy. Then st udy paragraphs C and D in Nick's essay and find examples for
each point 1-3 in t he strategy.
A H ep w o rth school has asked th e stu d en ts t o choose it s m ain ch arit y f o r the year. In m y o pinion, we
should choose W aterAid , because access t o safe , clean w at er is a b asic human rig h t.
B M y f i r s t reason f o r choosing W aterAid is t h at in many p art s o f th e w orld th e p o o rest people don t
have tap s o r even w e lls. O ft en t h eir only so urce o f w at er is dangerous b ecause i t ’s d irt y and i t s.v e r y
f a r fro m t h eir homes. In f a c t , 8 8 4 m illio n people do n o t have access t o safe , clean w at er and 5 ,0 0 0
child ren die each day fro m w ater- related d iseases. 1 am convinced t h at by sup p orting W at e re d , w e can
help t o reduce these num bers.
C Another argum ent f o r donating o ur money t o W aterAid , is t h at i t helps co m m unities to se t up
and m aintain t h eir own w at er and hygiene p ro ject s. By doing t h is i t ed ucates people and encourages
co m m unities t o look a f t e r t h e ir own needs. Be t t e r hygiene can red uce childhood deaths b y 35% .
D M y fin al p o in t is t h at many people m ight say t h at W aterAid is a much s e ll e r ch arit y than th e World
Wide Fund f o r N atu re, so i t c a n t m ake as much o f a d ifferen ce as W W F can . In f a c t annual to tal
donations t o W W F are nearly ten tim es the donations to W aterAid . H o w ever, t h is is w hy 1 fe el t h at
W aterAid needs our money m ore.
E To co nclud e, 1 believe t h at H ep w o rth should choose W aterAid as it s ch a rit y , b ecause i t helps th e poorest
people around th e w orld and i t w ill really b en efit fro m our donations.
N ick Jo nes
50 A right to fight
www.frenglish.ru
4E
6 C o m p l e t e M o n ic a 's e s s a y w i t h p h r a s e s in e x e r c i s e 5. S o m e t i m e s m o r e t h a n o n e a n s w e r is p o s s ib le .
Our school wants to choose one charity to These areas are under threat because
support this y ear.1 we of global warming, deforestation, or
should choose the World Wide Fund for overfishing. If we don’t protect these
Nature (WWF), because it helps to conserve places now, it will be too late! That’s why
the environment and protects animals and 4 the W W F’s work is so
plants, and there is nothing more important necessary.
than the future of our planet.
5 the WWF protects
2 supporting the WWF a large number of endangered species,
is that climate change is a major issue for including tigers, rhinos and polar bears.
our planet. The WWF works in many ways These beautiful animals share our planet
to fight against climate change. It supports and6 , it’s our duty
energy efficiency and is promoting a new to look after them and to prevent their
international climate agreement. extinction.
3 donating money to In conclusion,7 our
this charity is that the WWF does a lot of charity for this year should be the WWF
important work to preserve huge areas, for because it is doing the most important
example, the Amazon rainforest and the work - protecting life on our planet and
Arctic. protecting the planet itself.
M o n i ca D u Po n t
W RITING GUIDE
A right to fight 51
www.frenglish.ru
2
3 Mat ch t he pref ixes in exercise 2 to meanings 1-8.
1 three
2 t w o ........... 3
3 before
4 small
5 former
6 fro n t............
7 extreme; large............
8 across; through
52 Vocabulary insight 4 Dictionary entries from Oxford W ordpow er Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 4
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Complet e t he sent ences with t he correct form of t he 5 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he verbs below.
verbs below. ’s going to be will be m aybe starts m ight start
contam inate devastate die ou t evacuate spread will com e 'm speaking II speak m ay join
relocate
1 I hope the rain ................. soon. M y garden is very dry.
1 The bird called the dodo in the 17th century. 2 You right about clim ate change - I'm not sure.
2 Infected insects can dangerous diseases. 3 Look at that rain! The river is already full. There
3 Oil water, making it dangerous for animals. a big risk o f floods tonight.
4 In 1956, the US governm ent paid Native Americans to 4 I th e cam paign. I haven't decided yet.
from the country to th e city. 5 I promise I to her about it soon, OK?
5 Hurricane Katrina N ew Orleans in 2005. 6 I think life in th e fu tu re .................... better than now.
6 After the 2011 tsunami, Jap anese authorities.............. 7 I .....................to the Environm ent Minister at 3.00 p.m.
local people to places o f safety. tom orrow.
M arks 7 6 8 The lecture on environm entalism at 11.00.
9 It's possible that co u n trie s................ a w ar over water.
2 Complet e t he t ext with t he correct form of t he M arks / 9
words in bracket s. Add t he correct pref ixes (co-,
in t er- , over - , u n d er - , re- , sem i- ). 6 Choose t he correct answers.
Brazilian fave/as, which are poor, 1 Today, 11 try doing an RAK ( ‘random act of
(developed) places, are often also 2 kindness’) with a friend. W e made plans last night. W e
(crowded). Fa v el a Pa i n t i n g is a charity with 3 2 at my house this morning. W e 3 discuss
(national) support from many countries. It helps
w hat to do then. W e have a few ideas already. W e
favelas to 4 (build) lost hope and pride by 4
to the bus stop and pay for a stranger’s ticket.
painting their houses. Artists and local people
According to my timetable, the next bus5 in an
5 (operate) to create unique designs. In just
one street you can see a fish, a kite, and a half hour. Alternatively, we 6 up litter in the park.
moon in a perfect 6 (circle)! The sky is blue - it 7 be a lovely day. You know
what? Let’s do that. I think it 8 more fun!
M arks 76
1 a m ight b will c 'm going to d may
3 Complet e t he t ext with t he correct preposit ions. 2 a 'II m eet b m eet c 're m eeting d m ight m eet
3 a w on't b m ay c will d 're going to
I care 1 anim als. I believe 2 4 a m ight go b go c 're going d will go
treating them with respect. That's w hy I 5 a is leaving b won't leave c m ay leave d leaves
belong 3 an anim al rights charity, the 6 a will pick b m ight pick c 're picking d pick
League Against Cruel Sports. W e protest 7 a 's going to b m ay c m ight d will
4 hunting anim als for sport. W e've 8 a is being b will be c is d m ay not be
s e t5 an anti-hunting cam paign and M arks /8
now w e're relying 6 your donations for
success. Please help! 7 Complet e t he sent ences. Use t he f uture perf ect or
f ut ure cont inuous form of t he verbs in brackets.
M arks /6 1 'W h a t............................ you at this
tim e tom orrow?' 1............................. at the charity
4 Complet e t he sent ences with t he verbs below. There shop.' (do / volunteer)
is one verb t hat you do not need. 2 The anti-war march by 11.00. After
address aid donate raise take part transform that, w e outside the tow n hall,
volunteer (finish/protest)
3 At 6.00 tonight, I ............................. the docum entary
1 O ver 30,000 people in the Tokyo m arathon
on global w arm in g............................. you
every year.
............................. h om e by then? (w atch / get)
2 Please for just an hour a w eek to help elderly
4 In a year's time, the city by 50%.
people.
10,000 more people here then. But by
3 Live Aid tried to awareness of Africa's
the end of this year, the authorities
problems.
just 1,000 more homes, (grow / live / build)
4 I know I should more m oney to charities.
M arks 7 9
5 W e need t o ............the problem of global warming.
6 Education can people's lives for the better Tot al
M arks 16
Listening
1 Read t he sent ences. Are t hey fact s (F), opinions (0)
or speculat ions (S)?
1 Volunteering w as Alice's o w n idea.
2 Alice thought it w ould help her to get into university.
3 Her w ork m ight help Tanzanian teachers to feel more
A
enthusiastic about sport.
Going to the gym or the sports centre often feels like a
4 In Alice's opinion, the main benefit o f sport is learning joyless necessity. The sw eaty rooms and irritating music
key life skills. seem to be the part of the price you pay for getting fit.
5 The charity m ay teach martial arts for the first tim e You won't have much fun in the process, perhaps, but
next year. at least you'll be doing something worthwhile. Or so you
6 Not everyone will be a good volunteer for the charity. th in k.
B
2 1.19 List en to a radio programme. Are t he In actual fact, your exercise routine will have some
sent ences in exercise 1 t rue (T) or false (F)? Correct devastating side-effects and w e don't just mean aching
t he false ones. muscles! Gym s and sports centres need huge amounts
of energy for lights, air conditioning, heating - and of
course, pools and machines. W hile you've been running,
Speaking
your treadmill has been burning as much electricity as
3 Work in pairs. Take it in t urns t o give and react to fifteen 75-Watt light bulbs.
Reading
5 Read t he t ext. Then choose t he best descript ion of
t he t ext t ype a-d.
a a report making recom m endations
b an article prom oting a particular service
c a factual description for an encyclopedia
d a review o f a service the writer has tried
Writing
8 Read t he st at em ent below. Then writ e an opinion
essay. Use t he plan to help you.
'Not all st udent s enjoy school sport s lessons. Should
older t eenagers have t he option of doing volunt eer
work in t heir local com munit ies inst ead?'
Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic and briefly state your
o w n opinion.
Paragraph 2: Give argum ents to support your opinion.
Use a different paragraph for each main
idea.
Paragraph 3: Present an opposing view point and
com m en t on it.
Paragraph 4: Sum marize your opinion, giving reasons.
STRATEGY
U sin g r ef er en ci n g t o u n d er st an d a t ex t
Ref erence words link diff erent part s of a t ext t oget her.
The choice
They can refer back t o a word, a phrase or a whole
sent ence or idea.
pronouns, for example: he, him , it, they, them , that, this,
these, those ‘They w ere my family, you know, they w ere good to
possessive adjectives, for example: his, its, their, her m e,' says Jo s h u a Blake, looking down a t th e floor,
relative pronouns, for example: w ho, whose, which ‘but they w e re n ’t good to other people. That w a s the
problem ..., but I w as too scared to leave - once you
2 Read t he st rat egy. Study t he underlined words in w ere in, you w ere in. I didn't think I had a ch o ice.’
t he t ext. Who or what do t hey ref er to?
14-year-old Jo s h u a w a s born on a council e s ta te *
1 That (line 3) 5 him (line 31) in South London. Like m any of his peers, Jo sh u a
2 She (line 10) 6 w hose (line 35) experienced hard tim es and m isfortune in his early
3 its (line 17) 7 his (line 59) life.1 . The fam ily lived in a one-bedroomed
4 w h o (line 26) 8 them (line 61) flat and his m other struggled to pay the bills. S h e
worked long hours a s a nurse, so after school
3 St udy t he underlined ref erence words in A-F. Who Jo s h u a hung out with other boys on th e estate.
or what do you t hink t hey ref er t o? Complet e t he ‘There w a s nothing to do,’ he rem em bers. ‘They
art icle wit h sent ences A-F. There is one sent ence closed down the youth club years ago, so th ere w as
t hat you do not need. now here to go except th e streets.’ Jo s h u a b ecam e
A He w as shot in the arm, but luckily he survived. part of a gang with its own rules, its own cod es and
B There are 169 gangs there, with more than 5,000 jts own h ierarch y.2 . Belonging m ad e him
members. feel s a fe and gave him a se n se of identity. B u t the
C They w ere easy to get and easy to use. crim e worried him. T h e re w a s a lot of mugging and
D His father left hom e w hen he was a baby, and Joshua shoplifting, but it w as th e guns th at really scared
me. 3................... ’ The older boys in Jo s h u a ’s gang
and his sisters were brought up by their mother.
got into arm ed robbery. Su d d en ly a lot of m oney
E its m em bers had co d e nam es like P-Man or Stepz,
w as involved and th e gang b e c a m e very territorial.
and th ey looked after each other.
Th ere w a s a lot of vandalism - graffiti ap p eared on
F That's w hen he m et Ben.
buildings and signs w ere sprayed on shop doors, so
people knew the n a m e s of the gangs w ho controlled
4 Read t he art icle again and answer t he quest ions. each area. K nives and guns w ere used to keep out
1 W h at problem s did Joshua's fam ily have w h e n he was other gangs. Things w ere getting ou t of control.
young?
2 W h at didn't he like about the gang?
3 H o w did Joshua's gang send warnings to other gangs?
4 W h y w as Joshua attacked?
5 H o w did his m um feel w h e n she saw him ? W h y ?
6 In w h at ways was Ben similar to Joshua?
7 H o w did the Youth Inclusion Project help Joshua?
C rim e
m isb eh aviou r a t school, but s h e had no idea about local supermarket last night. £10,000 w as taken.
the gang. S h e ju s t looked a t m e in disbelief, sh e
co u ld n 't stop crying.’ insight Noun pref ixes: m is- and dis-
Th ree w e e k s in hospital gave Jo s h u a tim e to reflect 7 Read t he sent ences, t hen match t he pref ixes m is-
on th e ch o ice s he had m ade. He d e cid ed he w anted and dis- to definit ions a and b.
a different life, he w anted to c h a n g e .5 1 Joshua experienced hard times and m isfortune in his
B e n M agoro is a m e n to r* a t a Youth Inclusion early life.
Project, a program m e w hich helps kids e s c a p e from 2 It's a family w here crim e and dishonesty are OK.
gan g culture and get b ack into education. B en , like
a th e opposite o f som ething, not b w rong or bad
m any m entors, w a s a gan g m em b e r him self. He w a s
involved in ca r th e ft and h e ’d b een s e n t to prison
8 Complet e t he t ext wit h t he words in brackets and
for the offence. B e n understood ‘gan g m en tality’.
m is-or dis-. Then check your answ ers in Th e ch oice.
‘It is like a fam ily,’ s a ys B en , ‘it’s a fam ily w h e re the
m istreatm en t of “ o u tsid e rs” is OK, but sho w a gang
m em b e r d isre sp ect and you’ll be seriou sly hurt. It’s The cam paigner
a fam ily w h e re crim e and d ish o n esty a re O K and
19-year-old Alexander Rose had the
an y d isa g re e m e n t is solved with a gun. It's a fam ily
th at th in ks com m itting crim e is an a c c e p ta b le way 1 (fortune) to grow up on a
to m ake a living, but belonging to th a t fam ily is a bad council estate. Whenever there was
big m istake - all it d o e s is destroy your life.' 2 (agreement) between people,
someone got hurt. School w as impossible -
The Youth Inclusion Pro ject offered Jo s h u a a
there w as constant3 (behaviour) in
w ay ou t a n d gave him th e cou rage to turn hjs life
the classroom and 4 (respect) for teachers. Kids that
around. Projects fo cu s on te e n a g e rs' interests,
turned up didn't want to learn. Their lessons were on the street,
such a s m usic, sp ort or fashion. M en to rs help them
and they were lessons in 5 (honesty) and crime.
to express th e m se lve s, reflect upon th e ir p ast and
m ake better life ch o ice s. ‘In th e gan g my ch oice 'A lot of these kids suffered from 6 (treatment) at
w a s eith er die young or go to ja il,' s a ys Jo s h u a , ‘B u t home, so they didn't care about olher people,' says Alex.
now I can ch o o se to g et an ed ucation, I can choose Alex tried to ignore the violence until he lost a 16-year-old
a future ... I c a n ch o o se life.’ friend. His first reaction w a s 7 (belief) - how could
this happen to someone he knew? Then he decided to do
something about it. Alex designed the STOP logo, which
stands for Stop This Ongoing Problem. He printed the logo on
some T-shirts, then sold them to friends to get his message
onto the streets. I'm just one person putting in ten per cent,'
says Alex. 'If everyone put in ten per cent, that really would
bring about change.'
1 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Read t he f act s about lying. Which f act s surprise you and why?
Which one is not t rue?
2 1.20 List en t o t hree t eenagers t alking about lies. Mat ch st at ement s 1-6 to
Charlie (C), Sean (S) and Elly (E).
1 If m y best friend asks m e if I like her n e w haircut tom orrow, HI say yes.
2 If they didn't ask so m any questions, I w ouldn't tell so m any lies.
3 If he ever found out, he'd be really furious.
4 If I said w h at I really thought, th ey m ight get upset.
5 If you tell th e truth all th e time, you ’ll offend people.
6 Unless she learns that lying is wrong, she m ight b ecom e a com pulsive liar.
3 1.20 List en again. What are Charlie' s, Sean's and Elly's opinions on t elling lies?
5 Com plet e t he quest ions with t he correct form of t he verbs in brackets. Then work in pairs
and answer t he quest ions.
1 If you (realize) your friend w as shoplifting, w ould you tell anyone?
2 W h at w ould you do if y o u .................................... (see) som e people vandalizing your local park?
3 If y o u .................................... (go out) this evening, w hat tim e will you co m e hom e?
4 W h a t .................................... (your parents / do) if you co m e h om e later than you should?
5 If s o m e o n e .................................. (ask) your friends if you w ere an honest person, w hat might
th ey say?
6 W h at (you / do) if it rains a lot this w eekend?
5B
7 1.21 List en to t wo st ories. What lies did Jody and Simon tell?
8 Com plet e t he quest ions with t he correct second condit ional form of t he verbs in brackets.
Then work in pairs and answer t he quest ions. Give reasons for your answers.
1 If y o u ........................ (be) Jody, h o w ......................... (you / feel) about your m other changing her
m ind?
2 If y o u ........................ (be) Louise,......................... (you / tell) your m other about Jo d y ?
3 If Jody's m other (find out) about the lie, h o w (she / react)?
4 If Sim on (offer) you a m em ory stick, (you / take) it?
5 If S im o n ........................ (find out) that Ja ck knows the truth, w h a t ......................... (he / do)?
6 If Jack (tell) his classmates about Simon, w hat (happen)?
9 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Read sit uat ions 1-4 and discuss what you would do. Think of at
least t hree possible opt ions for each sit uat ion. Then compare your ideas wit h anot her pair.
1 You see your older brother or sister stealing som e m oney from your mother's purse.
2 You are at a friend's house. By accident, you break a very expensive porcelain vase, but nobody
sees you do it.
3 You are taking an exam. Your friend is having problems and asks you to tell h im / h e r th e answers
to som e of the questions.
4 Your friend has given you a birthday present. You op en it in front of him / her and you see a
horrible jumper.
3 SPEAKING St udy t he highlight ed phrasal verbs in quest ions 1-8. Match t hem to meanings
a- h. Then work in pairs and answ er t he quest ions.
1 If you make a mistake, d o you always ow n up to it im m ediately?
2 Have you fallen out with anyone recently? W h o w as it and w h y?
3 Have you ever had to co m e up w ith an excuse for not doing som ething?
4 Do you think you live up to your parents'expectations?
5 Are you goo d at putting up w ith situations that you don't like?
6 If you have a lot of hom ework, d o you g et round to doing it straight aw ay or do you leave it until
the night before it's due?
7 Can som e people get aw ay w ith telling lies more than others?
8 If you don't d o well at som ething, d o you put it d o w n to lack of experience?
a tolerate som eone or som ething that is unpleasant w ithout com plaining
b adm it you are responsible for som ething bad or w rong
c to understand that som ething is caused by som ething else
d d o as well or be as good as other people expect
e d o som ething w rong and not be punished for it
f find th e tim e to d o som ething
g have an argum ent with som eone, so you are not friendly w ith them any more
h to think o f an idea, suggestion
5C
8 1.25 Complet e t he dialogue with phrases a - f . There is one phrase t hat you do not need.
How does Ben f eel? Then listen to a diff erent version of t he dialogue. How does Ben feel now?
a I regret to inform you d Please forgive me.
b I didn't expect that from you. e you've really let m e down,
c I'm really sorry, f I feel really bad about it.
Ben Hi, Kate. I'm really looking forward to Saturday. W h at tim e did w e say we'd m eet?
Kat e Saturday? W e didn't arrange to m eet on Saturday, did w e?
Ben Don't you rem em ber? You said you'd help me choose a suit for m y brother's wedding.
Kat e Oh, no! I'd com pletely forgotten, B e n .1 ..................... but I've m ade other plans.
I'm going to visit m y cousins in Oxford. Perhaps w e could g o the following Saturday?
Ben No, that will be too late. The wedding's next w eekend. I can't believe you forgot.
Kat e 2
Ben Well, you should b e ca u se 3
Kat e 4 ...................You kn ow I’ve g ot an awful memory.
Ben Yes, I know, b u t 5...........................................
9 SPEAKING Work in pairs, A and B. Choose a sit uat ion and prepare a dialogue. St udent A
explains t he sit uation and apologizes, st udent B list ens and accept s or does not accept t he
apology. Then swap roles and choose a new sit uation.
1 You borrowed your friend's jacket for a party. You ripped it.
2 You w ere using your dad's laptop to do som e hom ew ork w hen you spilt som e tea on it.
3 You w ork in a shop. A custom er brings back som e n e w jeans he / she bought at th e weekend.
There is a problem w ith them.
4 You broke on e o f the pictures in the school corridor w hile you w ere playing w ith a ball during the
break.
Coming
2 W h ich o f these things can you do now ?
W h ich of th e things w ould you like to do?
o f age
Read t he t ext again. Which paragraph A- F ment ions
t he t hings in 1-7? There is one t hing t hat you do not
need.
1 The age of criminal responsibility.
2 The kind of part-time jobs young teenagers often do
A Some laws make sense. O thers d o n ’t. In Britain, for
in the UK.
example, the law states that you can get m arried
3 The age British teenagers have to be to drive a car. at the age o f sixteen (with your parents’ approval),
4 The rights o f a child if th ey break the law. but you may not have a tattoo.You can choose
5 The im pact o f adults'decisions on children. your life partner, but not a piece o f body art.
6 The m ove from being a child to an adult. Age limits vary hugely around the world due to
7 Voting rights. different historical, political, social and cultural
factors. Here, we examine some rules, regulations
insig h t Synonyms: t he law and prohibited activities in the U K and explore
where childhood ends and adulthood begins in
3 St udy t he highlight ed adject ives in t he t ext. Then
different areas o f life.
replace t he adject ives in it alics in sent ences 1-6 with
t he correct words.
T he law
1 M an y laws are lim iting for teenagers and don't give
B T h e U nited N ations C onvention on the Rights o f
them enough freedom.
the C hild says that children have the right to help
2 School uniforms are com pulsory in a lot of schools in from a lawyer and a fair trial that takes account o f
th e UK, but m any students w ou ld prefer to choose their age or situation.
w h at th ey wear.
C T h e age o f crim inal responsibility is ten years old
3 According to law, every person has the right to a ju st
in England,Wales and N orthern Ireland and in
trial, no m atter w hat th ey've done.
Scotland it is twelve. Some people believe that a
4 Som e people in England say that it should be illegal
low age o f responsibility acts as a deterrent and
for teenagers to use tanning beds.
stops young people from com m itting crimes.
5 W earing seat belts in the back seat o f a car is
However, there is concern about how children
voluntary in m any countries, so people can decid e if
betw een the ages o f eight and twelve can fully
th ey w an t to do it or not.
understand the consequences o f their actions.
6 In USA, teenagers under 16 can't live on their own. Is
R ecen t research has shown that the age o f ten is
this allow ed (bylaw ) in your country? probably too low because the part o f the brain
that has to make decisions and judgem ents is still
4 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Discuss t he quest ions.
developing.
1 W h a t similarities and differences are there in the laws
D However, there is one area where teenagers' decisions
for the things m entioned in the text in your country?
and opinions are taken into account and that is
2 W h a t d o you think an appropriate age for criminal
voting. In the UK, voting is optional and it is not a
responsibility should be? W h y ?
legal duty.Teenagers do not have the right to vote
3 W h y d o you think a g e limits are necessary?
until the age o f eighteen, but even then they don’t
DVD ext ra U KYouth Parliament have to vote in any election if they don't want to.
5D
leavers continue to w ork in jobs that they were 8 SPEAKING Which of t hese t hings is it necessary /
doing part-tim e w hile they were at school.Young not necessary for you t o do? Which of t hem are you
workers may start a part-tim e jo b at the age o f allowed / not allowed to do?
thirteen in Britain and the m ost com m on jobs are have a credit card open a bank account fly a plane
babysitting and doing paper rounds.Young people 60 buy a pet give blood choose your o w n doctor
m ustn't work for more than two hours on a school leave h om e buy a lottery ticket g o to school
day o r a Sunday and they can’t work for more
Vo cab u lary b ank Law and order page 138
than twelve hours during a school w eek.There is a
view that such laws are restrictive and that younger
children need to be encouraged to work more, 65
especially if they are willing and able.
Local police announced yesterday that they of crime or becoming offenders themselves.
are planning to introduce a curfew scheme 'If we see teenagers on the streets after this
during the school summer holiday period. time, w e'll take them hom e,' said PC Davis.
Under this scheme, anyone under the age of 'M ost teenage crime takes place early in the
sixteen will have to be home by 9 p.m. evening and this scheme will certainly help
According to the police, the aim of the scheme to stop it. If it's successful, we'll introduce it
is to cut the risk of teens becoming victims into other parts of the country.'
STRATEGY
3 Read t he st rategy. Then read t he let ter t hat Jon wrot e in response t o t he art icle and answer
t he quest ions.
1 W h at problem is he writing about?
2 W h at does he think about th e schem e?
3 W h at suggestions does he make?
4 W h at possible results does he m ention?
4 St udy sent ences 1-8 in t he letter. Which ones make suggest ions and which express result s?
5E
W e use should and ou gh t to w hen w e w a n t to say that som ething is right or the best thing to do. They
express a mild obligation. Ought to is more formal than should.
5 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Discuss t he possible result s of t he alt ernat ives to t he curf ew
schem e below. Use t he expressions for making suggest ions and expressing results.
have regular discussions betw een young people, the council and the police
set up sports activities and arts program m es
install m ore security cam eras and em p loy people to w atch them
have more police officers on the streets
WRITING GUIDE
Task Write a let t er to t he newspaper expressing Plan Decide which ideas you are going t o use and
your views on t he proposed scheme below. mat ch t hem t o t hese paragraphs:
Paragraph 1: Say w h y you are writing and express your
The local council is planning to create ‘dispersal zones’ in opinion on dispersal zones.
certain areas of the city to try to reduce street fighting. Paragraph 2: Explain the reason for your opinion and
Under this scheme, if the police see a group of more show you understand the problem and
than two young people in the street, they can ask them
its cause.
to separate and move. They can also remove people
Paragraph 3: Present the first suggestion and result.
who do not live in the area and arrest them if they return
Paragraph 4: M ake another suggestion and a possible
within 24 hours.
result.
Paragraph 5: Add a final point.
1 Read part of t he listening ext ract from unit 3C and 3 Choose t he t wo sent ences t hat are incorrect . Why
f ind six phrasal verbs. What do t hey mean? are t hey incorrect ?
1 T h ey have fallen out.
For som e people it’s all about power and being in 2 They fell ou t with each other.
control. They think that if they apologize they will lose 3 Luke fell out with.
that. Som etim es issues with apologizing can be put
4 She fell ou t w ith her best friend.
down to experiences in a person's childhood: perhaps
5 He has fallen his m other out.
a child w as criticized a lot by their parents while
6 W h y have th ey fallen out?
they were growing up and felt they never lived up to
their parents’ expectations. As they get older they can
4 St udy t he dict ionary ent ries for phrasal verbs
take two approaches to this to avoid all the negative
with p u t . Which ones are separable and which
associations from childhood. O ne is to try and avoid
inseparable? M at ch sent ences 1-4 to a- d to make
situations where they may end up having to apologize
mini dialogues.
at all. This is a very difficult strategy to get away
with because it is com pletely unrealistic. The other, put sb up to give sb food and a place to stay: She
sim pler approach, is to avoid adm itting they have m ade had missed the last train home, so I offered to put her
up for the night.
m istakes or come up with excuses tim e after tim e not put sth up 1 to lift or hold sth up: Put your hand up
to apologize. if you know the answer. 2 to build sth: to put up a
fence/ tent 3 to fix sth to a w all, etc. so that everyone
can see it: to put up a notice 4 to increase sth: Some
shops put up their prices just before Christmas.
put up sth to try to stop sb attacking you: The old
STRATEGY lady put up a struggle against her attacker
put up with sb/sth to suffer sb/sth unpleasant and
Th e g r am m ar o f p h r asal v er b s not com plain about it: I don't know how they put up
with this noise.
A phrasal verb is a com bination of tw o or three words:
a verb and at least on e particle (a preposition or an
1 Can you put us up for a night w hen we're in N ew York?
adverb). The particle changes the m eaning o f the verb.
2 The school is putting up th e price o f school lunches.
There are three main types o f phrasal verbs:
3 I'm going to put up that painting.
1 Intransitive - these verbs d o not need an object.
4 I can't put up w ith his behaviour.
2 Transitive, separable - these phrasal verbs can be
separated by an object (in a dictionary, there is usually a But they're already so expensive!
sb / sth betw een the tw o parts o f the phrasal verb). b I know. He’s very unpleasant,
3 Transitive, inseparable - these phrasal verbs cannot be c Let m e help you w ith that - I'll make sure it's straight,
separated by an object (in a dictionary, there is usually d Sure. You can stay for as long as you need.
sb / sth after the phrasal verb).Three-part phrasal
verbs cannot be separated. 5 Put t he words in t he correct order to make
sent ences. Write t wo sent ences if more t han one
order is possible. Add a part icle t o every sent ence.
2 Read t he st rat egy above. St udy t he dict ionary
ent ries for phrasal verbs with fa l l . Match t hem to 1 have / fall / 1/ a problem / W h e n e ve r / can / back /
cat egories 1-3 in t he strategy. a lw a y s / 1 / m y m um
1 fall a p a rt............
2 fall back on s b / s th
6 Use a dict ionary to find t he phrasal verbs below.
3 fall for sb
Check if t hey are t ransit ive or int ransit ive, and
4 fall for sth
separable or inseparable. Then write your own
5 fallou t
example sent ence wit h each phrasal verb.
6 fall out with s b ............ g et aw ay g et aw a y w ith sth get sb d ow n
7 fall th ro u g h ............ g et d ow n to sth g et round sb g et round to sth
66 Vocabulary insight 5 Dictionary entries from Oxford W ordpow er Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 5
Vocabulary Grammar
1 C o m p le te th e se n te n ce s w ith t h e c o rre c t fo rm o f th e 5 Complet e t he first and second condit ional sent ences
w o rd s in brackets. wit h t he correct form of t he verbs below.
1 is a big problem in m any cities, (thief) ask feel get introduce not laugh not send
2 Graffiti isn't art, it's..................... (vandal) not tell see
3 T h e .................... stole a T-shirt, (shoplift) 1 If y o u .............. a friend stealing, would you tell anyone?
4 They sent t h e .................... to prison, (offend) 2 If you d o som e volunteering, you good.
5 They used guns during t h e ..................... (rob) 3 M y parents will help m e if I into trouble.
6 I he took her mobile phone and watch, (mug) 4 If I ruled the country, I som e n e w laws!
M ark s 76 5 Life w ould be easier if w e any lies.
6 If Jo for help today, w h at will you say?
2 U se a w o rd w ith a n e g a tiv e prefix fo r e a ch
7 1 any shoplifters to prison if 1w ere a judge.
d e fin itio n .
8 If you tell m e your secret, I at you, I promise.
behaviour belief agreem ent respect fortune M arks /8
honesty
6 C o m p le te t h e s e n te n c e s w ith t h e first o r s e c o n d
1 the feeling o f not believing in something:
c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m o f t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s .
2 the act of show ing that you don’t think som eone is
1 Girl: I .................................... on holiday if I .....................
im portan t:....................
.......................................................the lottery, (g o / w in )
3 bad luck:....................
2 Shoplifter: If I som ething I like,
4 the act of not telling th e truth:
I .................................... it. (see / take)
5 the act of behaving b a d ly:....................
3 Sh o p ow ner: If w e anyone
6 a refusal to agree:....................
shoplifting, w e .............................. the police, (see / call)
M ark s 16
4 Teacher: I .......................cheating in exams
illegal if I .................................... the world, (make / rule)
3 C o m p le te th e p h rasal v e rb s in th e te x t w ith o ne
5 Politician: The streets safe if w e
w o rd in ea ch gap.
............................................crime, (not be / not reduce)
6 G oo d liar: M y m um m e if I
Dear Agon'j tone.
the dog broke it. (believe / say)
Help! I've fallen 1 with my mum after an
7 Elderly m an: If I a policem an,
argument. She's always criticizing me and I never live
I ......................................to be an athlete, (not be / like)
up 2 her expectations. She says l never qet
8 Friend: I .........................................for your coffee if you
3 to tidying my room, but I do it every year! She
............................................................ me. (pay / forgive)
says l'rn always corninq up 4 reu se s for avoiding
9 S tu p id thief: I a palace if I
housework, but I'm allergic to cleaning products! Of
............................................ the M ona Lisa, (buy / steal)
course, 1 know I'm not perfect, but t always own 5 10 Ju d g e : If people an y crime,
to my mistakes. Well, eventually, anyway. I ........................................... an easy life, (not d o / have)
I can't p u t6 with the situation any more. What M arks / 10
should l do?
7 Complet e sent ence b so t hat it has a similar meaning
M ark s 7 6 t o sent ence a. Use t he words in brackets.
1 a It's com pulsory for students to w ear a tie.
4 R e p la ce th e w o rd s in ita lics w ith th e w o rd s below . b S tu d e n ts .......................................................... (must)
fair obligatory legal optional prohibited 2 a Joining after-school clubs is optional.
1 SPE A K IN G W h i c h o f t h e s e t h i n g s m i g h t i n f l u e n c e
y o u t o b u y a p r o d u c t ? P u t t h e m in o r d e r f r o m 1-5.
a TV advertisem ent a celebrity a special offer
a friend’s recom m endation a review on a blog
The influencers
2 The tourist in th e street wants
a som eone to help them.
b to help someone,
c to advertise something,
d to give som ething away. Im agine this: you a re in a c a fe w hen you h e a r a
3 Stealth marketing is te e n a g e boy talking about a n ew c o m p u te r g am e. H e ’s
a marketing through personal recom m endation, explaining its am azing fe a tu re s to a girl and th e girl
w a n ts to know w h e re sh e can buy it. Nothing unusual,
b advertising in magazines,
s you m ight say, until a fte r fifteen m inutes, the boy
c marketing by teenagers,
and girl m ove to a n o th er c a fe and have an identical
d expensive and difficult to do.
co n versation. On your w a y hom e, a ‘to u rist’ in the
4 W h e n com panies use stealth marketing, they
s tr e e t a sk s you to take a photo with th e ir c a m e ra .
a sell their product in an illegal way. You do and, a fte rw a rd s, th ey tell you h ow th ey bought
b give aw ay their product for custom ers to try. io th e c a m e ra rece n tly and h ow it’s on special offer.
c use people that custom ers'trust'to sell something, N e w friend o r fra u d ? W e lc o m e to the w orld of stealth
d only use people on the streets to sell their products. m arketing. You m a y say you h aven ’t m e t a stealth
5 W h a t does Tanya say about stealth marketing? m a rk e te r yet, but th a t’s the point. The c h a n c e s a re
a It makes her feel uncomfortable. th a t you have.
b She often has to pay for products, is S te a lth * o r ‘w ord of m ou th ’ m arketing isn’t like norm al
advertising. W e can recognize a d v e rts on billboards
c She enjoys making videos o f shopping trips,
o r in glossy m agazines, but it’s difficult to sp ot stealth
d It makes her feel better than her friends.
m arketing - it ju st trick s us. S tu d ie s have show n th a t
people a re m ore likely to tru s t a person on the street,
3 S P E A K IN G W o rk in pairs. A n s w e r th e q u estio n s.
20 w ho they think is giving fre e advice, r a th e r th an an
1 W h a t exam ples o f stealth marketing are there in the ad vert. In fact, in a re c e n t poll of te e n a g e rs, only 5 %
text? believed ad ve rts, co m p a red with 5 2 % w ho tru sted
2 W h at d o you think about stealth m arketing? Is it th e ir peers.
dishonest? W h at if the product is genuinely g oo d ? M o re than $ 5 0 0 billion a y e a r is sp en t on advertising
3 W o uld you like to be a stealth marketer? 25 worldwide, but com p ared with conventional advertising
W h y / w h y not? cam paigns, stealth m arketing is ch eap and effective.
S o how does it w o rk ? W e ll, let's look a t com pany X.
C om pany X w a n ts to launch a n ew product for teens.
A d v e rtisin g
They need their product to look ‘cool1 and interesting,
S t u d y t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d s in t h e t e x t . 3o so th ey decide to pay young people to talk about it.
T h e n m a t c h t h e m t o d e f in itio n s 1-8.
1 to talk som eone into doing som ething
2 to study som ething in m ore detail
3 to lie to som eone
4 to have an effect on someone's ideas
and choices
5 to advertise som ething for the first time
6 to show som ething, so people can
look at it
7 to advertise a product and encourage
people to buy it
8 to aim som ething at som eone
5 C o m p le te th e te x t w ith th e c o rre c t fo rm o f th e
w o rd s in exercise 4.
T h e se young m a rk e te rs a re carefully selected -
com pany X re s e a rc h e s teen w eb sites and ta rg e ts the
m o st popular people or 'tre n d s e tte rs ’. Th ese teen s
then persuade th e ir p e e rs to buy the cool n ew product.
Spend, spend, spend
Seventeen-year-old Tanya Fulham is one of them . 35 Every c o m p a n y w a n ts to 1 u s th a t w e n e e d
Tanya Fu lham is beautiful, sp o rty and clever. S h e ’s th e ir p ro d u c t, so b efore t h e y 2 it a n d p re s e n t it
in terested in fashion, loves shopping, and listens to to th e w o rld , t h e y 3 th e ir m a rk e t carefully, so
th e la te s t pop m usic. S h e h as m ore than 1 5 0 friends th ey k n o w h o w th e ir c u sto m e rs think.
on h er social m edia page and sh e often influences
As a result, adv ertisin g c a m p a ig n s ap p e a l to o u r
th e ir ch o ices and opinions. S h e ’s th e la te s t re c ru it 40
e m o tio n s ra th e r th a n give us facts - th ey c a n even
of an u n d erco ver m arketing agency. Peop le like
so m e tim e s 4 us into buying a p ro d u c t w ith false
Tanya prom ote b ran d s in blogs and on social m edia
p ro m ises. So, a sp o t cre a m will give y o u a b e tte r social
w e b site s. ‘P ro d u c ts w hich a re fashionable o r have
life, or a p a ir o f je a n s will m ak e everyone th in k you
a strong brand im age a re e a sy to sell,’ explains
Tanya. 'I can usually g e t people to buy everything 45
are ‘cool! They u se o th e r tricks too - h u g e billboards
from make-up to luxury goods, like d esig n er je a n s .’
m ay5 celeb rities w h o 6 p ro d u c ts w hich
O th e r tee n m a rk e te rs upload videos of th em selves, th ey ’ve n e v e r u s e d before. A m ag a z in e ad v e rt m ight
w hich d e scrib e re c e n t shopping trip s and display th e ir sh o w p h o to s h o p p e d m odels, w ho look th in n e r or
‘h auls’* . They sho w people h ow a p rod uct w o rks or m o re y o u th fu l th a n th e y actually are.
w h a t it looks like up close. 50 A nd a d v e rts love to 7 te e n a g e rs a n d en c o u ra g e
‘It’s g re a t getting fre e s a m p le s of cool, n ew prod ucts th e m to s p e n d . W hy? Well, th ey have m o n e y a n d they
th a t m y friends h aven ’t h eard about,' ad d s Tanya. can 8 th e ir p a re n ts ’ choices. C o m p a n ie s w a n t
'It m akes m e feel im p o rta n t b e ca u se I have insider to e n c o u ra g e as m a n y p e o p le as p o ssib le to b u y th eir
knowledge.' B u t do h e r friends know th a t s h e is paid b ra n d .
to prom ote t h e m ? 'No, th ey don’t ,’ sh e adm its. ‘B u t 55
I don’t think it's dishonest. If I find som ething I like, I
talk about it. It d o e sn ’t m ake any difference w h e th e r
insig h t C o l l o c a t i o n s : a d v e r t i s i n g
I’m paid o r n o t.’
P e rh a p s Tanya is right. Lots of people tell o th e rs about 6 S t u d y t h e h i g h l i g h t e d c o l l o c a t i o n s in t h e t e x t . T h e n
th e n ew book they’re reading, a n ew place they’ve eo
r e p l a c e t h e p h r a s e s in ita lic s in s e n t e n c e s 1 - 8 w i t h
discovered or a cool gad get they've just bought.
t h e c o r re c t co llo c a tio n s.
W e 'r e also a 2 4 / 7 generation and see m ore than
3 , 0 0 0 ad s a day, so w h a t difference d o es it m a k e ? 1 M any people can't afford products that are unnecessary
However, o th er people a re w orried. ‘You think a an d very expensive, like diam ond jewellery.
person is being helpful,1 s a ys retail psychologist David 65 2 I bought the jeans because th ey w ere cheaper than
G reen , 'but th at's ve ry different from som eone telling usual.
us som ething b e ca u se th ey a re getting paid for it. You 3 The billboards an d m agazine advert for th e n ew
don’t know w ho to tru s t or w ho to listen to anym ore.' trainers w ere a big success. Lots o f people bought
W e have a lread y m e t the stealth m a rk e te rs and they them .
a re ju st like us. 70
4 Most of the models in weekly fashion publications are
* hauls = large amounts of goods
really too thin.
* stealth = the act of doing something wrongfully or secretly
5 Stealth marketers often have m ore inform ation abou t
a produ ct than ot her people.
6 The com pan y that develops ideas for adverts cam e up
w ith a great idea for a shop w in d o w display.
7 Som e com panies give peop le exam ples o f their
produ ct that they don't have to p a y for.
8 Nike is a successful sports com p an y w ith a very
strong idea associated w ith its nam e.
7 S P E A K IN G W o rk in g ro u p s o f th re e . D iscuss th e
sta te m e n ts . D o y o u a g re e o r d is a g re e w ith th e m ?
W h y / w h y n o t?
6B G r a m m a r a n d l i st e n i n g Fa ir t r a d e
1 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Lo o k at t he phot os. What do you t hink' f airt rade' is? Who does it
benef it ? Then read t he t ext and check your answers.
' Cotton has been grown hi Mali for hundreds of years and the
crops have been harvested by people like Makandianfing Keita for
generations. In th e past, life on the cotton plantations was difficult
and while 2big profits were being made by the major companies,
the workers were badly paid and the living conditions were very
poor. ‘In the past, children had to walk 10 km to the nearest school
and we had no access to healthcare,’ explains Makandianfing. ‘But,
then, in 2005, 3a co-operative fair-trade farm was established by
the farmers hi the village. When a farm becomes a fair-trade farm,
there is a guarantee that 4all the farmers will be paid a fair price and
5nail: of the profit, from selling t hem products is spent, on improving
them living conditions.' In Makandianfing's village, this meant that a
hospital and a school were built for the workers and their families.
Although 6efforl.s to start fair trade had been made after Iho Second
World War, the fair-trade movement really started in 1988 with the
launch of the first, Fairtrade label. At first, fair-trade goods were
available in specialist, shops only, bu t by the 1990s, fair-trade products,
like coffee, tea and bananas were being sold in major supermarkets.
Now, 7many different products and clothes with Fairtrade labels are
being produced and sold by multinational companies, like Nestle.
This is all great news for people like Makandianfing. ‘Fairtrade has
really changed the life of my community. I feel as though I have a
future, which I didn't before,' he says.
The passive
2 St udy sent ences a-g. What t ense is used in each sent ence? Read t he t ext again and match
t he passive sent ences 1-7 in t he t ext to t he act ive sent ences a-g.
a They spend part of the profit from selling their products on improving their living conditions,
b Multinational com panies, like Nestle, are producing and selling m any different products and
clothes w ith Fairtrade labels.
c They have grown cotton in Mali for hundreds of years,
d The major com panies w ere making big profits,
e They had m ade efforts to start fair trade after the Second W orld War.
f The farmers in the village established a co-operative fair-trade farm,
g They will pay all the farmers a fair price.
3 St udy t he passive sent ences in t he t ext again. Then answer t he quest ions.
1 W h e n do w e use the passive?
2 H o w d o w e form the passive for each tense in exercise 2?
3 W h at word d o w e use w hen w e w an t to say w h o or w h at does the action?
6B
2.01 Read W hy b u y fa ir - t ra d e cl o t h es?. Then listen t o a radio int erview at a fashion show.
Which point s from t he leaf let are ment ioned in t he int erview?
8 [jtjD 2.01 List en again and match 1-6 to a - f Then use t he inf ormation to make sent ences in
t he passive.
1 The cotton in the wom an's dress a sell all over the world
2 On fair-trade farms, the people b pay a d ecen t w ag e
3 The cloth c ch an g e by fair trade
4 Fair-trade clothes d pay a low salary
5 W h en M ahesh w as eight years old, e g row on fair-trade farms
6 Mahesh's life f cu t and sew into a lovely dress
9 SPEAKING Work in pairs. M ake a list of t he it ems below. Then discuss quest ions 1-4.
on e item o f your clothing a food product that you often eat ■ on e o f your possessions
6C L i st e n i n g , s p e a k i n g a n d v o c a b u l a r y H o w t o sp e n d i t ?
1 2.02 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Discuss t he quest ions. Then listen to part one of a radio
programme and com pare your ideas.
1 H o w m uch m on ey does the average teen ag er in the UK spend per year?
2 W h ere d o th ey get their m on ey from ?
3 W h at do teenagers in the UK spend their m oney on?
4 Do boys and girls spend their m oney in different ways?
5 Do teenagers in the UK like buying big nam e brands?
STRATEGY
3 Read t he st rategy. Then read t he not es about t eenage spending. What inf ormation do you
t hink you will need for each gap in t he not es?
2 Payment
Teenagers in the U K Must be 3 years old to a credit card.
Teenaap.rs use 4 credit cards o r 5
6C
Describing amount s
6 Study t he highlighted phrases in sent ences 1-8 from t he recording. Then put t hem into t he
correct part of t he t able.
1 Teenagers spend an overw helm ing £2,000 per year
2 I spend a great part of my allow ance on clothes.
3 I get a m odest £5 a w eek pocket money.
4 Online shopping represents a tiny minority o f total sales.
5 I spend a significant am ount of m y m on ey on music downloads.
6 A large proportion of m y m on ey goes on m y mobile.
7 A vast majority, actually, a massive 8 0 % of 16- to 18-year-olds in the UK o w n a m obile phone.
8 The average UK teenager spends a w h o p p in g £250 per year on trainers.
Very small
Small
Very big
Big
Expressing contrast
M aking cont rast s bet ween t wo point s in t he same sent ence:
... shoppers have more c h o ice ,1 you have to decide ....
... it m ight be quite expensive,2 the other shops look cheaper.
3....................... the shop . . . , I prefer the shops in photo tw o because . . . .
St art ing sent ences or making a cont rast with a sent ence before:
I shop in places like in the third p h o to ;4............, it's good to ....
5 , if I w ere buying a p re s en t . .. .
The shops in photo tw o look quite cheap. In contrast, the shop in photo on e looks expensive.
Trade
6D
2 St udy t he let t er extract s. Which are examples from informal let t ers and which are from
formal let ters? What f eat ures do t hey have t hat helped you to decide?
A
D ear M r Bridges Hi Sam
I am writing to com plain about the * M re a lly n o t happy a b o u t
^ The guy w h o came round to fix the T V was a nightmare! D T h e com puter w a s n o t rep aired properly a n d w e w ere
H e cost loads, too - £50! very dissatisfied w ith th e a ttitu d e of th e technician.
L Furthermore, I was horrified to discover that F A fter try in g to tra n sfe r th e files, w h ich
w as im p o ssib le, th e b a tte ry ra n o u t
I J
Anyway - give me a call and let me know what you think I look forward to hearing from you.
Speak soon, Yours sincerely,
Jim James Peachey
STRATEGY
3 Read t he st rategy and check your answers in exercise 2. Then match 1-14 to let ter ext ract s A-J.
Somet imes more t han one answer may be possible.
5 Read t he let t er again and match descript ions 1-6 t o t he part s of t he let t er a - f .
1 w h at action is expected 4 details o f th e com plaint about the product
2 a rem inder that a reply is expected 5 an outline of th e com plaint
3 the date 6 details o f th e com plaint about the service
6 Read let t er B. Underline t he sent ences where t he writ er has used t he wrong regist er Then
rewrite t he sent ences using t he correct register.
25 April 2014
6E
Dear Sir / Madam,
I am writing to complain about the Dubny MP3 player purchased from your online store last Thursday, 18 April.
Although the player was charged for eight hours, as recommended in the instructions, the battery only lasted for
half an hour. Furthermore, when the MP3 player was connected to my computer, it was impossible to transfer any
audio files across onto the player. I am extremely disappointed with this purchase. It was an expensive item which
was advertised as a high-quality product, but in fact, has failed to work properly.
In addition, when l called your helpline last Saturday to complain about this item, the helpline advisor was
extremely unhelpful and, what is more, didn't even seem to understand how to operate the MP3 player himself
I would either like to speak to an advisor who can advise on how to operate the product properly or receive a full
refund.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Sava4 (ZfaaAdtrti, Dear Mr Smithers,
Sarah Chisholm
I’m writing to complain about the jeans that I bought
from your store last week.
Addit ion and cont rast
They were on special offer for £85, reduced from
7 Study t he highlighted words and phrases in both letters.
£250 (which was a total bargain!!!) and they were
Then put t hem into t he correct part of t he table. advertised as 'designer’. Anyway, when I put the
Addition Cont rast jeans on at home, I noticed that a button was
missing. To add to this, when I washed them, they
shrank. I'm a small guy and I like my jeans to fit
tightly. However, these are now really small © . While
8 Rewrit e t he sent ences using t he correct words or phrases in I can understand that a button can fall off, I really
brackets. don't understand how they could get so sm all!?!?
Besides this, I actually don’t like them.
1 The helpline advisor didn't know h ow the product worked. He was
very rude, (although / besides this)
I'm really not happy with the poor quality of these
2 The shop gives out a lot o f free samples. I never buy anything jeans, which cost me soooo much money. Could I
because everything is very expensive, (w hile / w h at is more) have my money back?
3 W h e n you shop online, you can't touch the products. You can't
try anything on. (in addition / however) I look forward to hearing from you.
4 W h e n I received the dress it looked nothing like the photo on your Speak soon,
website. It was com pletely the w rong size, (but / to add to this)
5 I enjoy shopping in your store. I will not be returning because the Henry Fleder
sales assistants are very rude, (although / furthermore)
6 The technician explained h o w to co n n ect the laptop.
He offered to send m e a manual, (h ow ever / w h at is more)
WRITING GUIDE
Task Write a let t er of com plaint about one of t hese Ideas Make not es about :
problems: ■ W h e th e r you have already contacted the store by
1 You bought a laptop from a com puter shop. W h en phone or in person to com plain. If so, h o w did they
you tried to use it, there w ere the following problems: respond?
■ the battery did not last. ■ W h a t you w an t the recipient o f your letter to do.
■ you could not transfer your old files on to your n ew
laptop.
Plan Follow t he plan:
■ you did not like the attitude o f the telephone Paragraph 1: Explain briefly w h y you are complaining.
helpline advisor. Paragraph 2: G ive more details about the complaint.
2 You ordered an expensive coat from an online clothes Paragraph 3: State clearly w h at you expect the store to
store last week. W h e n the coat w as delivered, you do about it.
discovered that:
Writ e Write a formal let t er of complaint . Use t he
■ tw o buttons w ere missing.
paragraph plan t o help you.
■ it w as dirty inside.
■ the coat w as not the size that you had ordered. Check Check t he f ollowing points:
■ Have you included all the information from your notes?
■ Have you used the correct register?
■ Have you checked grammar, vocabulary, spelling and
punctuation?
Paying the price 77
www.frenglish.ru
2 g o ............business
3 d o b u sin e ss ...........
4 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he correct forms of
4 be a w a y ............business t he collocat ions in exercise 3.
5 start............business 1 The com p an y decided t o ........................ the n ew
product before Christmas t o ........................ a bigger
2 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he correct f orms of profit.
t he collocat ions in exercise 1. 2 A sample of students took part in the
1 M y dad isn't at hom e at the m om ent - he's survey.
3 The advertising wasn't successful and
2 Ron has ju s t ....................... as an architect. the co m p an y m ade a ........................ o f £100,000.
3 Our co m p an y other com panies from 4 W h e n he left, it was a big to the
all over the world. agency.
4 M y sister had quit her jo b in a big firm and 5 The shop w as giving aw ay free of
of her own. perfume, but nobody w as buying it because it
78 Vocabulary insight 6 Dictionary entries from Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 6
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Complet e t he sent ences with t he correct form of t he 5 Complet e t he t ext wit h t he correct passive form of
verbs below. t he verbs in brackets.
display launch persuade prom ote target trick
Right now, millions of jeans 1 (manufacture), and
1 Toy co m p a n ie s ............adverts at small children. by the end of tomorrow, thousands 2 (sell). Every
2 Com panies ..........their brands on Facebook. year, over 450 million pairs 3 (purchase) in the USA
3 Shops key products near the entrance. alone. Fashions come and go, but it seems jeans 4
4 Adverts peop le to buy things th e y don't need. (not forgot) anytime soon.
5 He signed copies of his book at the
The first jeans 5 (produce) in the USA in the late
6 Advertisers try t o ............us with dishonest claims.
19in century. Denim cloth 6 (use) since at least the
M arks 76 17tn century. In the early 20th century, jeans 7 (see)
mainly as cheap work clothes. In the 1950s, they 8
2 Match t he words in A to t he words in B t o make (buy) by rebellious teenagers and became cool. Now, jeans
compound nouns. Then complet e t he sent ences. 9 (wear) by everyone, including the rich. It's hard
A advertising brand free insider luxury to think of a celebrity who 10 (not photograph) in a
marketing pair of jeans.
B a g e n cy cam paign goods im age know ledge
samples
M arks / 10
M arks 76 C offee................................................................................
5 Today, most o f the world's coffee is produced in Brazil.
3 Complet e t he sent ences with t he words below. Today, Brazil.......................................................................
6 People in Oxford in the UK started the charity'Oxfam'.
majority m odest proportion significant tiny
The charity'O xfam '...........................................................
w hopping
7 A century ago, m any factories w ere still em ploying
children.
Our class Survey showed t h a t a larg e 1 of
A century ago, ch ild re n ...................................................
st u d en t s have p art - t im e jo b s. M o st earn a 2...............
8 'Unfair trade' hasn't been stopped yet.
£10-20 a week, which is considered t o be ju s t enough.
W e ......................................................................................
St u d en t s spend t h e 3 o f t h e ir income on
M arks /8
m usic, books and gam es (.around b0%)J and a 4
amounv on So cializing (up t o 35%). Only a 5 7 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he correct form of
m / nonty o f st u d en t s Spend money on cinema t ic k e t s, h a v e / g et so m et h i n g d o n e and t he verbs.
however (Z%). One st u d en t Said , ‘ cinem a t ic k e t s co st cu t dye paint repair send take test wash
a 6 08.50 each/ It ' s t o o exp ensive.'
1 I can't talk. I ........................ (have / m y photo)!
2 We (get / the car) yesterday. It was very
M arks 76 dirty.
3 M y m um (h a v e / e y e s) tw ic e a year
4 Match definit ions 1-6 to t rade words a- f
4 I (not g et / m y com puter) yet. It still
1 to make som ething using machines doesn’t work.
2 a person or com pan y that sells som ething 5 T h e y ........................ (get / their house) pink last week.
3 co n n ected with buying or selling 6 I ........................ (not have / m y hair) w hen I'm older.
4 a person that buys som ething G rey hair looks good!
5 a popular developm ent 7 Right now, I (h a v e / m y hair) short.
6 m on ey from selling som ething for more than it cost 8 1 (get / m y exam results) to m y home,
Listening
1 You are going to listen to people t alking in five
diff erent sit uat ions. Read t he quest ions and answers
a- c. For each quest ion, decide if you need to listen
for specif ic inf ormation (S) or general opinions and
at t it udes (G).
1 Listen to a store manager. In w h at w a y is he critical of
teen ag e shoppers?
a He doesn't think th ey spend enough,
b He’s worried that th ey m ight steal,
c He thinks that th ey’re too noisy.
2 Listen to a radio caller. W h y has Paul phoned the
radio station?
a To com plain about the shopping centre,
b To express support for the shopping centre,
c To offer suggestions for the shopping centre.
3 Listen to tw o friends. Katie borrowed an item of
clothing from Josie. W h y is Katie apologizing?
a She dropped food on it.
b She tore it.
c She lost it.
4 Listen to an announcem ent. W h a t are shoppers
unable to buy in-store today?
a com p u ter gam es b T-shirts c books
5 Listen to part o f a radio discussion. W h o does the
w om an criticize for being lazy?
a teenagers b shoppers c advertisers
Speaking
3 Work in pairs. Describe each phot o A, B and C and
make comparisons.
Reading
5 Complet e t he t ext A n t i- t een d i scr i m i n a t i o n ? with
sent ences A-H.
A But their argum ent is factually incorrect.
B Its other, m ore im portant du ty is to report the truth.
C But this low figure is one which little interests the media.
D They frequently describe yo u n g people as being lazy,
arrogant and stupid.
E Som e go further, and actively seek to restrict their
behaviour.
F That question is even more ridiculous than the
previous one.
G But sadly these aren't the only forms o f unfair
treatm ent in society.
H It's so unpleasant, that most quickly m ove on!
The senses
Reading and vo cab u lary Taste
STRATEGY
Un d er st an d i n g t h e p u r p o se o f a p ar ag r ap h
Each paragraph in a t ext usually deals wit h a diff erent
aspect of t he t opic.
The first paragraph norm ally introduces the general
topic or explains the purpose o f the text.
They're often green, they can be crunchy, soft, cooked
The other paragraphs d evelop the topic and give more
or raw and food experts insist they're highly beneficial
information.
to your health. What are they? Vegetables. If you're
The final paragraph gives a sum m ary or a conclusion. not entirely convinced by what they say, don't worry.
There's a good reason for this: according to scientists,
3 Read t he strategy. Then mat ch paragraphs A-F in young people's taste buds, the small points on your
t he t ext to purposes 1-6. tongue that detect the taste of food, are not ready
1 It provides further information about the four tastes. for the bitter taste of some vegetables. Our taste buds
2 It explains th e connection betw een smell and taste. develop as we get older meaning that we might view
3 It briefly summarizes th e argum ent o f the text. cabbage and spinach more favourably, but young
4 It explains th e connection betw een texture and people's mouths prefer sweet food. In fact, it's not just
taste. young people that like sweet-tasting food. Most of us
5 It states the topic o f the text and gives some do, just like our prehistoric ancestors.They ate a lot of
background information. sweet fruit because it was widely available and easy
6 It explains h o w our m ouths work.
to notice on trees and bushes, and it was a good
source of energy. They also realized that they had to
be exceptionally careful with plants that had a bitter
4 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Answer t he quest ions. taste, since they were often poisonous.
1 W h y d o som e young people not like vegetables? So, apart from bitter and sweet, what other tastes can
2 W h e re does our love of sw eet things originate from ? we detect? You might be surprised to learn that our
3 W h y does cooked food not taste so good w hen taste buds can only distinguish two more: salty and sour.
it is cold? When we reach our early teens, we start to prefer sour
4 H o w are smell and taste con n ected ? things to sweet things. However recent studies have
5 H o w does saliva help w h e n w e eat? shown that girls and boys experience taste in
different ways. Girls have more sensitive
taste buds and can differentiate
flavours more easily, especially sweet
and sour while boys prefer stronger
more extreme flavours.
For everyone, though, food has
to be wet for it to be tasty. When
we smell food, our mouths produce
saliva and when we eat it, the saliva
transports its taste to our
taste buds. Without saliva,
some food would have
82 Th e sen ses
www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary: perception and observation: adverb-adjective collocations;
noun suffixes: ition, -sion; approximations and fractions
Speaking: discussing the role of the senses; interviewing; complaining
and asking people to do things
7A
Gram m ar: reported statements, questions and commands W riting: a report on survey findings
flavour the food has. Have you ever noticed that food hot, once he had a spoonful in his mouth. It's also
which has been cooked doesn't taste as good when then that he distinguished / realized that it w as too
it goes cold? When the cooking smells disappears, thick and lumpy.
so does some of the taste. You can do a simple 5 M any parents view / detect marketing junk food to
experiment to test this. Close your eyes and pinch your children as unethical and feel it shouldn't be allowed.
nose between your fingers.Then ask someone to put a
small piece of food in your mouth and try to identify it. nsight Adverb-adject ive collocat ions
Without any smell to help you, it's somewhat difficult!
7 St udy t he underlined collocat ions in t he text. Then
Finally, the texture of food on our tongue is also
replace t he words in italics wit h t he collocat ions.
important in our perception of its taste. Some people
consider slimy, lumpy, thick or creamy foods utterly 1 Processed foods are m ore possible to get in
repulsive, however it tastes.This is because our brain supermarkets n o w than th ey w ere tw en ty years ago.
perceives the look or feel of something and sends a 2 It's n ot very easy t o taste food if you can’t smell it.
message to our tongue telling it not to like that food. 3 You must be full o f extrem e care w h e n you eat wild
So. if you really don't like the look, feel or taste of those m ushrooms because th ey m ight be poisonous.
vegetables on your plate, you can now claim that 4 A lot of food can be w it hout m uch taste w ithout salt.
there is a universally accepted scientific explanation 5 Five portions of fruit and vegetables a d ay are very
for this. However, don't tell your parents everything that good for you for your health.
you have read in this article because they might tell 6 The connection b etw een sw eet things and obesity is
you to hold your nose and dry your tongue before generally believed.
serving you a big plate of vegetables! 7 Som e people find the taste o f raw fish very unpleasant.
8 A lot o f teenagers are not com pletely certain that
eating vegetables is goo d for you.
The senses 83
www.frenglish.ru
2.06 List en t o a radio news report . What happened? How many people are missing?
Read t he newspaper art icle about t he avalanche. What happened t o Charles Grimaldi?
Charles G rim aldi, the experienced ski instructor and saw a wall of snow heading tow ards him.
w ho spent an hour buried under tons o f snow W ithin seconds he w as blinded and everything
after this m orning's avalanche, is recovering from turned white. Then, there w as a deafening silence.
his injuries at the Sainte Pauline hospital. H e spoke He adm itted that w ith tem peratures well below
to m e from his hospital bed earlier and said that he freezing, he had soon started to panic and added
w as still feeling very w eak and couldn't stand up that he had begun to lose the feeling in his arm s
on his ow n. H e told m e that he had w orked as an and legs. After w hat seem ed like hours, he heard
instructor on those slopes for 15 years. H e pointed barking and realized that the specially-trained
out th at he'd set o u t because the w eather reports m ountain rescue dogs had found him using their
h a d n 't show n any indication of avalanches and incredible sense of smell. Charles prom ised that he
explained that the w eather had been good on the w ould thank the dogs and their handler in person
m ountain. However, w hile he w as w aiting for his as soon as he w as well enough to leave hospital
group to arrive, he heard a loud rum bling noise and he agreed that he w as a very lucky man.
Reported speech
4 Read t he sent ences. Underline the part s of t he t ext t hat match t hem.
1 'I'm a very lucky man.’
2 I'm still feeling very weak.'
3 T h e w eather w as good on the mountain.'
4 'I've w orked as an instructor on these slopes for 15 years.'
5 'The w eather reports hadn't shown any indication o f avalanches.'
6 'I can't stand up on m y own.'
7 Til thank the dogs and their handler in person.'
5 Compare t he sent ences in exercise 4 with t he part s of t he t ext t hat you underlined.
Then com plet e t he t able.
84 The senses
www.frenglish.ru
7B
6 Find more sent ences in reported speech in t he newspaper art icle. What report ing verbs are
used in t he art icle?
8 Com plet e t he newspaper art icle wit h t he correct form of t he verbs in brackets.
9 SPEAKIN G Work in pairs, A and B. St ud ent A is Dan Sibley and St ud ent B a new s report er.
Int erview Dan about t he incident . Use t h e art icle in exercise 8 t o help you.
The senses 85
www.frenglish.ru
2 2.08 List en t o t he rest of t he int erview. Are t he sent ences t rue (T),
false (F) or not given (NG)?
1 People don't treat Emily an y differently w hen th ey discover she's deaf.
2 Nick com plains that people in the street never help him.
3 Em ily often has to remind teachers to face her w hen th ey speak.
4 Em ily doesn’t like being in a large group of people.
5 Blind people are often goo d linguists.
6 Music is not an im portant part o f Emily's life.
7 Nick enjoys spending tim e outside.
8 Em ily finds being in a laboratory relaxing.
3 Read t he sent ences. Who said t hem, Emily (E) or Nick (N)?
What are t he verb f orms of t he highlight ed words? Complet e
rules a- d about forming nouns.
1 I've had similar reactions.
2 Most deaf people can hear som ething, depending on the situation.
3 I can interpret their feelings from their facial expressions.
4 I haven't m ade a decision about m y future yet.
Com plet e t he t ext wit h t he correct f orms of t he words below. Decide if you need a verb or
a noun. There are t wo words t hat you do not need.
conclude protect express vibrate react impress decid e situate
86 The senses
www.frenglish.ru
7C
8 2.09 Com plet e t he phrases in t he t able. Then listen to t he dialogues again and check.
9 2.10 Put t he dialogue in t he correct order. List en and check. Then underline t wo more
ways of making complaint s and asking people t o do t hings.
Hannah Well, I'd be grateful if you could tell them to leave if they don't stop. I can't w atch
the film and I paid £6.40 for m y ticket.
Hannah OK. That sounds good.
M anager W h e re are they sitting and what's th e problem ?
M anager Oh, dear. HI go and speak to them.
M anager Yes, can I help you?
M anager I'm sorry. C om e and show me w h o th ey are and I'll speak to them and see w h at I
can do.
Hannah I'm sitting in row E and the peop le behind me are talking all the tim e and making a
lot o f noise.
Hannah I’d like to make a com plaint about the people sitting near me.
10 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Choose one of t he sit uat ions below and prepare a dialogue.
1 The classroom next door is really noisy. You are taking a test.
2 You and your friends have been overcharged in a pizzeria.
3 You bought a n e w phone and it's not w orking properly. Take it back to the shop.
4 You are at a concert and som e people are jum ping up and d o w n in front o f you.
You can't see anything.
The senses 87
www.frenglish.ru
7D
‘Sure I can. I’ve d o n e it lots o f times.’T h ere 3 W h e n w e report com m ands, w e use reporting verb +
was th e sound o f him rolling over and a o b je ct / sub ject it to + infinitive.
series o f snuffling noises, n o t unlike those o f 4 W h e n w e report negative com m ands, w e use
th e creature outside. verb + object + n ot + t o + infinitive.
‘S tephen, you can ’t go to sleep/ I ordered.
B ut he could and he did, w ith am azing Reference and practice 7.2 W orkbook page 117
rapidity.
T h e creature - creatures, now - resum ed 8 You are going on a night hike with your t eacher.
d rinking w ith heavy lapping noises. I co u ld n ’t Report t he t eacher' s quest ions and commands.
find any replacem ent batteries, so 1 flung the 1 'Is anyone really frightened o f the dark?'
to rch aside and p u t m y m in er’s lam p on my 2 'W h a t sights and sounds do you think you'll see?'
head, m ade sure it w orked, th en sw itched 3 'Put your torches away. You don't need them.'
it off. T h en I sat for ages o n m y knees, 4 'Don't speak or whisper because you'll frighten the
g ripping m y w alking stick like a club, ready 5 'Go to your tents w hen I ask you to.'
6 'Don't w ander off alone.'
to beat back an attack, and w ith m y knife
7 'Does anyone recognize the smell? It’s a fox.'
open and at hand as a last line o f defence.
8 'Did you hear the ow l hooting?'
T h e bears - animals, w hatever they w ere —
drank for perhaps tw en ty m inutes m ore, then
9 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Imagine you are walking in
quietly departed the way they had com e. It
t he woods with a friend. Prepare a dialogue t hat you
was a joyous m o m en t - b u t I kn ew from my have with your friend. Include st at ement s, quest ions
reading th at they w ould be likely to retu rn . 1 and commands. Talk about: t he noises, t he smells,
listened and listened, b u t th e forest retu rn ed how you feel, what you decide to do. Then report
to silence and stayed there. your conversation to anot her pair.
Vocabulary bank W ays o f speaking page 140
The senses 89
www.frenglish.ru
1 SPEAKING Are t here any problems wit h noise at your school? Do t he survey in pairs.
Compare your result s with anot her pair.
Noise at school
1 Do you like the sound of the school bell? YES / NO / I DON'T NOTICE IT
2 Is the canteen too noisy? YES / NO
3 Should there be a separate quiet room for eating? YES / NO
4 Would you like to have background music in
the library? YES / NO
5 Can you always hear what your teacher is saying
in class? YES / NO
6 Does the noise from the playground and sports
fields distract you during lessons? YES / NO
2 Read t he report and put paragraphs A-E in t he correct order. Are t he f indings similar or
dif f erent to your answers t o t he survey in exercise 1?
3 Mat ch headings 1-6 to paragraphs A-E. There is one heading t hat you do not need.
1 Noise inside the school 4 Conclusion and recom m endations
2 The aim o f the report 5 The bell
3 Noise in the playground 6 Noise during lessons
90 The senses
www.frenglish.ru
7E
STRATEGY
4 Read t he strategy. Find more phrases t hat make your writing flow smoot hly in t he model
report .
5 St udy t he highlight ed words in t he report . Match t hem to meanings and percent ages 1-9.
1 a bit more than 6 31%
2 a bit less than 7 74%
3 a lot m ore than 8 8 l%
4 a lot less than 9 99%
5 24%
WRITING GUIDE
Task Do a survey and write a report on t he f indings. Writ e Write a report on your survey results.
The senses 91
www.frenglish.ru
STRATEGY 3 The notice on the door said that the restaurant had
been closed.
Homonyms a to see and becom e conscious o f som ething
Hom onym s are words that have the same spelling and b a piece of paper or a sign giving information, a
pronunciation, but different meanings. In the Oxford warning, etc.
W ordpower Dictionary, the different m eanings are 4 I didn't notice you the other day.
num bered within the entry. For example, view has tw o a to see and becom e conscious of som ething
meanings: b a piece o f paper or a sign giving information, a
I view2/vju:/ verb [T] 1 view sb/sth (as sth) to think warning, etc.
about sb/sth in a particular way: She viewed holidays 5 It was very foggy, so w e couldn't distinguish the
as a waste of time. 2 to watch or look at sth: Viewed
from this angle, the building iooks much taller than it writing on the sign.
really is.
a to recognize th e difference b etw een tw o things or
people
Som etim es, if a w ord has m ore than on e part of speech,
there will be a small num ber next to th e headword: b to see, hear, or recognize with effort
6 She can't distinguish b etw een th e twins.
t view 1 /vju:/ noun 1 [C] a view (about/on sth) an
a to recognize th e difference b etw een tw o things or
people
1 Read t he st rat egy above. St udy t he dict ionary b to see, hear, or recognize w ith effort
2 St udy t he dict ionary ent ries in exercise 1 again. p ier /pra(r)/ noun [C] 1 a large wooden or metal
structure that is built out into the sea in holiday
Write t he ent ry number and t he meaning number of towns, where people can walk 2 a large wooden
t he underlined words in t he sent ences. or metal structure that is built out into the sea from
the land. Boats can stop at piers so that people or
1 View ed from the to p of the hill, the boats looked tiny. goods can be taken on o r off.
2 She view ed health foods as very expensive. 1 Peer and pier are homonyms.
2 Peer and pier are hom ophones.
3 As soon as w e turned the corner, the palace cam e to 3 The noun and verb forms of peer are homonyms.
vie w .......................... 4 The noun and verb forms of peer are hom ophones.
4 W e booked a room with a sea v ie w ..........................
5 In m y view, vegetables are horrible........................... 5 Use a dict ionary to find homonyms or homophones
of t he words below. Then writ e your own example
3 Choose t he correct meaning of t he underlined sent ence wit h each word.
words. Use a dict ionary t o help you. stare bear blink glare
1 I didn't realize that you w ere such a goo d cook.
1 ................................................................................
a to know and understand that som ething is true
2
b to make som ething that you im agined becom e
3 ...........................................................................................
reality
4
2 He realized his dream and becam e a fam ous author,
a to know and understand that som ething is true
b to make som ething that you im agined becom e
reality
92 Vocabulary insight 7 Dictionary entries from Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 7
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Replace t he words in italics wit h t he correct form of 5 Complet e t he t ext wit h t he correct reported speech
t he verbs below. form of t he verbs below.
differentiate detect vie w realize notice can feel not find have investigate smell
distinguish wake will
1 Ben t o ld ............................................................................
M arks /6
2 Anna asked B e n ...............................................................
3 Ben t o ld ............................................................................
4 Complet e t he sent ences with t he correct form of t he
4 He aske d ...........................................................................
verbs below.
5 Anna t o ld ..........................................................................
peer snuffle snore stare blink whisper
6 Ben a s k e d ........................................................., for once.
1 Sleeping on your side can help to re d u c e ............. 7 He t o ld ..............................................................................
2 During m y presentation, most students w e r e ............. 8 Anna said'O w l'Then she told
3 W e could hear some animals outside our hut. 9 She aske d .........................................................................
4 1 at m y friend's notes, but couldn't read his 10 Ben aske d .........................................................................
handwriting. M arks 710
5 I had som ething in m y eye and couldn't stop
6 The animals at me for a very long tim e and
didn't w an t to move.
M arks /6
Pronunciation insight 7 W orkbook page 127 Review 7 93
www.frenglish.ru
D e c i si o n s
Reading and vo cab u lary Think d ifferen tly
94 Decisions
www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary: describing jobs; idioms: work; decisions and ideas; conflict; Speaking: discussing ambitions and decisions: expressing regrets;
action verbs giving presentations
Gram m ar: third conditional; /wish and If only; speculating about the past W riting: a covering letter
Decisions 95
www.frenglish.ru
1 SPEAKING You are going t o read a t ext about how a goat changed a girl's life.
Before you read, discuss t he quest ions.
1 H o w do you think the goat changed the girl's life?
2 In w hich country do you think this took place?
3 W h a t d o you think the girl does now ?
3 Read sent ences 1-3 from t he t ext and choose t he correct answers in a-b.
1 If her fam ily had had $20, th ey w ould have paid for Beatrice to g o to school,
a The family had / didn't have $20.
b They paid / didn't pay for Beatrice to go to school.
2 If they hadn't received the goat, th ey w ouldn't have had the m oney to allow
Beatrice to get an education.
a They received / didn't receive the goat.
b They had / didn't have enough m oney to allow Beatrice to g et an education.
3 If she had stayed in th e village, her life w ou ld have been com p letely different,
a Her life was / wasn't com pletely different.
b She stayed / didn't stay in the village.
Third conditional
4 St udy t he sent ences and t he answ ers in exercise 3 and choose t he correct answers.
The t hird conditional:
a refers to events in the future / past,
b talks about real / im aginary events,
c talks about possible / impossible conditions,
d talks about possible / impossible results.
5 Complet e t he sent ences with t he correct form of t he verbs in brackets. Use t he third conditional.
1 If Beatrice’s fam ily (have) $20, t h e y .................. (can afford) to pay her school fees.
2 T h e y ..................(be) too poor to send her to school if t h e y ................... (not earn) m on ey from the
goat's milk.
3 If B ea trice .................. (not look after) the goat, it ................... (m ight not produce) so m uch m ilk
4 B ea trice .................. (not get) a degree from an Am erican college if s h e ................... (stay) in her
village.
5 She (not learn) skills to help other people if Heifer (not help) her w hen she
was young.
6 Her life (m ight be) com p letely different if her parents (not be) so poor.
96 Decisions
www.frenglish.ru
8B
I w i sh and If on ly
8 2.12 List en to t hree people talking about t heir regrets. Match speakers 1-3 to regret s a-c.
a accepting a jo b offer b listening to parents c leaving a team
10 2.12 List en again. Are t he sent ences t rue (T) or f alse (F)? Rewrit e t he sent ences to
express wishes and regrets.
1 Speaker 1 followed his teacher's advice.
2 He decided to d o more athletics.
3 He's still in con tact w ith his friend.
4 Speaker 2 missed a great opportunity.
5 She needed to make money.
6 She'd like to be working w ith Susie now.
7 Speaker 3 experienced problems at school.
8 He had a serious disagreem ent w ith his parents.
Decisions 97
www.frenglish.ru
The Walkman was , Reuters is the n a m e o f W hat is the n am e of How many McDonald's
the first sm a ll p o r t a b l e a world famous media W alt Disney's most restaurants w ere there
m u sic player. W h ich com p a n y, w h a t does famous cartoon mouse? in 1968?
m a jo r t ech n o lo g y it do?
company p r o d u ced it?
STRATEGY
D eal i n g w i t h u n k n o w n w o r d s w h i l e l i st en i n g
When you listen t o a t ext, you might not underst and every word t hat you hear.
Do not panic! You d o not have to understand every w ord in order to make sense o f the text.
Use the words that you d o know to create a fram ew ork - a basic understanding o f the text.
■ Do not try to translate the text into your ow n language.
If possible, listen o n ce for general understanding and again to find ou t the details.
2 2.13 Read t he st rategy. Then list en t o a short ext ract from a t alk and f ollow t he steps
below.
1 W h ile you listen, w rite d ow n the key w ords that you understand.
2 W ork in pairs. Com pare your notes and try to retell the listening text.
3 W h a t is the main idea o f the text?
4 Did you have to understand every w ord in order to understand the text?
3 2.14 List en t o t he whole t alk and check your answers to t he quiz in exercise 1.
5 St udy t he phrases from t he listening text. Put t hem into t he correct cat egory
create something decide something think again about something
I
com e up with a schem e change your m ind conceive an idea make a decision
go ahead with a plan reconsider a decision have second thoughts make up one's mind
dream up an idea
98 Decisions
www.frenglish.ru
8C
6 Choose t he correct answers.
1 I've d ream ed up / co m e up an idea for a n e w typ e o f m obile phone.
2 The judges liked your plan originally, but they've now reconsidered / ch an g e d their mind.
3 M y brother has co m e up / m a d e up w ith a schem e for making a lot money.
4 M y parents have m a d e / co n ceived a decision. W e are m oving to France.
5 I like your plan, so now I think you should dream up / go ahead with it.
6 Charlie's not sure w hich university to go to. He can’t m ake up / have second th o u g h ts his mind.
7 SPEAKING Which decision in t he list ening do you t hink was t he most import ant ? What are
t he most import ant decisions t hat you have made in your life?
Giving presentations
8 2.15 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Com plet e t he t ips wit h Do or Don't. Then listen to eight
speakers. Match each speaker 1-8 to a t ip a-j. There are t wo t ips t hat you do not need.
9 2.16 Read t he speaker's plan and then listen to t he present at ion. Which t wo t hings in
t he plan does t he speaker not ment ion?
A BUS RIDE
t hings below became t he law in your count ry? How
would you feel?
1 Teenage boys and girls must travel on separate buses.
TO FREEDOM
2 I he m inim um a g e for having a m obile phone is
eighteen.
3 All clothes w orn by teenagers must be approved by
parents.
On 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks had just finished
4 Under-eighteens m ay only use the internet for study
work at a departm ent store in Montgomery, Alabama.
purposes.
She had a job as a seamstress there, and was making
her w ay home to help with a NAACP* youth meeting.
2 Read t he art icle about Rosa Parks. What happened
There w ere a lot of people at the bus stop that
t o her? What did she do?
evening, so Rosa did some shopping, then caught the
3 Read t he art icle again. In which paragraph A-F is next bus home. Luckily, she found a seat at the back,
inf ormation 1-7 st at ed? There is one st at ement t hat but after a few stops, more passengers got on, so the
you do not need. driver told Rosa to stand up. W hy? Because the new
passengers were white and Rosa was black. African
1 W h a t w ou ld have happened if Rosa hadn't protested.
Americans could only sit on the back seats of the bus
2 W h e re African Am ericans could sit on buses.
3 H o w Martin Luther King reacted to violence. and when the bus was full, they had to give up their
5 W h y Rosa adm ired Martin Luther King. In the 1950s, African Americans were treated like
6 H o w Rosa's actions im proved everyday life for African second-class citizens. Segregation laws separated
Americans. people of different races and m eant that inequality
7 H o w people show ed their support for Rosa. was present everywhere - on buses, in restaurants,
in cinem as and in shops. Even schools were divided
4 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Discuss t he quest ions. up according to the colour of people’s skin. Back
1 If you had been in the same situation as Rosa Parks on the bus, the driver shouted at Rosa to stand up
on that bus, w h at w ou ld you have said and done? again. She wasn’t tired and her feet didn’t hurt, but
2 W h ich present-day issues w ould you like to protest she didn’t move. By now, the driver was furious and
abou t? W h y ? W h at w ould you do? told Rosa he would get the police. ‘You may go and
do so,’ she calm ly replied. The police arrived and
P I Conf lict Rosa was arrested. ' She must have felt humiliated
as she was driven to jail, but she didn’t back down.
5 Read t he t ext . Then replace t he words and phrases
in it alics with t he correct form of t he highlight ed She didn’t know it at the time, but her simple act of
words in t he art icle about Rosa Parks. opposition would change the course of history and
end segregation in America.
100 Decisions
www.frenglish.ru
8D
Speculating about the past
c The next day, news of Rosa’s arrest spread rapidly
through the city. People decided to boycott the buses 6 St udy sent ences 1-4 in t he art icle about Rosa Parks.
and use other means of transport. They wanted Then answer quest ions 1-3 and com plet e rules a-c.
the bus com pany to stop discrimination against 1 W h ich sentence talks about things w e are certain
black passengers. In fact, 75% of the bus company's happened in the past?
passengers were African Americans, so surely they 2 W h ich sentence talks about things w e are certain did
would listen? They didn't, so on Monday 5 December, not happen in the past?
thousands of people walked, shared cars, rode bicycles 3 W h ich sentences talk about things w e are not sure
and even rode mules to get to work. 2lt can’t have been happened in the past?
easy but everyone was united in a common struggle.
D In the end, the boycott lasted 381 days. During that
a W e use it have it past
participle to talk about things w e are certain
time, protestors received threatening phone calls and
happened in the past.
homes were vandalized. A young pastor at the local
b W e u s e .................................. it have + past
church called Martin Luther King led the boycott and
participle to talk about things that w e are certain
his hom e was attacked, too. People were ready to
did not happen in the past.
fight back, but Dr King made them stop and think.
c W e u s e ..................................o r ..................................
‘We cannot solve this problem with violence,' he
+ have it past participle to talk about things w e are
said. ‘W e must meet violence with non-violence.' The
not sure happened in the past.
attacks and threats failed to scare off supporters. In
fact, they united people and taught everyone the Ref erence and pract ice 8.3 W orkbook page 119
value of peaceful opposition.
E Then, finally, on 13 November 1956, the Supreme Court 7 Look at t he phot o. Then answer t he quest ions using
ruled that segregation on buses in Alabama was illegal. t he modal verbs in exercise 6.
The next day, Rosa Parks, along with Martin Luther
King, got on a city bus. Proudly, she took a seat right at
the front. Rosa had shown how one person's decision
could make a huge difference. She showed that civil
disobedience was a powerful way to protest and she
inspired the civil rights movement. Across America, more
and more people took part in public demonstrations
and went on marches. Now they were fighting against
segregation and injustice in all areas of society.
F ‘When I declined to give up my seat, it was not
because of that day or bus in particular,’ Rosa said
later. T just wanted to be free, like everybody else.’ 1 Do you think this took place recently? W h y / w h y not?
But what would have happened if Rosa Parks hadn’t
2 In w hich country did this happen? H ow do you
know?
refused to stand up on the bus that day? 3Another
3 W h a t could have happened to cause this situation?
African American passenger might have done the
4 H o w do you think th e students must have felt?
same soon afterwards. On the other hand, they might
5 W h a t m ight have happened afterwards? W h y ?
not have. Without Rosa’s brave protest, 4searegation
could have lasted for longer than it d id .
8 2.17 List en t o t he recording and compare your
ideas in exercise 7.
Decisions 101
www.frenglish.ru
S U M M ER C A M P LIBRA RY ASSISTAN T
C O U N S EL L O R G u ildford L ibrary h a s a s u m m e r vacancy
National Su m m e r Cam p is looking for for a h a rd -w o rk in g s tu d e n t w ho has
young, enthusiastic people to help with
excellen t IT skills a n d is o rg an iz ed a n d
teaching, food preparation and evening
entertainm ent a t our su m m er cam ps efficient. D aily tasks w ill inclu d e:
for seven- to fourteen-year-olds.
• so rtin g boo k s
W e a re looking for people who: • d e a lin g w ith c u s to m e r e n q u irie s a n d
enjoy working with children
h e lp in g to p ro m o te th e lib rary
have experience in teaching sports,
a rts and crafts or music. • sc a n n in g a n d filing d o c u m e n ts.
STRATEGY
A v o i d i n g g en er al st at em en t s
A covering let t er for a job applicat ion should include det ailed inf ormation which is relevant to
t he employer and t he job.
1 Use facts, dates and numbers.
/Ve g ot a tennis coach in g qualification.
—» In July 2.01Z, I received a Level 2 tennis coaching certificate.
2 Avoid quantifiers, like som e, a lot of, m an y . . . .
I did som e work in a shop.
—►I worked for Hegarty's Pie Place for three months in ZOli.
3 Give specific exam ples o f h ow your experience and skills m atch the employer's requirements.
I'm hard- working an d reliable.
—>I had the opportunity to develop my customer service skills during my work experience with Pocket
Records in August.
2 Read t he st rat egy and t he covering letter. Find examples of 1-3 in t he st rat egy in t he
covering letter.
3 Rewrit e t he general sent ences using your own ideas. Add det ails and specific examples.
1 I worked for a children’s after-school club.
2 I'm efficient and organized.
3 I like working w ith animals.
4 I've got a sw im m ing qualification.
5 Last year I did a com puter course.
6 I passed a few exams at school.
4 Read t he covering let t er again. Then match headings 1-5 to part s of t he let t er A-E.
1 Achievem ents 4 Signing off formally
2 W h y you are writing 5 W h a t you are doing now
3 Experience
102 Decisions
www.frenglish.ru
8E
Dear Ms Frank,
A I am writing to apply for the above post, which was advertised in yesterday's D a ily
R eview . Please find my CV enclosed.
B I am currently studying English and Drama af Walworth Sixth Form and feel fhat my
love of books and literature would make me a very good candidate for this job.
C As you will see from my CV, I achieved excellent grades in my GCSE exams, and
also received the ECDL computer certificate in May 2013. Furthermore, for the last
two years, I have held the role of library assistant at my school and have gained
some useful experience in sorting books. In this role, I have also developed an
online catalogue and coordinated training for the students.
D Last year, as part of my work experience at the local sports centre, I advised
customers about fhe services there and assisted with filing and scanning documents.
I also designed a new leaflet for the centre advertising its tennis coaching scheme,
and arranged an Open Day for new customers. This experience has given me a good
understanding of dealing with customers and helping to promote services.
E I am available for interview immediately and look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Jonathan Bartholomew
WRITING GUIDE
Task Write a covering let t er in response t o t he Paragraph 4: M ention any other experience from
advert for a Summer Camp Counsellor. school, part-time w ork or voluntary work
w hich m ight be relevant to the job.
Ideas M ake not es about: Paragraph 5: Request an interview and say w h e n you
■ the qualifications you have. are available.
■ the experience you can offer.
■ w h y you w an t this job. Writ e Write your covering letter. Use t he paragraph
plan to help you.
Plan Follow t he plan:
Check Check t he f ollowing points:
Paragraph 1: Explain w here you saw the job
advertisem ent and m ention that you are ■ Have you used a clear paragraph structure and
Paragraph 2: Give reasons for your interest in this job / ■ Have you used a variety of action verbs and avoided
Paragraph 3: Refer the em ployer to specific ■ Have you checked grammar, vocabulary, spelling and
Decisions 103
www.frenglish.ru
V o c a b u l a r y i n si g h t 8 U si n g a d i c t i o n a r y : i d i o m s
1 Work in pairs. St udy t he highlight ed idioms in t he stand on your own (two) feet to take care of your
self without help; to be independent
ext ract from t he t ext on page 95. Are t hey t he same under your feet in the way; stopping you from
in your own language? working, etc: Would somebody get these children
out from under my feet and take them to the park?
Luckily for Sean, an instructor took time out to show him the
ropes. That and his positive attitude helped him to rise to the 1 If you have som ething under your feet, there's
challenge and by Friday, he was ready to teach the class. som ething in your way.
2 W h e n you put your foot down, you relax.
3 If you get off on the right foot with somebody, you
STRATEGY start your relationship in a g oo d way.
Finding idioms in a dictionary 4 W h e n you stand on your own two feet, you're
healthy.
An idiom is a phrase w ith an overall m eaning that is
5 W h e n you're rushed off your feet, you’re very busy.
different from the m eanings of the individual words in it.
6 If you land on your feet, you get yourself out of a
Dictionaries do not always put idioms in the same place,
difficult situation.
so you need to read the introduction to your dictionary 7 W h e n you put your feet up, you say that som ething
to find ou t w here th ey are. In the Oxford Wordpower shouldn't happen.
Dictionary, idioms are explained after the symbol nan.
W h en you w an t to find an idiom in a dictionary, search 5 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he correct forms of
for it under the first meaningful w ord in the idiom (verb,
t he idioms in exercise 3.
noun, adjective, etc.). If there is a very co m m o n verb in 1 I w as so tired w hen I got home, I just w anted to
the idiom {be, have, go, start, etc.), you m ight have to
search for it under the second m eaningful word. 2 After looking for a jo b for so long, I finally
w h e n I g ot this one.
2 Read t he st rat egy above. Which word in each idiom 3 I don’t think m y boss likes m e - w e didn't
w h e n I first joined th e com pany.
in exercise 1 would you look up in a dict ionary to
4 I'm really these days. There's so m uch
f ind t he meaning of t he idiom? Use a dict ionary to
to do - I have no tim e to sit d o w n and relax.
check your answers.
5 It's tim e you m oved out o f your parents' house and
You need to be more independent.
3 Read t he idioms below. Underline t he word t hat you
6 Our boss has and says w e can’t make
would look up in a dict ionary to find t he meaning of
personal phone calls at work.
each idiom.
1 be rushed off your feet 6 Find t he idioms below in a dict ionary. Then use
2 fa ll/la n d on your feet t he idioms t o rewrit e t he underlined part s of t he
3 g et off on the w rong foot (with som ebody) sent ences. M ake any ot her changes if necessary.
4 put your feet up
on end at a loose end make ends meet
5 put your foot dow n
com e to an end in the end at the end of your tether
6 stand on your o w n tw o feet
7 under your feet 1 I've been w aiting so long to hear if I got the
scholarship - I can't deal w ith it an y m ore.
4 St udy t he dict ionary ent ries for idioms wit h fo ot .
Are t he sent ences t rue (T) or f alse (F)? Correct t he 2 She keeps talking about her n e w jo b all the tim e.
f alse ones.
3 W h e n m y grandparents w ere young, they didn't have
£ fo o t1/fot/ noun (pi feet /fi:t/)
m uch m oney and found it difficult to b u v th e things
j
llrMI be rushed/run off your feet to be extremely they n eed ed .
busy; to have too many things to do: Over Christmas
we were rushed off our feet at work.
fall/land on your feet to be lucky in finding your 4 I regret not going to university after school. I n ow
self in a good situation, or in getting out of a difficult
situation: / realty landed on my feet getting such a have nothing to d o .
_ good job with so little experience. _ —
get/start off on the right/wrong foot (with sb) I 5 After applying to m any colleges, she finally got a
(informal) to start a relationship well/badly: I seem to
_ have got off on the wrong foot with the new boss. _ I place in the on e she w anted to attend the most.
104 Vocabulary insight 8 Dictionary entries from Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 8
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Complet e t he t ext with t he correct adject ive form of 5 Rewrit e t he sent ences using t he t hird condit ional.
t he words below. 1 Mark Zuckerberg did w ell at school, so he w e n t to
fly glam our challenge stress repetition vary university.
If ............................. , h e ..............................to university.
I n my d re a m future, I 'd love to b e eith er a 2 The university didn't have a social networking site, so
Mark invented one.
1 Hollywood a ctress, o r a wealthy, high-
M a rk .........................................a social netw orking site
2 businesswoman I w a n t to do 3
if................................................one.
work, trying d iffe re n t things every week A jab
3 Facem ash wasn't a success because the university
th a t's q u ite 4 is OK, but n o t so difficult
didn't approve of it.
t h a t it becom es 5 . But on th e o th e r hand, If ...............................o f it, Facem ash ................................
I also d on't w a n t to do anything t h a t ’s so a success.
6 it's boring Sounds easy, doesn’t it? 4 Mark invented Thefacebook because he wasn't happy
w ith the university's decision.
raise more money for the charity, but then 1had second 8 (I laughed at Mark.) If .......................................................
9 (Mark and I aren't friends today.) I ..................................
and changed my .1 then dreamed
10 (I'm addicted to Facebook now!) If ................................
several more great ideas, but it was so hard to
M arks / 10
choose. 1 couldn't up my mind! My boss liked
my original plan best, so now we're going 6 with 7 Complet e t he sent ences wit h one of t he modal verbs
that. And now l need another coffee ... in brackets and t he correct form of t he verbs below.
feel have kn ow miss see
M arks 7 6
1 S h e .................................... terrible w hen she failed her
exam, that's for sure, (must / may)
4 Complet e t he sent ences with t he words below.
2 'W h y is she late?''She the bus.'
boycott dem onstration discrimination march
(can't /m ig h t)
■ struggle threat 3 'I saw him yesterday."You.................................... him.
1 W e must end prejudice and racial............. He’s still in Tokyo!' (must / can't)
2 Protesters held a n o isy............inside the tow n hall. 4 Y o u .................................... th e tim e of your life in
3 'You’ll be arrested!"ls that a ............ ?' Africa. I'm jealous! (m ight / must)
4 W e took part in a o f th e unethical 5 'W h y didn’t he co m e to m y party?"H e
supermarket. .................................. about it. He never misses a
5 The animal rights was four kilometres long. party!’ (ca n 't/m u st)
M arks 710
6 We're fighting for equal rights, but it's a
M arks 16 Tot al 750
Grammar
6 Complet e t he second sent ence so t hat it has a
similar meaning to t he first sent ence. Write bet ween
t hree and five words, including t he given word. Do
not change t he given word.
1 W elco m ing disabled visitors w ould be a g oo d idea for
all museums, (ought)
All m useu m s..................................................... disabled
visitors.
2 'W h a t skills can you offer u s?'th ey asked me. (I)
They asked m e w h at s k ills..............................................
3 I regret not volunteering last year, (wish)
I .......................................................................... last year.
4 Giving up w as an option I chose not to take, (could)
I ........................................................., but I chose not to.
5 Thousands o f people visit the m useum every year,
(visited)
....................................................... thousands o f people
every year
6 I started volunteering in 2011. (volunteer)
I'v e ..............................................................................2011.
7 I leave college at the end o f July, (will)
By August,...........................................................college.
8 'You've show n lots o f com m itm ent,’ m y em ployer said
to me. (I)
M y em ployer t o ld .............................................................
lots of com m itm ent.
9 I'm passionate about transforming people's lives,
(difference)
I really w a n t ....................................................................
to people's lives.
10 I hope to hear from you soon, (look)
It doesn't have to be this way. I wish more
m useum s could be like the Metropolitan Museum I ............................................................... from you soon.
of Ait in N ew York. Not only is there a choice
of Braille guides to read, but there's an utterly Writing
unm issable ‘Touch Collection'. This allows you
Read t he job advert isement . Then write a covering
to explore objects using your fingers, while
let ter in response to t he advert isement .
sim ultaneously listening to detailed descriptions.
Of course, more fragile items have to be excluded
from the programme, but even so, the range is
astonishing.
Br u n o D aviz, 12 A p r i l
Exam insight 4 W orkbook page 100 Cumulative review Units 1-8 107
www.frenglish.ru
Digital humans
Reading and vo cab u lary A day in th e life
OF R DIOITRL HURRR
m personal photos ■ personal text messages
your age w here you live w h o your friends are
w hat you are interested in w h at you w ere doing
last weekend A s part o f o u r week on d ig ita l hum ans, we
a sk ed teenager Issy T y le r to keep a ‘d ig ita l’
2 SPEAKING Discuss t he quest ions. Then read t he diary. P sy ch o lo g ist Mia Graham an a lysed
art icle from a science magazine and compare your the re su lts.
answers.
1 W h at are th e advantages and disadvantages of
7.30 a.m.
I’m usually on Facebook first thing and today was
sharing information on a social m edia w ebsite?
no different. I actually logged in w hile I w as still
2 Is it easier to be mean to people in the digital w orld?
in bed, ju st to see w hat m y friends had posted
the night before and to catch up w ith the gossip.
3 Complet e t he article with sent ences A-G. There is
O ve r breakfast, I did a status update and within
one sent ence t hat you do not need.
thirty m inutes, I had five likes and tw o com m ents.
A I didn't kn ow on e of them , but that's w h y Facebook is Nothing special about that - it w as ju st another
so exciting. ordinary day.
B Issy enjoys being part o fa com m unity.
Mia: It’s natural and hum an to share experiences
C I talked to m y friend about the nasty com m en t and
and open up to people. 1 . She likes it when
she apologized.
people from this com m unity com m ent on her
D However, friends can com prom ise this im age by
status.
tagging you in photos, saying w here you've been or
w h at you've said.
8.45 a.m.
E He left his m obile in class today and I found it.
On the school bus, I noticed that I’d been tagged
F Issy did th e right thing w hen she deleted the
in a picture. 2.............It’s stressed me out, so
com m ent. I’m currently checking the latest updates again.
G I looked absolutely awful so I clicked 'untag'. Hopefully, no one realized it w as me!
1 Jo h n hasn't returned to his usual self after our 3 . You might not like it, but you can’t stop
friends sharing inform ation about you.
argum ent. He refuses to be friends with me.
2 W h e n e ve r Peter w as bullied at school, he usually lost
con t rol o f his feelings and cried.
3 I called an old friend today and w e brought each other
up- to- date on our news. W e hadn't spoken to each
other for a while.
4 W e unexpectedly m et our teacher w hile w e w ere
walking around the museum.
5 Isabel is very shy. She doesn't usually talk freely about
her feelings.
6 You should always su pport a n d defen d your friends
w h e n som eone is m ean to them.
7 W h e n Ciaran m et m y sister, th ey liked each other
immediately. They w ere both obsessed with W orld of
Warcraft.
8 People w h o are horrible or nasty to other people are
called bullies.
T h ey also worried about how these activities might Facebook. Consequently / Consistently, no one
eventually be perceived by parents, teachers, future turned up.
em ployers or their peers. T h ey are right to be 9 Troy was sym pathetic / friendly and pleasant, but he
concerned about who is watching. The internet never wasn't a good friend w hen it really mattered.
forgets, so Issy needs to think before she posts. 10 Are you playing football this w eekend? Eventually /
Possibly, unless it rains.
11.00 p.m.
My last status update before I go to bed and I had 7 SPEAKING Discuss t he quest ions.
tw o friend requests, w hich I accepted. 6 You
1 Have you got a social m edia account? H o w often do
can chat with people w ho you possibly w ouldn't
you use it? W h at do you actually use it for?
run into in yo u r everyd a y life and you can contact
2 Do you think everyone will eventually have a social
people w ho you haven't seen for years ...
media account? W h y / w h y not?
Mia: Issy's right - it's good to talk, but she needs to 3 In the future, will w e possibly be interacting more
be extrem ely careful about who she talks to. The w ith m achines than w ith people? W h at effect might
average teen has 237 ‘friends', however, th ey have this have?
talked to only a fraction o f these people in real life.
Vo cab u lary b ank Technology page 142
Essen tially it's a question o f trust, so before you
accept a friend request, consider this: w ho is this
person and do I really w an t them to read m y posts?
Don't forget, there are people behind the machines.
9B G r a m m a r a n d l i st e n i n g Fr i e n d sh i p s n o w a n d t h e n
ı SPEAKING Look at t he phot o of t wo f riends, Maggie and Tessa. Answer t he quest ions.
Then read t he t ext and check your answers.
1 W h ere are th e w o m e n from?
2 H o w did they m eet?
3 H o w long have they known each other?
4 H o w d o th ey usually com m unicate?
m u L T e & s d :
a, la#ti4tg jrLenJvUviyp
We live in a w orld w here instant com m unication is
possible. W ith access to the internet, we can make
friendships w ith people thousands of miles away. But
Maggie and Tessa, now b oth in their seventies, form ed
their long-distance friendship nearly sixty years ago,
using only pen and paper.
'M aggie was an English girl w ho “ h er w hen they
A m erican girl w ho first letter from Tessa,' explains Maggie. ‘I joined
3 St udy sent ences 1 and 3 in t he t ext again and answer t he quest ions.
1 In w hich sentence is the relative pronoun the subject o f the verb in th e relative clause and in
w hich is it the object of the verb?
2 In w hich sentence can w e leave out the relative pronoun? W h y?
4 Read t he t ext again and find more examples of def ining relat ive clauses.
9B
Although m any people use email to are interested in the program m e can register
com m unicate long distance, there are still some their class on the database. S tu d e n ts7
traditional penfriend organizations1 are apply for details of possible penfriends also
popular around the world. O ne of the biggest receive a g u id e 8 shows them h o w to
and best known is the Student Letter Exchange, w rite letters and also gives advice and ideas,
w hich was started in 1936. The Exchange is a penfriend projects and postage rates.
p ro g ram m e 2............links 500,000 students in
over 100 countries. It was first sta rte d 3
a teacher w anted
to encourage his
students to learn more
about other countries
and cultures. It has a
database of students
4 have registered
w ith the organization
because they w an t to find
penfriends. Any English-speaking
s tu d e n t5 ..........is aged betw een
eight and twenty-three years old
can join. Teachers6 students
6 Combine t he sent ences t o make one sent ence. Use a def ining relat ive clause. Use a pronoun
only where necessary
1 Steph is m y friend. Her fam ily m oved to another country.
Steph is m y frie n d ...................
2 It w as last year. Her dad got a n e w jo b and th ey all left.
It w as last y e a r ...................
3 In prim ary school in London. W e m et there ten years ago.
It w as in prim ary sc h o o l...................
4 W e w ere both six years old. Our teacher introduced us.
They w ere both six years o ld ...................
5 These are the emails. W e w rite them to each other.
These are the e m a ils ..................
6 Email is the main form of com m unication. It helps us to stay in touch.
Email is the main form of c o m m u n ica tio n ...................
2.19 List en t o a radio programme and mat ch 1-8 t o a- h. Then make full sent ences with
w ho, w hose, w hich, t h a t o r w here.
1 Can w e trust the people a are specifically about corn snakes,
2 Julia Price is a psychologist b interests are th e same as mine,
3 Screen Friends is a novel c w e can m eet n e w people,
4 Are w e losing the friends d w ou ld be very difficult to d o in real life,
5 W e have another place e has just written Screen Friends,
6 I can find three or four websites f w e kn ow in real life?
7 N o w I'm talking to people g is about an online friendship,
8 That's som ething h w e m eet online?
1 SPEAKING Look at t he phot os and put t hem in order from 1-5 (1 = most import ant in your
life, 5 = least import ant ). Then work in small groups and com pare your ideas.
2 2.20 List en t o f our people t alking about t heir f avourit e gadget s. Mat ch t he speakers to
t he gadget s A-E in exercise 1. Which gadget is not ment ioned?
1 1 Describing gadget s
4 Which gadget s in exercise 1 are sent ences 1-7 about ? What ot her gadget s could t hey describe?
1 It's extremely convenient and easy to use.
2 It w as very expensive, actually, so I'm careful w ith it.
3 I used to have a walkm an, but that's so out-of-date now.
4 It's a really old car, w ith just an inexpensive radio.
5 M y favourite gadget is so efficient - it does everything and it's really fast.
6 It’s a bit fragile, but I bought a durable cover, so I'm not w orried that som ething will happen to it.
7 It's not very reliable n ow and there are all sorts of problem s with it.
5 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Think of a gadget and describe it to your partner. Use t he highlighted
words in exercise 4. Your part ner needs to guess t he gadget t hat you are describing.
DVD ext ra Inventors
9C
7 2.21 List en t o t he dialogue and answer t he quest ions.
1 W h y is the w om an phoning the helpline?
2 W h ich button does the w om an press first?
3 W h at does the 'hom e' button look like?
4 W h at does the helpline advisor tell the w om an to d o w ith the icons on th e screen?
5 W h y is there nothing on the phone screen?
8 2.21 Com plet e t he phrases from t he dialogue. Then listen again and check.
9 2.22 Com plet e t he dialogue with phrases in exercise 8. Then listen and check.
Cust omer I like this camera, but it does look quite com p licated .1....................................................
Assist ant It's sim ple.2.............................................................. That's the 'on' button there. Then
choose 'autom atic' or 'manual'.
Cust omer 3............................................................. h o w to d o that.
Assist ant It's this button here. Just turn it to'au to m atic'o r to'manual'.
Cust omer 4 . I've selected 'manual'.
Assist ant N o w press th e 'AV' button for th e picture exposure.
5
Cust omer
Assist ant You press the 'AV' button for the picture exposure.
Cust omer Picture exposure?
Assist ant Yes.6 ................... you press the 'AV' button to make th e picture
lighter or darker.7............................................................ ?
Cust omer Yes, th at’s quite clear, thanks.8 ......................... ?
Assist ant Point the cam era and press the black button on the top.
Cust omer Well, that's easy. Thank you.
10 Read t he dialogue in exercise 9 again and find t hree more phrases to add t o t he t able in
exercise 8.
11 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Choose one of t he sit uat ions and prepare a dialogue.
Touchscreen
discusss t he ways you communicat e with f riends.
Then read and listen t o a ' slam' poem. Which ideas
does t he aut hor mention?
text message posting on Facebook Twitter
by Marshall Soulful Jones
■ face-to-face talking instant messaging
■ talking on the phone ■ sending an email
STRATEGY
U n d er st an d i n g p o et r y
When you read a poem, not ice t he t echniques t he
poet uses.
1 Repeating a key w ord or a phrase.
2 Rhym ing words.
3 Using words with more than on e meaning.
1 face
a ......................................................
b to be opposite som ething, looking at it
2 book
a a w ritten w ork on printed pages
b
3 disc
a ............................................
b a thing betw een th e bones in your back
9D
Non-defining relative clauses
6 Read t he t ext . What is t he dif f erence bet ween slam
poetry and rap music?
compatible with your iPod and your iPad 1986. The first slam poems were performed in
doesn't it feel good to touch? a club called the Greenmill Lounge, ’where jazz
doesn't it feel good to touch? musicians usually played. This poetry, 2which can
no friends, there’s an app for that be performed by anyone, provided a new w a y for
no life, there’s an app for that
people to get their message across. It encouraged
you’re a complete loser, there's an app for that
doesn't it feel good to touch? ordinary people, 3w ho weren’t used to expressing
doesn't it feel good to touch? themselves publicly, to tell their stories or talk
doesn't it feel good to touch? about social issues. In fact, slam poetry is very
my world, my world has become so digital similar to rap. Both are examples o f performance
I have forgotten what that feels like poetry, 4whose aim is to tell a story. The difference
It was difficult to connect when friends formed cliques* is that rap uses music, whereas slam poetry relies
now it’s even more difficult to connect on the power o f the spoken word.
now that clicks form friends
But who am I to judge
I face Facebook more than books face me
hoping to book face-to-faces 7 St udy non-defining relat ive clauses 1-4 in t he t ext in
I update my status 420 spaces exercise 6. Then answer t he quest ions.
to prove I’m still breathing
failure to do this daily 1 Does the text make sense w ithout th e clauses?
means my whole web wide world will forget that I exist 2 Do the clauses add essential or extra information?
but with 3,000 friends online 3 W h e re can the clauses g o in a sentence?
and only five I can count in real life 4 W h ich words are used at the beginning of the
why wouldn't I spend more time in a world where there are clauses?
more people that ‘like’ me 5 Can the clauses begin w ith t hat instead o f w hich ?
Wouldn’t you?
You would need Blueray to read what is really me Non-defining relative clauses always start w ith a
but I’m not that focused ten tabs open hoping com m a.
my problems are resolved with a 1500 by 1600 resolution
provin' we might have missed a step in this evolution Ref erence and p r act ice 9.2 W orkbook page 121
doubted over we used to sit in treetops
till we swung down to stand upright 8 Combine t he sent ences to make one sent ence. Use a
then someone slipped a disc non-def ining relat ive clause.
now we’re doubled over at desktops from the garden of Eden
1 Marshall Soulful Jon es cam e second in the National
to the branches of Macintosh
Poetry Slam in Boston. His p oem was about
apple picking has always come at a great cost
iPod iMac iPhone iChat technology.
I can do all of these things without making eye contact 2 I posted a photo o f m y dog on Facebook. It w as very
We used to sprint* to pick and store blackberries funny.
now we run to the Sprint store* and pick Blackberries 3 M y com puter broke dow n. It had all m y friends'
it’s scary con tact details in it.
can’t hear the sound of mother nature speaking over all this
4 M y brother Seth w ants to be a famous jazz musician.
tweeting
He plays the saxophone.
and our ability to feel along with it is fleeting
5 W e som etim es go to Jam aica. M y grandparents live
so when my phone goes off in my hip iTouch and iTouch
there.
and iTouch and iTouch and iTouch because in a world
Where laughter is never heard 6 That's Cafe Europa. I often m eet m y friends there.
And voices are only read 7 M y friend Ja d e writes rap songs. Her sister is in my
we are so desperate to feel class.
that we hope our Technologic can reverse* the universe
Vo cab u lary b ank Poetry page 142
until the screen touches us back
and maybe one day it will
when our technology is advanced enough ...
to make us human again.
2 Read t he st at ement . Think of t wo advant ages and t wo disadvant ages of const ant
connect ion. Then read t he model essay and see if any of your ideas are ment ioned.
With modern technology, we can be connected to the web 24 hours a day.The advantages of
constant connection are greater than the disadvantages. Discuss.
B One advantage is t h at people can -find im p o rtant info rm atio n very quickly and they don’t have to go to the
lib rary o r read bocks fo r research. Another point is t h at people can buy m any things online. This is useful
fo r people who have m obility problem s. 3I t m ay also be argued t h at people are safer because they know
t h at they can in stan tly get help if th ere is an em ergency. Furtherm o re, photographs, videos and news can
be shared online, so people can always catch up w ith frien d s who live on th e other side o f th e world.
C However, th ere are also some disadvantages to co n stan t connection. First ly, although people can access a
lot o f info rm atio n Online, some Claim t h at th e info rm atio n is o ften m isleading o r inaccurate. Anyone can
put info rm atio n onto a webpage and , as a resu lt, it can be d ifficult to check th e source. Secondly, 4it seems
evid ent t h at some shops on th e high st reet are now struggling due to th e rise in online shopping. M any
shops are being closed down. Third ly, although th ere are people who feel safer because o f mobile phones,
o thers would argue t h at t h ere are new dangers like cyberbullying. sI t is tru e t h at co n stan t connection
helps us to keep in touch w ith frien d s, but it can be very stressfu l when people expect in st an t responses.
D I n conclusion, I believe t h at although th ere are m any advantages to co n stan t connection, we should also
switch o f f our phones som etim es, walk away fro m our com puters and talk to some real people.
Introductory It
5 St udy sent ences 1-5 in t he model essay. Then put t hem into t he correct part of t he t able.
It + t h e passive
It + t he passive (with modal verbs)
It + is / seem s + adject ive
9E
6 Rewrit e t he sent ences using t he int roduct ory It and t he words in brackets.
1 There is no real privacy in today's world, (said)
2 Com puters are getting smaller, faster and cheaper, (could argue)
3 People have forgotten h o w to think for themselves, (m ay claim)
4 I he internet has changed the w a y that w e d o our research, (obvious)
5 Students are able to access m ore information about their subject, (clear)
6 Constant connection is a normal part of our lives, (seems evident)
STRATEGY
8 Use t he st rat egy to make t he sent ences more neut ral. Use as many diff erent st ruct ures as
you can.
1 I think that children should read books rather than play com p u ter games.
2 In m y vie w children's attention spans are getting shorter.
3 I think w e need to change our teaching methods.
4 In m y opinion com puter gam es d evelop im portant skills.
5 I believe that young people’s brains are developing differently.
6 The internet is a ve ry im portant tool in language developm ent.
WRITING GUIDE
118 Vocabulary insight 9 Dictionary entries from Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, 4th edition
www.frenglish.ru
Review 9
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Complet e t he phrasal verbs with one word. 5 Complet e t he sent ences wit h who, w hich, when,
w h ere or w hose.
1 Xing is a friend I m et o n lin e
I met Tom at a party and we hit it 1
2 W e m et w e w ere playing TERA.
immediately. I then ran 2 him in the
3 He’s the on ly friend gam ing skills are even
park the next day! After that, we met often. He was
better than mine!
the first person I ever really 3 up to
4 G a m e rs.................. play TERA live all over the world.
- I used to tell him everything. When he moved to
5 Xing's show ed m e photos of th e tow n he
New York, I almost broke 4 , 1was so
lives in China.
upset! 15 over it, of course, and we’re 6 It's a country I'd love to visit.
still friends. W e 6 up with news over M arks 16
Skype now.
6 Read t he sent ences in exercise 5 again. In which
sent ences could you:
M arks 76
1 replace th e relative pronoun or adverb w ith t h at ?
Creativity
Reading and vo cab u lary A rt is everyw h ere
W h e n / W h e re born first w ord was piz, short for lapiz (pencil in Spanish).
His father Ruiz, w ho was an art professor, recognized
W h e n first created art
his son’s talent and taught him from the age of seven.
W h a t created Picasso completed his first painting when he was nine
(Le Picador).
C h ildh oo d activities
Between 1892 and 1897, Picasso studied art in
G reatest ach ievem en ts Madrid and Barcelona. His w ork showed a brilliance
M o st surprising fact and maturity that was years ahead of his classmates, but
Picasso was not a good student. He was sick and tired of
school, so he didn't listen to his teachers. As punishment
3 Read about t he ot her artist and answer t he quest ions. he was put in a room on his own.‘I took along a sketch
pad and drew ...,' said Picasso later.‘I could have stayed
According to t he t ext s, which artist :
there forever, drawing without stopping.'
1 surprised people w hen he w as born?
Eventually Picasso left art school and went to Paris,
2 could create n ew work w hile he was doing
where he met a painter and sculptor called Georges
som ething else?
Braque. Picasso began to experiment and through trial
3 didn't mind being punished at school?
and error produced many different styles. One of these
4 travelled a lot w hen he w as very young?
styles was Cubism, which grew into an a rt movement
5 offended people with their work?
founded by Picasso and Braque. Braque and Picasso
6 experienced financial problems?
used squares and triangles in their paintings and
7 w as interrogated about a crim e? showed the front and side view of people at the same
8 didn't com plete his final work? time. Picasso used this technique in his most famous
works, such as Les Demoiselles d’Avignon ( 1907) and
4 SPEAKING Answer t he quest ions. Guernica ( 1937). Many people found the style shocking
1 W h a t are th e similarities and differences betw een and controversial, but others recognized his genius.
Mozart and Picasso? W h ile he was in Paris, Picasso also made friends with
2 H o w d o you think their teachers and classmates the poet Apollinaire, w ho sometimes bought stolen
felt about them ? paintings. In I9 I I,w hen the Mona Lisa was stolen
3 W h at d o you think are the advantages and from the Louvre, the police arrested Apollinaire and
disadvantages o f being a child genius? questioned Picasso. Fortunately, both w ere released,
and the Mona Lisa turned up in Italy tw o years later.
Picasso enjoyed much success in his life and could
pick and choose what he painted, but he never stopped
experimenting.That's why he is known as El Maestro
(or the master) of M odem Art.
120 Creativity
www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary: abstract nouns: talent; phrases with and; describing Grammar: participle clauses; determiners
art; compound adjectives: describing events; synonyms: evaluative Speaking: discussing art; summarizing the main points ofa film; debating
10A
adjectives Writing: a review of an event
DVD ext ra Art is everyw here Vo cab u lar y b ank Th e arts page 143
Creativity 121
www.frenglish.ru
1 SPEAKING Look at t he phot os and answ er t he quest ions. Then read t he t ext
and compare your answers t o quest ions 1 and 2.
1 W h at is happening in the photos?
2 W h y are they doing this?
3 W h at are the most popular dances in your country?
4 Do you enjoy dancing? Are you g oo d at it?
2 SPEAKING What do you t hink about Matt Harding's ' bad dancing' project?
Discuss t he quot es. Which do you agree / disagree wit h?
1 'It’s just a really silly idea and a w aste o f time. H e should get a proper job.'
2 T h e videos are fun, but he's never going to change the world.’
3 'Projects like this are great because th ey make us m ore aw are of th e different cultures and people
around the world.'
Participle clauses
3 Underline sent ences in t he t ext t hat have a similar meaning to sent ences 1-6.
1 M att Harding, a video g am e designer w h o was working in Australia, decided to leave his job.
2 M att's'bad dancing'video, w hich was w atched by millions of people, becam e an internet
sensation.
3 Like most people w h o travel from place to place th ey took photos and filmed short video clips of
the places th ey visited.
4 Matt, w h o tho ugh t the idea w as great fun, agreed and from there, the idea grew.
5 M att inspired some Rw andan orphans w h o w ere w atching him to dance, too.
6 They show crow ds o f people w h o are dancing and laughing together.
4 Compare sent ences 1-6 in exercise 3 wit h t he sent ences in t he t ext. Then choose t he correct
answers.
1 W e use the present participle (-ing form) to replace relative clauses containing active / passive
verbs.
2 W e use the past participle (- ed form) to replace relative clauses containing active / passive verbs.
122 Creativity
www.frenglish.ru
10B
8 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Read t he not es about a f amous classic film Red Sh o es.
Use t he inf ormation to describe t he film using part iciple clauses.
* story is based on fairy tale by * ballet dancer wears red ballet shoes
Hans Christian Andersen
Creativity 123
www.frenglish.ru
1 SPEAKING Look at t he doodles. What sort of people do you t hink drew each one? Think
about age, personalit y and prof ession.
2 2.25 List en t o an expert t alking about doodles. Mat ch t he personalit y descript ions a- e
wit h doodles 1-5.
a is em otional and perhaps romantic d is practical and needs security
b has physical or creative energy e likes to play and have fun
c w ants to d evelop as a person
Describing art
3 Match t he words below wit h meanings 1-8. Then use t he words to describe doodles 1-5.
original ■ flowing elaborate rom antic com ical lifelike dram atic moving
1 com plicated and detailed 5 making you feel very sad or sym pathetic
2 appearing to be real 6 funny in a strange or silly w ay
3 sm ooth and continuous 7 making you feel strong em otions o f love
4 full o f action and m ovem ent 8 n e w and interesting
5 2.26 List en t o an int erview wit h an art t herapist . Then choose t he best descript ion of an
art t herapist ' s job.
a Art therapists teach people h o w to understand their ow n drawings, sculptures and paintings,
b Art therapists analyze people's drawings and encourage people to express their feelings
through art.
c Art therapists look at famous works o f art and use them to discuss feelings and em otions
w ith people.
6 2.26 List en again. Are t he sent ences t rue (T), f alse (F) or not given (NG)?
1 Art therapists on ly work with children or sick people.
2 It's im portant to look at all th e small details in a doodle, not just at the main picture.
3 Frank usually asks people to talk about their doodles.
4 So m e patients don't w an t to talk about their drawings.
5 Drawing or doodling is a goo d w ay o f using both th e left and th e right sides o f the brain.
6 Frank thinks it's im portant to help people im prove their technique.
7 Doodles o f Happiness includes m any examples o f different types o f doodles.
8 Frank thinks it's useful to know w hen and w here people d rew their doodles.
124 Creativity
www.frenglish.ru
10C
Debating
8 SPEAKING. You are going to listen to a debat e on: A r t cl a sses a r e a n im p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e
sch o o l cu r r icu lu m . Read t he argum ent s below. Add t wo more ideas for and against art classes.
For
Req uire experts/ve m aterials
Teach Impor-fanf skills,
e.g. perce.pt/on., Too p erso n al - c a n 'F be-
co-ordiHa-kion, plamtmg Taugh-f u t School
Help as t o undisrs+und o th e r Mot useful -for g et t in g a jo b
people's view o£ th e World
Encourage, creativ ity and
sd-f-e.kpre.ss/on
9 2.27 Listen to t he debate. Number t he argument s in exercise 8 in t he order you hear t hem.
Agreeing Interrupting
I think (Jessica) is 1 right. Could 15 ?
I agree w ith (Jessica). Can 16 here?
That's a 2 Sorry to interrupt, b u t ....
That's so true.
En co u r ag i n g
Disagreeing Tracy,7................................... add anything?
That's not a lw a y s 3..................................... Do you have anything to say about this?
14.................................... with Tracy a b o u t . . . .
I'd say the exact opposite.
Not necessarily.
Creativity 125
www.frenglish.ru
b they enjoy the stories that th e film-makers tell, film-makers becam e the m ain focus. Redford w anted
to bring exciting n ew films, m ade outside the
c th ey on ly w ant to w atch 'classic' movies,
H ollyw ood system , to a w id e r audience.
d th ey w an t to enter their o w n film.
During the 1980s and 1990s the even t g rew in size
4 W O M A D gives people th e opportunity to
and film studios b ecam e interested. U nfortunately,
a get to know music from their o w n culture,
celeb rity actors and paparazzi started to appear on the
b listen to well-known bands,
scene, too. Big com panies began paying a fe w o f the
c enjoy traditional music from other countries,
celebrities to endorse products th at had nothing to do
d record their o w n music.
w ith film, taking attention a w a y from th e independent
5 Peter Gabriel created W O M A D in order to
directors. Festival organizers responded w ith a Focus
a teach people about other cultures and w ays o f life,
on Film cam paign, urging people to rem e m b e r the
b provide entertainm ent for families, real purpose of Su n dan ce. 'It w as never intended to be
c help unknow n musicians make money, com m ercial. It w as intended to be a place o f discovery,'
d find n e w musicians for a record label. said Redford. L u c k ily th e cam paign w orked and to d ay
6 W O M A D festivals d o n ’t include m ost of the 50,000 festival-goers com e to see the new
a educational classes. directors, rath er than fam o us film stars.
b entertainm ent for children, Today, Su n dan ce is one o f the m ost eagerly-aw aited
c open-air cinema, film festivals in A m erica. The com p etition includes
d places to try n e w food. feature-length films, short films, thought-provoking
docum entaries and dram a, but there are fe w fam ous
SPEAKING Answer t he quest ions. nam es, because m ost entries are from first-time
1 D o any of the festivals appeal to you ? W h y / w h y not? directors. S o m e of these film s m a y be controversial and
2 W h at typ e o f festivals do cutting-edge, but th e y all tell a good story. 'Sto ryte lle rs
broaden our m inds,' says Ro bert Redford. 'T h ey
people hold in your
engage, provoke, inspire, and ultim ately, connect us.'
cou n try? W h at do
And it's th at inspiration th a t keeps people going to
th ey celebrate?
Su n dan ce, y e ar afte r year.
3 W h a t can you learn
about another culture
through its music?
126 Creativity
www.frenglish.ru
10D
Compound adject ives: describing event s
Creativity 127
www.frenglish.ru
2 Read t he review of t he Hay-on-Wye Lit erary Fest ival and answer t he quest ions.
1 Did the writer enjoy th e festival? W h ich words tell you ?
2 W h ich of these art forms is not m entioned in the review: film, illustration, dance, music,
com edy, poetry?
3 W h y do you think the writer included a quote from Sir Terry Pratchett in th e review?
3 Which of t hese t hings are ment ioned in t he review? Put t hem in t he correct order.
a information about the organizers
b detailed information about w h at happened at the event
c sum m ary and recom m endation
d technical details about the event
e background information (nam e o f the event, w here and w h e n it w as organized, etc.)
f description o f w h at the author liked most
4 St udy t he highlight ed adject ives in t he review. Who or what do t hey describe? Match t wo
adject ives to each of t he words below.
1 wonderful
2 interesting
3 famous
4 funny
128 Creativity
www.frenglish.ru
10E
STRATEGY
Cr eat i n g em p h asi s
When you writ e a review of an event , you may want to put emphasis on part icular information
to indicat e what is most import ant or to show how you feel.
Ways of creat ing emphasis:
1 Nom inal clauses
■ What it clause it be
The appearance o f Sir Terry Pratchett m ade the biggest impression on me.
W hat made the biggest impression on me was the appearance o f Sir Terry Pratchett.
2 so and such
be + so + adjective
It w as so captivating t h a t ...
s o it adverb
The w h o le festival was organized so w ell t h a t ...
such + adjective it plural noun / uncountable noun
Seeing such remarkable a rtists. . . .
■ su ch + a / an + adjective + noun
This year, it was such an amazing festival.
5 Read t he st rat egy and st udy t he underlined examples in t he review. Then complet e t he
second sent ence so t hat it has a similar meaning t o t he f irst sent ence.
1 It w as such an expensive festival that m any people couldn't afford to buy tickets.
The festival.............................. that m any people couldn't afford to buy tickets.
2 I really liked that the festival w as family-oriented.
W h a t .............................. that the festival was family-oriented.
3 They w ere such w onderful dancers and g ave a m oving performance.
The dancers and gave a m oving performance.
4 Her sculptures are so elaborate that it's not surprising that she w o n the award.
She makes that it's not surprising that she w on the award.
5 The children's orchestra m oved m e the most.
W h a t .............................. the children's orchestra.
6 The talk w as so boring that I left early.
I t .............................. that I left early.
WRITING GUIDE
Creativity 129
www.frenglish.ru
STRATEGY STRATEGY
Review 10
Vocabulary Grammar
1 Complet e t he sent ences about six t alent ed people. 5 Rewrit e t he phrases in brackets as part iciple clauses.
beauty dedication m aturity style success 1 Cannes is a film festival held ( which is
vision held) in France.
2 It's an international festival,.............................................
celebrating
1 Sergey Karjakin achieved maturityaged twelve,
(w hich celebrates) all cultures.
becom ing a chess Grandmaster.
3 showing (which are show n) here
Film s..........................................
2 Cleopatra, w h o w as fam ous for her glamorous
often becom e famous.
beauty , b ecam e queen as a teen ag er
4 The Palm e d'Or is the most fam ous prize,
3 HP. Lovecraft, w hose dram atic dedication
o f horror
given ( which is given) to the best film.
writing is still popular, learnt to read aged two.
5 In 1960, th e Film Market opened, growing
4 Steffi Graf began playing tennis aged 4. Her style
(w hich grew) rapidly in the following years.
m ade her famous.
6 Thousands arrive every year, tripling
5 Doctor Akrit Jasw al started treating patients aged
(w hich triples) Cannes' population.
seven, displaying t h e ............of
success som eone m uch older.
7 W ealth y g u e s ts ........................................
arriving (w ho arrive) in
6 Before he becam e fam ous for his visiono f equality,
yachts are a frequent sight.
Martin Luther King excelled at school.
8 Last year, they used 2 km o f red c a rp e t..........................
changing
M arks 76
(w hich was changed) three tim es a day.
9 Unfortunately, film fans hoping (who
2 Complet e t he phrases wit h one word.
hope) to attend m ay be disappointed.
10 Tickets..........................................
sent (w hich are sent) out in
S tu d y tip s
advance, are to selected guests only.
choose M arks 710
1 Pick and your best subjects.
2 Solve problems through trial and error
6 Complet e t he t ext. Use t he words below.
3 Search far and wide for information.
any all each few little m any most much
4 Don't get sick and tired of studying!
none some
5 There will be times of ups and.................Don't
downs let
this demotivate you.
T he M etropolitan M useum of A rt (MOMA)
6 Stay healthy and alive and well ! many fam ous w orks of art. I go th e re
h a s 1...................
2 each tim e I’m in N e w York a n d I still
M arks 16
h a v e n ’t s e e n 3...................
all of it! I usually sp en d
4 most tim e (hours a n d hours!) looking a t th e
Complet e t he sent ences. Replace t he def init ions in
little
p ain tin g s u p stairs. I also try to sp e n d a 5...................
it alics wit h six of t he adject ives.
tim e in th e garden, w h e re th e re are a 6.................. few
com ical dram atic flow ing lifelike m oving
sculptures. I do n ’t s p e n d 7...................
much tim e in th e
original romantic
photo g rap h y section - 1 like 8...................
some photos,
1 Albrecht Durer’s art is often very lifelike (realistic). None
b u t I prefer p a in tin g s .9.................. of th e other
2 Bunuel's films w ere very original
{n ew an d interesting). p aintings are as in te restin g as Van G ogh’s S ta r r y
3 Charlie Chaplin's films are comical{funny), but also
Night-it d o e sn ’t ha v e 10...................
any rivals for th e
often sad and moving
(em otionally affecting).
b e s t p ain tin g of all.
4 T h e ............
flowing(sm ooth an d continuous) lines in Van
Gogh's art also have a ............
dramatic (strong, exciting) effect.
M arks /10
M arks 16
T o ta l / 50
• Match t he words in A to t he words in B t o make
compound adject ives. Then complet e t he text.
A cutting fam ily little open talked world
M arks 712
Pronunciation insight 10 W orkbook page 128 I Review 10 131
www.frenglish.ru
Listening Reading
1 2.28 List en to part of a radio programme about 4 Read t he t ext about Com ic- Con In t er n a t io n a l . Then
superheroes. Choose t he correct answers. complet e t he summary. Use t he clues t o help you.
1 According to the speaker, h o w are th e earliest com ics Comic-Con is a n 1 (h ow oft en ?) even t held
similar to today's com ics? e v e ry 2 (w h at tim e o f year?) in
a They shared similar concerns about the world, 3........................ (city ?),4......................... (country?). Over
b The appearance of th e heroes hasn't changed 5........................ (h ow m any?) people attended this year,
much. of w h o m a ro u n d 6 ............(w hatpercentage?)
c Their scientific background remains relevant today, w ere female.Tickets will c o s t7 ....................... (how
d They both primarily reflect Am erican interests. m uch?). In this article,
2 W h a t w as life like in 1930s Am erica? 8 (h ow m any?) people give their opinions
a M any people w ere enjoying wealthier lifestyles, of the event, w hich celebrates com ic books, fantasy
b Fe w people w ere interested in superheroes, films and related popular culture.
c People w anted to forget about their troubles,
d The governm ent had lots of support.
3 W h at d o w e learn about the popularity o f superhero
films?
WELCOM E TO
a They have m ade com ic book superheroes
unpopular
COM IC-CON
b They are not as popular as comedies,
c They are m ainly popular with young people,
INTERNATIONAL!
d They are not taken ve ry seriously.
4 In the speaker's opinion, w h y d o people like Batm an?
COSTUMES OPTIONAL.
a He has a m ore stylish image.
b He seems m ore similar to us. Some of this year's attendees give their
c H e is stronger than other heroes, views ... and criticisms.
d He is perfect in every way.
5 W h a t criticism does the speaker make of CGI
(computer-generated images)?
TEE EG!
The Tokyo com ic convention is bigger, but S a n D iego
a They don't look realistic,
b They are quite expensive, hosts the largest A m erican event, w hich is p rob ab ly
how they get a w a y with robbing us with w hopping
c They aren't used often enough,
ticket prices each summer. I stay to the end to justify
d They don’t surprise us.
the cost, but really three d ays w ould be enough. I
6 W h at does the speaker think about the future of
love the film preview s and 'm eet and greets', but let's
superhero films?
have few er a ca d e m ic lectures, please! Despite writers'
a They'll g row in popularity,
b They'll disappear forever, attempts to g ive us dram atic 'm essages', com ics are
c They'll be more innovative, hard ly w orks of philosophy, a re they? That isn't to say
d They'll change completely. I'm not a huge fan of larger-than-life heroes. I've even
com e dressed as Storm from the X-Men\ If a n y of the
5 There's too m uch violence in films. slightly m ad! Around 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 people try to get
6 Teenagers get bored very easily. tickets e v e ry year, and over 1 3 0 ,0 0 0 a re successful.
Am ongst those crowds, smaller artists like me struggle
3 Work in pairs and discuss each of t he sent ences to get noticed. M y modest profit makes my attendance
in exercise 2. Do you agree or disagree with each w orthw hile, however, despite not making a fortune.
ot her? M o v ie actors a re the main d raw , although that's not an
enthusiasm I particularly share. I once im agined that
g rap h ic novels w ou ld be the art of our times, offering
n ew visions. I still think they could be. So it's a shame
TTTD T
mTTTTNPm 9
10
a
a
must b should c ought d can
will not happen b m ight not have happened
I put on special effects at the events - robots, lights, c had not happened d did not happen
the works. N o one could claim they aren't getting a
lot for their $ 1 7 5 . As a fem ale technician, I seem to Writing
be something of an attraction myself. About four in
Choose one of t he st at ement s below and write a for
ten ticket-holders a re w om en, a n d they're often keen
and against essay about it. Use t he paragraph plan
to chat. A n d some men im agine I'd be an ideal geek
t o help you.
girlfriend! I meet a lot of renow ned stars day-to-day
on film sets, so that's less of a big deal for me. It's the 1 To encourage teenagers to read more, w e should teach
atm osphere at Comic-Con that I love. People are so graphic novels instead of classic literature in schools.
friendly that the end a lw a y s comes too soon. I have a 2 W e d o not need superheroes today.
confession, though. Although I don't mind Spiderm an Paragraph 1: Give a general introduction to the topic
a n d Batm an, it's romantic classics like Ca sa b la n ca Paragraph 2: Give argum ents for th e topic.
w hich really speak to my heart. But don't breathe a Paragraph 3: G ive argum ents a g a in st t b e topic.
w ord to anyo ne ... Paragraph 4: Give a conclusion, including your ow n
opinion.
Exam insights Workbook page 102 Cumulative review Units 1-10 133
www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary b an kl
■ a bob a bun ■ cropped hair curly hair dreadlocks Berm udas camisole top cardigan com b at trousers
dyed hair a plait a ponytail a shaved head fleece h oody leggings maxi dress mini skirt
spiky hair straight h a ir: w avy hair polo shirt vest tracksuit bottoms
3 She divides her hair into three parts and joins them
together. She's g o t .........................
4 His hair is bright blue with green stripes! He's got
Vocabulary bank 2
2 'W e spent the w eekend exploring Paris.’ slow d o w n ■ speed up take off
Vocabulary bank 3
2 absolutely
3 Complet e t he sent ences with adject ives in exercise 1. Doctor Hello, what's the matter?
Somet imes more t han one answer is possible. Patient I’v e got a te rrib le 1 ............ I think it
1 She w as a b so lu tely........................................... w hen could be som ething I ate.
she failed her exams. She really w anted to go to Doctor H o w long has it been hurting?
university. Patient Since yesterday, i had som e seafood for
2 They w ere a bit by the joke lunch and it started right after that. I also
because th ey felt it w as inappropriate. have a 2 on m y neck and
3 H e w as absolutely w hen he shoulders. And now it's spreading d ow n to
found out that he had won. He couldn't believe it! m y back. It's really3 it can't
4 M y sister's a b so lu tely........................................of stop scratching.
spiders. She can't be in the same room as one. Doctor Have you taken anything for this?
5 I was a bit that you didn't Patient No, nothing.
call, but I understood w hen you told m e why. Doctor OK, let’s take a closer look ... This could be
6 I'm absolutely with m y n ew a food allergy, I'm going to prescribe an
tablet. It's exactly w h at I wanted! antihistamine. You should also have some
tests d o n e ...
4 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Ask and answer quest ions
about t he f eelings in exercise 1.
Doctor G ood morning. What's the problem ?
What makes you I feel annoyed when my Patient I w as playing basketball this m orning and
feel annoyed? friends are late. fell and did som ething to m y ankle.
Doctor Oh, yes, I can see. It's v e r y 4
Patient Yes, it's tw ice the size o f m y other ankle.
Doctor Does it hurt w h e n you walk?
Patient Yes, it's v e r y 5 and I can’t
feel m y toes - they're com pletely
6
Vocabulary bank 4
3 Millions with no money for food The charity Oxfam has been around for over seventy
4 years now. Oxfam G B employs a number of paid
Thousands o f people flocking to the city 1 , but most of its helpers are unpaid
2 ................... 3 of Oxfam help
5 Ash cloud stops flights the organization in many ways. Some of them
4 money regularly to the charity while
6 B u ild in g s f a ll a s g ro u n d m o v e s others 5 fund-raising events, such
as sponsored head shaves. This is a fun activity for
7 CROPS FAIL ONCE AGAIN ı everyone who 6 , from the person who
g has their head shaved to th e 7 who
Jobless rate highest in 20 years give their money. On a larger scale is the London
Marathon. Many 8 do this race to
9 NO RAIN FOR MONTHS 9 money for charity. Oxfam uses the
money it receives to 10 against poverty
10 M assive oil spill o ff the coast all over the world and 11 human
rights. The organization is also often the first to
11 Amazon trees used for packaging
12 aid in emergency situations.
Vocabulary bank 5
speeding fine traffic offence have the right rob som ebody
sentence som ebody take account
1 com m itting crimes using physical force in a group
2 being killed for a crime 3 .................. 4
3 being a prisoner in the place w here you live be responsible deter som ebody
4 breaking the rules w hen you're driving blam e som ebody prohibit som ebody
5 having to help others in a particular area punish som ebody release som ebody
6 using a gun to steal som ething
7 carrying a sharp w eapon to threaten people 2 Mat ch t he verbs and preposit ions in exercise 1 to
8 having to pay m oney for driving too fast definit ions 1-12.
9 a period o f tim e in jail 1 to steal som ething
10 cheating som ebody online to get m oney or goods 2 to say that som ething is som ebody's fault
11 having to stay in prison until death 3 to let som eb od y co m e ou t o f a place
12 stealing som ething minor 4 to think that som ething is good
5 to cause som ething
2 Complet e t he t able wit h t he words in exercise 1. 6 to consider the facts w hen making a decision
Crimes Punishment 7 to say that you have d on e som ething wrong
8 to give a punishm ent officially in court
1
2 9 to make som ebody suffer because th ey have done
som ething w rong
3
10 to be able to do som ething by law
4
11 to use authority to stop som ething being done
5
12 to make som ebody decide not to d o som ething
6
12
Youth grabs small change from
supermarket till
Vocabulary bank 6
do give have
2 Complet e t he t ext with t he correct form of t he
words in exercise 1.
Vocabulary bank 7
I p refe r m e a t to
c 9
fish a n d there's ‘ We.'re. b o re d ! Shhh ... i t 's
n o th in g b e tte r th an A ,re we ither-e y e t/” a se cre t.'
a b ig ju ic y steak
th a t m elts in y o u r
m o u th — I hate
th e m w h e n they're d h
‘UhjXf CL
' I d-d-don't
chew y. Steaks
kn-n-now /
so m e tim e s c o m e w ith salad, b u t I like th e m best ogeat uhzaS
w ith a plate o f h o t c ru n c h y ch ip s - th ey d o n 't
taste so g o o d i f th e chips arc oily.
1 making a sound w hen you bite it 2 say very quietly so that o th er people cannot hear
2 containing a lot o fju ice and goo d to eat 3 say w ith difficulty, repeating sounds or words
3 having more liquid than is usual 4 say in an annoying, com plaining voice
4 that easily breaks into ve ry small pieces 5 say loudly to show support
5 a liquid that doesn't flow very easily 6 say w hile letting ou t a long d eep breath
Vocabulary bank 8
Vocabulary bank 9
Technology Poetry
1 Choose t he word t hat cannot be used with t he verbs. 1 Mat ch t he words below to def init ions 1-12.
1 attach im agery m etaphor personification poem prose
a a docu m en t b a file c a folder d a session rhym e rhythm simile stanza sym bol them e
2 click on verse
a a button b a com puter c an im age d a link
1 a piece of writing arranged in short lines
3 d e le te
2 a group of lines that form a unit of a poem
a an account b a button c a com m ent
3 a regular repeated pattern o f sound
d an email
4 a word that has th e same sound as another
4 d o w n lo ad
5 the subject o fa piece of writing
a a film b a g am e c an im age d a router
6 an object that represents something
5 install
7 the practice o f giving hum an qualities to an animal,
a a com m en t b a firewall c a program
object or thing
d software
8 a phrase used in an im aginative w a y to show that
6 log into
one thing has the same qualities as another
a an account b a mistake c a router d a website
9 a phrase that com pares on e thing to another using
7 log o u t of
the words'like'or'as'.
a a com puter b a g am e c a message
10 language that produces pictures in the minds o f the
d a session
person reading
8 post
11 writing arranged in lines that have a definite rhythm
a a com m en t b a message c a program
and often finish w ith the same sound
d a photo
12 ordinary language used in speech or writing
9 share
a an article b a firewall c a photo d a video
2 Complet e t he t ext wit h t he correct form of t he
10 update
words in exercise 1.
a an app b your profile c a mistake
d your status
John Keats is one of the most famous
11 u pload figures in English literature. Unlike
a an account b a picture c a song d a video authors like Charles Dickens whose
12 u ndo major works were in 1........................
a an action b a change c a post d a picture , Keats w as a poet and so he wrote in
2.......................... The 3..........................
2 Complet e t he t ext with t he verbs in exercise 1. To A u tu m n is probably one of his
greatest works. It has three 4
of eleven lines and each line has a regular 5.......................
The first thing I do every m orning is turn on my
. The 6 schem e is variable, although the
com puter and check my emails. 11
final words of the first and third lines and the second and
the ones that I don’t need to keep and reply to those fourth lines always have the sam e sound.
that need dealing with. W hen people ask m e for The 7........................ of To A u tu m n is the end of life and
docum ents, I open a window, 2 the Keats uses the season of winter as a 8 for
file a n d 3 the docum ent to an email. death itself. He uses 9 in nearly every line
W hen I’ve dealt with my emails, 14 to fill the reader’s mind with pictures of the four seasons.
my favourite social networking website to see what The most obvious example is the 10........................ of
my friends are up to. 15 my status autumn as a goddess who helps the trees grow and fills
and then I look at my wall. I often 6 them with fruit. There are numerous 11........................ ,
for example the mention of lambs in spring to represent
com m ents on my friends' walls but I sometimes
life, and at the end of the second verse, Keats uses a
spell som ething wrong. W hen that happens, I
12........................ to com pare autumn to a kind of farm
7 the post and start again. W henever I labourer.
take photos, 18 them onto my profile
and 9 them with my friends. I'm quite
security-conscious about using the internet, so I
3 Mat ch t he words in exercise 1 t o examples 1-6.
always 10 the site before I start work.
1 Her hom e w as a prison.
1 11 quite a lot of games and videos,
so last year, I decided to 12 a better 2 The m oon shone like a bright light.
Vocabulary bank 10
2 Complete t he headlines with t he activities in exercise 1. 12 sell food and drinks at an event
Somet imes more than one answer is possible.
2 Complet e t he t ext wit h t he collocat ions in exercise 1.
1 Actor in London’s West End
The organizers of a music festival have a lot to think about
2 Poet for Olympic Games before they1......................... First o f all, they have to fix the
date when they want the festival to 2........................ Then
Composer for film soundtrack they have to 3........................ that suits the season they have
chosen: indoor for the winter outdoor for the summer Next,
M usician in underground they have to speak to the bands they want to 4.........................
They need to book groups who 5........................ forthe
5 Playw r ig ht ab o u t p lan e cr ash
festival to be a success, but the big acts who 6.......................
6 can sometimes be expensive.They also need to take into
P a in te r o f Q ueen
consideration how many people will 7........................ o f the
bands. In a crowd, it can be impossible to 8.......................
Bi o g r ap h er o f f am o u s act o r
to see the stage. In addition, they may need to contract a
8 ~ T
company to 9....................... , so that people do not enter
S c u lp t o r o u t o f ic e
without a ticket.They will need to contract another company
9
Scriptwriter for Avatar sequel to 10........................ with food and refreshments forthe
ticket holders. A cheaper option is to 11.......................
Designer for millionaire’s wife from the organizers'families and friends.These people can
12........................ that offers sandwiches and soft drinks.
N o v e lis t se t o n p la n et M a rs
12
Singer on balcony of hotel 3 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Tell a part ner about a
fest ival t hat is held in your cit y or count ry.
3 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Think of examples f ort he I attended the performance of the Stone Roses in Heaton
people in exercise 1.Tell a partner. Park last month.
G r am m ar r ef er en ce an d p r act ice 1
1.1 Present sim ple and present 2 Complet e t he sent ences. Use t he present
continuous cont inuous form of t he verb in brackets.
1 Right now, I ........................ in the Clock
Present simple Cafe, (sit)
2 Som e wild an im a ls..........................................more
base form o f verb (+ -s / -es for third used to people, (becom e)
A f fir m a tiv e
person singular) 3 Ollie about his girlfriend.
N e g a t iv e don't / doesn't -t- infinitive It's really annoying, (alw ays/talk)
4 W h a t m u s ic .......................................... to on your
Q u e s t io n s do / does it subject it infinitive
p h one? (you / listen)
5 I .......................................... anything im portant right
He always wears designer clothes.
now. (not do)
Fashions and customs don't always stay the same.
6 W e .......................................... w ith our grandparents
Po you like tattoos? Yes, I do. / No, l don't.
this w eek because o f the bad weather, (not stay)
7 It very hot in here, isn't it?
Use
(get)
W e use the present sim ple to talk about:
8 M agazines...........................................us w ith images
habits and everyday routines,
o f beautiful young people, (always / bom bard)
facts and general truths.
states. Som e verbs that describe states are believe, hate,
3 Choose t he correct sent ence endings.
have, know, like, need, prefer, see, seem, think understand,
want.
1 He annoys m e because he
a is always looking at his mobile,
W e use the following tim e expressions with the present
b alw ays looks at his mobile.
simple: always, everyday, often, regularly, usually, sometimes,
2 The text is in Germ an, so I
hardly ever, never.
a don't understand it.
1 Choose t he correct answers. b am not understanding it.
3 Ju lie loves make-up. In fact, she
1 At w h at tem perature is / does w ater freeze?
a is wearing it every day.
2 I'm n o t / don 't like the idea o f cosm etic surgery.
b wears it every day.
3 Paul don 't / d oesn't always do his homework.
4 I'd love to help you, but
4 Helen and Rosie w a tc h / w atch es a lot o f television.
a I'm making lunch at the m om ent,
5 M y m um goes / g o to th e gym every Friday.
b I make lunch at th e m om ent.
6 W e hardly n e ve r / e ve r take the train.
5 W h e n w ild animals are ill or injured, they
a alw ays look for a hidden place to rest.
Present continuous b are always looking for a hidden place to rest.
6 I he sum m er is nearly finished and
A f fir m a tiv e is / are i t -ing form a it's getting dark earlier.
N e g a t iv e isn't / aren't + -ing form b it gets dark earlier.
Q u e s t io n s is / are + subject + -ing form 4 Rewrit e t he sent ences t hat are incorrect .
1 G oo d morning. I look for a chic scarf as a present for
The grass in the garden is getting very long.
m y sister.
I'm not wearing my hair in a ponytail today.
Are you lookinq for a particular type of jacket?
2 School finishes early on the last d ay o f term.
Yes, l am. / No, I'm not.
1.2 Verb patterns 1 Complet e t he sent ences. Use t he infinit ive form of
W h e n tw o verbs appear together in a sentence, the first t he verbs in brackets, eit her wit h or wit hout to.
on e can be followed by the infinitive (with or w ithout to) 1 W e c o u ld n 't.................................... for very long, (wait)
or th e -ing form o f the second. 2 W h e n I left, I promised in touch,
It is im portant to rem em ber the pattern for each verb. (stay)
B elow are som e of the most com m on ones. 3 W h a t will w e w ithout a
■ Verb it infinitive with to (decide, expect, prom ise, choose, goalkeeper in our team ? (do)
seem , need, want) 4 Has Sam decided our club? (join)
We decided to meet outside the block Lafe. 5 You m u s t.................................... tim e to exercise every
Verb + infinitive w ithout to (shall, m ust, could, will, day. (find)
should) 6 Charles didn't expect so many
You should eat less junk food. w ild animals in on e place, (see)
Verb + - ing (suggest, consider, adm it, enjoy, avoid,
im agine) 2 Complet e t he sent ences. Use eit her t he inf initive it
I enjoyed listening to Dan's music. to or t he - ing form of t he verbs in brackets. If both
Verb + infinitive or -ing (like, love, prefer) t he inf initive and t he - in g form are possible, write
Faula doesn't like staying up late. both forms.
Raula doesn't like to stay up late. 1 They always avoid by train if
possible, (travel)
Som e verbs ch an g e their m eaning depending on w hether 2 I su g g ested .................................... fo ra walk, but then
th ey are followed by infinitive + to or verb + -ing. it started to rain, (go)
These include: rem em ber, forget, stop, try, regret. 3 Eddie loves dinner for
rem em ber + infinitive w ith to: to rem em ber that you everyone, (make)
need to d o something. 4 Don't f o r g e t ....................................som e milk later,
I remembered to buy milk. will you? (buy)
rem em ber + -ing: to have a m em ory of doing something. 5 He a d m itte d .................................. the m oney, but
I remember buying milk, but l don't remember picking not the jewellery, (take)
up my purse in the shop. 6 I can't im agine dinner in an
forget it infinitive w ith to: w e forget before the action. expensive restaurant, (have)
We forgot to buy a cake for Martha's birthday. 7 Jo an n a doesn't rem em ber me
forget + -ing: often in the phrase will never forget, to talk all those years ago. (m eet)
about a m em orable experience. 8 D o you catch the bus into tow n, or d o you prefer
I'll never forget spending that week in Pome. ? (walk)
stop + infinitive with to: to stop in order to do
something. 3 Complet e t he sent ences. Use eit her t he - in g form or
She stopped to look in the shop window. t he inf initive form of t he verbs below.
■ stop + -ing: to end an action.
have w ork take spend m ention w ear
She stopped looking in the window and walked off
lo c k * sleep
towards the station.
fry + infinitive with to: to do your best. 1 I im m ediately reg retted....................................
I'm trying to do my homework, so can you please make her mistake, and I apologized.
less noise? 2 Dad som etim es forgets
try it -ing: to d o som ething that m ight solve a problem. the door at night, so M u m always checks it.
We've tried putting oil in the lock, but we still can't open 3 Please t r y ......................................
the door. You'll be very tired tom orrow if you don't.
regret + infinitive w ith to: a formal w ay o f giving bad 4 At five o'clock exactly, everyone at the factory stops
news. and goes home.
We regret to inform you that the l4.05 train to York is 5 I hope Fiona rem e m b e red ....................................
cancelled. the m eat ou t of the freezer last night.
regret it -ing: to feel sorry about som ething that you did 6 W e worked in the garden all morning, and stopped
in the past. ....................................lunch at on e o'clock.
Kate really regrets saying those things to Suzy. 7 I'll never forget such a
w onderful sum m er at Ryan's house in Canada.
8 If your feet are hurting, you should try
different shoes.
Quest ions did it subject + infinitive Sue had remembered to brinq a torch.
I hadn't been on a coach tour before.
She described the holiday in detail. Had you tried a house-swap before this summer?
They didn't see the sights. Yes, 1 had. / No, I hadn't.
Pid you go backpacking? Yes, we did. / No, we didn't.
M any verbs have irregular past simple forms, e.g. Use
h a ve- * h a d , see- * sa w , b u y- * b ou g h t . W e use the past perfect to talk about:
an action or even t that happened before another action
Use in th e past.
W e use the past simple to talk about: They had saved up a lot of money before they went on
com pleted past actions or past states. the cruise.
We visited several important sites during the week, to talk about tw o com pleted past actions, introduced
a sequence o f actions in the past. by w hen or offer. The past perfect always refers to the
I tried to ask the man for directions in French. He action that happened first.
smiled at me and replied in perfect English, When / After we had checked into the hotel, we found
past habits. our room and went to bed.
Before he bought a car, John travelled everywhere by
bike. This is quite similar to w hen + past sim ple + past simple,
but the use of the past perfect generally suggests a longer
W e use when + past simple + past sim ple to talk about tw o period o f tim e betw een th e tw o actions.
co n n ected actions that happen at around the same time. When / After Rosa had read P-achel's note, she started
When Rosa read P-ache\'s note, she started laughing. laughing.
When can appear in the middle o f the sentence, w ithout a
com m a. 1 Choose t he correct sent ence in each pair.
Rosa started laughing when she read P-achel's note. 1 a W ere you finding your w atch w hen you tidied up?
b Did you find your w atch while you w ere tidying up?
Past continuous 2 a I saw a big spider in m y sleeping bag w hen I
open ed it.
Affirmative was / were + -ing form
b I was seeing a big spider in m y sleeping bag w hen
Negative wasn't / weren't + -ing form I open ed it.
3 a It was eight o'clock. The sun was setting and
Quest ions was / were + subject + -ing form
people w ere enjoying the w arm evening air.
b It was eight o'clock. The sun set and people
It was raining when we arrived.
enjoyed the w arm evening air.
We weren't cycling very fast.
4 a W h ile you w ere putting your bag in the overhead
Were you waitinq very long for the coach?
locker, som ething fell out.
Yes, we were. / No, we weren't.
b W h ile you put your bag in the overhead locker,
som ething fell out.
Use
5 a W e discussed our holiday destination w hen Sharon
W e use the past continuous to talk about:
had a great idea.
background descriptions.
The sun was shining and everyone was smiling and b W e w ere discussing our holiday destination w hen
Sharon had a great idea.
lauqhing.
6 a Matilda's shoe broke w hile she w as walking around
actions in progress at a specific tim e in the past.
tow n, so she bought a n e w pair,
I was talking to a very interesting person this afternoon,
longer actions interrupted by shorter actions.
b Matilda's shoe w as breaking w hile she was walking
around tow n, so she bought a n e w pair.
I was putting my bag in the luggage rack when 1 dropped
7 a O n ce the plane was starting its engines, Kieran
my phone.
realized that he w as very nervous,
2 One of t he verbs in each sent ence is wrong. Rewrite Mum used to work as a tour guide.
one of t he verbs in each sent ence in t he correct It didn't use to be o r a t o r y to wear a seatbelt.
form. Use t he past simple, past cont inuous or past Did your grandparents use to go on a working holiday every
perf ect . year? Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.
3.1 Past sim ple and present Note that it is possible to use H ow long with a past simple
verb and for, but w e can't use since in the past simple
perfect answer.
P a st sim ple P re s e n t p e rfe c t How long did Tom have the rash for? (Tom no longer has
the rash.)
For actions that happened For actions that happened He had it for a month.
at a specific point in the at som e point in the past; NOT He had it since February.
past, usually with a tim e the tim e is unknow n or
expression. unimportant. The verb go has tw o past participle forms: been and gone.
Lee went to Fortugal last Larrie has stayed at that W e use been w hen w e know that som eone has returned
year. hotel twice. from a trip. W e use gon e w hen th ey have not returned.
Jo sh has been to India. (= He is back now.)
For situations that For actions or states that
Josh has gone to India. (= He is still in India.)
happened in a period of began in the past and
tim e that has ended. that continue up to the
In the past simple, there is only on e form for the past
I lived in Germany from present, usually w ith for or
o f go: went.
2002 to ZOOle. since.
Josh went to India last year. (W e don't know if he cam e
Freda has worked here for
back, or if he is still there.)
several years.
Jim has been a teacher
W e can use the past sim ple or the present perfect with time
since 2.0I0.
expressions, such as: today, this m orning, this evening, this
W ith past tim e references, W ith ever, never, already, w eek this year, etc. Com pare th e sentences:
such as yesterday, l a st ... ju st and yet. I wrote three emails this morning. (The speaker is talking in
and ... ago. Have you ever been here the evening, so the period o f tim e has ended.)
We finished our exams last before? I've written three emails this morning. (The speaker is
week. No. I've never been here in talking in the morning, so the period o f tim e continues.)
Karen started her new my life.
school a few days ago. Have the girls arrived yet? 1 Choose t he correct sent ence endings.
Isabel has already arrived. 1 It's tw o o'clock in the afternoon. Leo usually phones
Kirsty has iust got here, but at ten o'clock
Suzy hasn't arrived yet. a but he didn't phone me this morning,
W ith tim e references such W ith tim e references such
b but he hasn't phoned m e this morning.
2 I'm trying to con tact m y old penfriend but
as this m orning, t oday and as this m orning, t oday and
a she m oved to a n e w city.
this w eek to talk about this week to talk about the
som ething that happened w h o le of that period of
b she has m oved to a n e w city.
3 They keep getting lost because
in a part o f that period that tim e up to now.
a th ey haven't been here before,
is finished. I haven't seen Fred this
I saw Fred this morning. morning. (It is still the b th ey didn't go here before.
4 I've stopped going skating because
(The m orning is finished.) morning.)
Pid Laura phone today? Has Laura phoned today? a I've broken m y leg the last tim e I went,
(It is n ow the evening, so (It is still the daytime.)
b I broke m y leg the last tim e I went.
5 She didn't buy a coat in the market because
the main part of'tod ay'is
a she didn't find anything suitable there.
finished.)
b she hasn't found anything suitable there.
W ith the question form W ith the question form 6 It's strange. I can't find Simon, but he
H ow long a g o ... ? H ow l o n g ... ? and w ith for a was here a fe w minutes ago.
How long ago did Tom or since. b has been here a few minutes ago.
break his leg? How long have you had
He broke it two years ago. that rash?
I've had it for a month /
since February.
2 Complet e t he sent ences. Use t he present perf ect or The present perfect and the present perfect continuous
past simple form of t he verbs below. can som etim es be used w ith little difference in meaning,
especially w ith verbs that express a continuous action such
own n o te a t com e run live go be get
as w ait, live, w ork + for or since.
1 I know you live in England now, but h o w long He's waited a long time for this moment.
........................ y o u ......................... in Ireland for? He's been waiting a long time for this moment.
2 The Ro m an s........................ to Britain over tw o However, the present perfect can tell us that an action finished
thousand years ago. recently, while the present perfect continuous emphasizes the
3 Grandad in hospital since last week. activity itself.
4 Harry every m orning for a year, and he I've done my homework. (I recently finished my homework.)
isn't going to stop now. I've been doing my homework. (That is h ow I’ve spent my
5 H o w long ag o your parents tim e until just now.)
....................... married? The present perfect continuous can't be used w ith state
6 M y aunt and uncle to India for six verbs, e.g. be, like, believe, have.
months. They gave m e this lovely souvenir. I've been a teacher since ZOOB.
7 H o w long y o u ........................ your pet NOT I've been being a teacher since 2.0 0 &.
snake? The present perfect continuous isn't used to say h o w often
8 W e had a sandwich last night but w e ........................ som ething happened.
since then. They've visited us many times.
NOT They've been visiting us many times:
3.2 ■Present p erfect continuous 1 Complet e t he sent ences using t he present perf ect
cont inuous form of t he verbs below.
Aff irmative and negative
get chat w ait do take not study
1
You have been 1 I at this bus stop for half
We haven't been an hour.
They 2 You're soaking wet! W h a t .............................. you
watching T V
.............................. 7
He
has been 3 M a rc ia .......................................... to her friend
She
hasn't been on the phone since 530.
It
4 M a rk .......................................... very hard for his exam.
Quest ions and short answers 5 W e ........................................ extra lessons to
help us w ith our maths.
6 I he population fatter over
you Yes, 1have.
Have th e past few decades.
we No, 1haven't.
they been w atching
2 Choose t he correct sent ence. Somet imes, both are
TV?
he correct.
Yes, he has.
Has she 1 a W e're late because w e've been helping Dad clean
No, she hasn't.
it th e garage.
b We're late because w e've helped Dad d e a n the
Use garage.
W e use the present perfect continuous to talk about: 2 a The Fielding fam ily have lived in this area for at
a situation or action that began in the past and is still in least a century.
progress. The emphasis is on th e duration of the activity. b The Fielding family have been living in this area for
W e can use for and sin ce to show how long. at least a century.
You've been writing that letter for three hours, 3 a I've had a headache since lunchtime.
an action that has happened repeatedly in the past and b I've been having a headache since lunchtime.
that is still happening now. 4 a Ben's been writing a science fiction story. In fact,
Pan's been taking guitar lessons, he's nearly finished it.
a very recent action w hich has either just finished or b Ben's w ritten a science fiction story. In fact, he's
w hich has just been interrupted; the present perfect nearly finished it.
continuous often introduces a reason or explanation. 5 a It's been raining, so the grass is quite wet.
Kate and Lucy have been playing tennis. b It's rained, so the grass is quite wet.
I'm tired because I've been working all day. 6 a The reason I'm covered in flour is because I've
m ade biscuits.
b The reason I'm covered in flour is because I've
been making biscuits.
Future perfect
You
Aff irmative and negative
H e / S h e / It will be
helping m any people.
I We w on't be
You You
H e / S h e / It will have They
helped m any people.
We w on't have
You
Quest ions and short answers
They I
you Yes, you
Quest ions and short answers be helping
h e / s h e / it will.
Will m any
I we No, they
people?
you Yes, you you w o n ’t.
h e / s h e / it have helped will. they
Will
we m any people? No, they
you won't.
they
Use
W e use the future continuous with a future tim e expression
to talk about actions that will be in progress at a definite
Use tim e in the future.
W e use the future perfect to talk about: I'll be travelling to Africa this time next week.
an action that will be com pleted before a definite time
in the future. It is not always necessary to use a future tim e expression,
particularly if the tim efram e is clear from the context.
W e often use by + a tim e expression to say w hen the action Will you be helping out at the event? (som e tim e betw een
will be finished. the start and the end o f the event)
The traffic situation will have improved by eleven o'clock,
ball Lh ris tomorrow. He'll have had more time to think 2 Complet e sent ence b so t hat it has a similar
about the idea by then. meaning to sent ence a. Use t he future perf ect or
f ut ure cont inuous t ense.
W e can also use before it tim e expression.
1 a The concert finishes at 9.00.
Lh ris won't have made his decision before tomorrow. b At 8.59, the c o n c e rt..................................................
A tim e expression is not always necessary, however.
2 a W e leave school at 3.45.
I hope that we won't have done all that hard work for b B y 4.00,1. ................... school.
nothing. 3 a Nick is going to arrive hom e later than 12.00.
The campaign will raise awareness of the issue, but in the b Nick h om e by 11.55.
end, what will it have achieved? 4 a It's eleven o'clock. At eleven o'clock tom orrow, she's
flying to Lisbon.
1 Complet e t he sent ences with t he f ut ure perf ect
b This tim e tom orrow s h e ...........................................
form of t he verbs in brackets.
to Lisbon.
1 By four o'clock this afternoon, Olivia 5 a The package will take several weeks to arrive,
....................................her driving test, (take) b The p a c k a g e .................................................by
2 W ait until tom orrow to speak to Mark. He tomorrow.
.................................... his mind up before then, (not 6 a The protest begins tom orrow m orning at 9 a.m.
make up) and continues all day.
3 By this tim e tom orrow, Mr R e e d .................................... b By 9.30 tom orrow, the protest
across th e English Channel, (swim)
4 By the end o f this essay, I .................................... over
tw o thousand words, (write)
5 you your exam results
by this tim e tom orrow ? (receive)
6 By this tim e on Friday, I .................................. this film
six times, (see)
W e norm ally use m u st w h e n the speaker thinks that 1 The police ...................................do som ething
som ething is im portant, and have to w h e n som eone else about the crim e in this area. After all, it's their job.
thinks it is. However, it is fairly com m on to use have to 2 Miss Clark says w e g o on the
instead of m u st w hen talking about an obligation that school trip, but that w e will learn a lot if w e do go.
com es from the speaker 3 If you're in the football team, you
.................................... g o to football practice every
1 Choose t he correct words. lunchtime. It's a bit annoying.
1 N obod y can / must borrow these books w ithout 4 Y o u .................................... borrow up to four books
permission. at the library, so I've borrow ed four.
2 Visitors mustn't / don't have to feed th e animals in 5 Y o u .................................. w ear dirty trainers
the zoo, as this m ay harm the animals. in the sports hall.
3 Students must / may bring a small bottle o f water 6 People . eat their ow n food
into the exam, if th ey wish. in this cafe. O nly food that is bought in the cafe
4 Drivers may / must stop at a red traffic light. can be eaten here.
5 According to th e map, w e have to / can walk as far as
the river, but not beyond that.
6 You must not / don't have to take an y photos inside
the art gallery. However, there are postcards available
o f all the paintings.
4 Complet e t he sent ences using t he future passive 1 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he correct form of
form of t he verbs below. h a ve so m et h i n g d o n e.
take forget ask not make give keep 1 Lucy's at the optician at the moment.
■ not start spend She ........................................ her eyes tested.
2 Paul w en t to the garage yesterday.
1 Everyone w h o com es into this building
H e .......................................... his m otorbike repaired
to show their identity card.
there.
2 In a few days, this in cid e n t.................................... and
3 Ja n e and Liz have d on e som ething ve ry patriotic.
everything will carry on as normal.
T h e y .......................................... their nails painted in
3 Tom orrow afternoon, y o u .................................... on a
red, w h ite and blue.
tour o f th e old town.
4 Carla's husband had asked th e hotel to put flowers
4 A decision on th e school's future
and chocolates in the room before their arrival.
until next year.
Carla's husband flowers
5 W hat all the m on ey w e collected
and chocolates put in the room before their arrival.
.................................... on?
5 So m eo n e will be painting our fence later.
6 At the end o f the com petition, a prize
W e ..........................................our fence painted
for the best design.
later on.
7 W ork on the n e w building for
6 Is the house being professionally cleaned?
another six months.
we the house
8 Don't w orry about th e money. O nce w e count it, it
professionally cleaned?
in a safe place.
7.1 Reported speech W e can use the verb tell instead o f soy to report w hat
som eone says.
W e use reported speech w hen w e w an t to tell som eone
If w e use tell, w e must follow it w ith a personal pronoun,
about som ething that another person said. Tenses and
theo told me that he had a plan.
pronouns ch an g e in reported speech if the tim e and the
NOT Theo told that he had a plan.
speaker change. The tense of th e main verb changes in the
However, w e never use a personal pronoun after say.
following ways:
NOT Theo said me that ...
Direct speech Report ed speech There are other reporting verbs that w e can use apart from
Present simple Past simple say and tell, e.g. add, adm it, agree, explain, poin t out, prom ise,
She said: Tan snores —> She said that lan snored reply, warn. O f the verbs in this list, on ly prom ise and warn
very loudly.' very loudly. are followed by a personal pronoun.
It is usually necessary to change pronouns and possessive 2 Complet e t he sent ences wit h t he correct pronouns
adjectives, too: or possessive forms. Somet im es no change is
'My dog isn't very well,' Harry said. -> Harry said that his needed.
dog wasn't very well. 1 'Colin can't find his dog,'said Ewan.
'I'm buying a present for my dad/ she said. -> She said that Ew an said that Colin couldn't find dog.
she was buying a present for her dad. 2 'M um is annoyed w ith both o f you,'said Debbie.
Debbie said that M u m was annoyed with both of
W e also change references to tim e and place.
Time 3 'W e aren't going on the school trip today,'said Wend>
now —> then / a t that m om ent W e n d y said th a t................weren't going on the
here there
3 Choose t he correct words. 1 Choose t he correct sent ence endings. Somet imes
1 He prom ised / w a rn e d that I m ight be in a both are correct.
dangerous situation. 1 The police officer asked me
2 I thought w e w ou ld be late, but Sarah agreed / a w h at w as I doing?
p o in ted o u t that the train wasn't d ue to leave for b w h at I w as doing.
another hour. 2 Nina asked her m um
3 Jack w a rn e d / explained that he was at hom e a if she could go into tow n to m eet a friend,
because the school w as closed. b w h eth er could she g o into to w n to m eet a friend.
4 Although she denied it at first,Thea eventually 3 I spotted Tim and asked him
a d m itted / prom ised that she had lost the book. a if he w anted to play football in the park,
5 Ken explain ed / a d m itted that he w ouldn't tell b if he wants to play football in the park.
anyone m y secret. 4 Our neighbours asked us
6 At first, Diana said I w as wrong, but in the end, she a if w e had seen their dog.
prom ised / agreed that it w ou ld be better to do b w hether w e had seen their dog.
things m y way. 5 The m odel plane that Grandad m ade was amazing,
and I asked
a him h o w he had m ade it.
7.2 Reported questions and b did it take long to make it.
com m ands 6 A tourist stopped us in the street and asked us
a w here w as he.
W e report questions with the verb ask. Ask can be followed
by a personal pronoun, or can be used without one.
b w here he was.
7 W e asked our teacher
To report a yes/ no question, w e use the structure ask
a w h e n w ou ld start th e exams,
(it object) it if. The w ord order is the same as in an
affirmative sentence. This means that the subject com es
b w hen the exams w ould start.
8 Richard cam e over and asked
before the verb.
a me if th e news w as true.
John asked if I was feeling all right.
John asked me if I was feeling all right. b if the news w as true.
NOT John asked me if was I feeling all right.
2 Write t he act ive quest ions and com mands as
reported quest ions and commands. Use t he correct
W e can use w hether instead o f //.There is no difference in
form of t he report ing verbs t ell and a sk .
meaning.
Max asked if we wanted to 90 to the cinema, 1 'W ait here for m e,’ said Luke.
or Max asked whether we wanted to 90 to the cinema.
2 'W h ere does Paul live?'asked Mum.
To report a wh- question, w e use a wh- word followed by an
affirmative w ord order. 3 H o w ’s your toe?'asked Nancy.
She asked (Fiona) what the time was.
NOT Sh e-asked (Fiona) what was the time. 4 'Give m e the torch,' she said.
W e report orders and com m ands w ith the verb tell. W e use 5 'Don't do anything until next week,' Mr Carr said.
th e structure tell + personal pronoun + infinitive with to.
They told us to stand in the queue. 6 'Have you been ill?’asked Kevin.
To report an order not to d o som ething, w e put n ot before
th e infinitive with to. 7 'Don't play your music so loud, you two,' said Dad.
She told me not to worry.
8 'Are you Ted Fielding's n e p h e w ?1asked the man.
Rem em ber that it is still necessary to follow the rules about
changing tenses, pronouns and possessive forms, as w ell as
references to place and time.
'Lome back here tomorrow evening,' he said. —> He told me
to 90 back there the next / following evening.
8.1 Third conditional Complet e t he t hird condit ional sent ences wit h t he
correct form of t he verbs in brackets.
W e use the third conditional to talk about unreal situations
in the past.The condition is impossible, because w e cannot 1 If y o u .................................... (listen) m ore closely, you
1 Complet e t he second sent ences using w ish it a 8.3 Speculating about th e past
negat ive or aff irmative verb. W e use the following forms to speculate about the past:
1 Jam es doesn't live in the countryside. m ay have, cou ld have, m ight have, m u st have, can't have.
Ja m e s .......................................... in the countryside. They are all follow ed by a past participle.
2 Tamsin leads a stressful life.
Tamsin a stressful life. W e use m ay have, cou ld have and m ight have to talk about
3 Sarah isn't here with me. things that possibly happened in the past.
I ........................................... here with me. R aul's late. He may have / could have / m ight have got lost.
4 W e gave aw a y Dad's watch.
I ........................................... Dad’s watch. M ust have and can't have have opposite m eanings to each
5 They didn't ask m e to be in the team. other. W e use m u st have to speculate about things that w e
I .......................................... to be in the team. are certain w ere true or happened in the past. W e use can't
6 You and Ian w ere late for the meal last night. have to speculate about things that w e are alm ost certain
I late for the meal last night. w ere not true or did not happen in the past.
J u lie isn 't h ere. S h e m u st have left early.
2 Choose t he correct sent ence endings. J a c k h a s b een at hom e all day. You ca n 't have se e n him in
1 I've spent all m y money. If only town.
a I saved it. Note that it is not possible to use m ustn't have t o speculate
b I'd saved it. about the past.
2 M olly arrived late at school. If only NOT You m u stn 't have se e n h im in tow n.
a she didn't miss her train.
b she hadn't missed her train. 1 Choose t he correct words.
3 I always speak to m y French friend in English. If only 1 N obody has seen Jackie for about an hour. She
a I w ould speak French. must / might have left.
b I spoke French. 2 Paula alw ays gets top marks in maths. She mustn't /
4 Mark didn't see his favourite band because they can't have failed her maths exam.
cancelled the concert. If only 3 Donna's been at h om e all morning. You can't / could
a th ey hadn't cancelled the concert, have seen her in tow n earlier.
b th ey didn't cancel the concert. 4 I may / must have spoken to your Aunt Jane, but I'm
5 Our tw o dogs wake m e up early every day. If only not sure.
a th ey hadn't been so excitable. 5 It might / must have rained during the night, as all
b th ey weren't so excitable. the roads are wet.
6 Caroline had a big lunch and couldn’t g o swimming. 6 I don’t know w hen Sam visited our house. It can't /
If only could have been Tuesday, because M u m w as at
a she hadn't had so m uch to eat. hom e fo rth e w h o le day, and she didn't see him.
b she didn't have so m uch to eat.
2 Complet e t he sent ences wit h m a y h a ve, m i g h t h a ve,
3 Complet e t he sent ences with h a d n 't , d i d n 't or co u ld h a ve, m u st h a ve or ca n 't h a ve, and t he past
w o u ld n 't . part iciple of t he verbs in bracket s. If more t han one
1 If w e told you about Nick, answer is possible, give all t he answers.
y o u .................................... have found out. 1 Our dog ran aw a y only a m inute ago, so he
2 I wish M ik e ................................... bought m e such ........................................ (go) far.
an expensive present. I feel a bit embarrassed. 2 I asked so m any peop le to com e to the party,
3 Z o e som etim es wishes she have I suppose I .................................................(invite)
a twin sister. It can be confusing for other people. Ben and A n d y as well.
4 I'm thinking of buying this jacket, but I'm not sure. 3 After Holly left David's house, she looked really upset.
If on ly it have those plastic H e .................................................(say) som ething
buttons. awful to her.
5 M y dad . have m et m y m um if 4 The eclipse happened earlier this morning. W e
h e .....................................started learning Germ an (miss) it.
at evening classes. 5 Any pupils w h o w ere in or near the building at the
6 If on ly y o u .................................... told Clare t im e .................................................(see) th e burglars.
about m y problem. N o w everyone knows. If that's the case, please speak to a teacher
7 If I...................................... seen the evidence, I 6 W h e n I heard that we'd w on the lottery I thought that
...................................have believed it. s o m e o n e .................................................(make)
8 Do you som etim es wish com puters a mistake.
exist?
9.1 D efining relative clauses 1 Put t he words in order to make sent ences.
W e use relative clauses to connect tw o ideas. A relative 1 places / w here / used to / several /There w ere / meet,
clause com es im m ediately after a noun. /w e
Defining relative clauses g ive essential information about
the noun. If w e took ou t the relative clause, the sentence 2 has left. / you / arrived w ith / boy / that /T he
w ou ld not make sense. Relative clauses are introduced by
relative pronouns and adverbs. 3 an anim al / quite fast. / is / w hich / elephant / can run
The relative pronoun that can refer back to a person or a /An
thing. Who refers to a person, and w hich refers to a thing,
Tweetinq is an activity which / that didn't exist ten years aqo. 4 w hich / a tow n / cinemas. / Bordley / is / tw o / has
My sister is a person who / that is always sympathetic.
5 recently? / Is that / w o n / a prize / girl / w h o / the
W h e n com bining tw o sentences, w e d o not repeat the
subject or object o f the relative pronoun. 6 I'd / sho w you / like to / live. / w here w e / the street
There is the castle. 1 was telling you about it earlier.
-> There is the castle that 1 was telling you about earlier.
NOT Ther e is the castle that I was telling you about it earlier. 2 Complet e t he sent ences wit h w h i ch , w h o , w h er e,
w h en o r w h o se.
It is possible to leave ou t the relative pronoun w ho, which 1 The p e o p le ........................ w e com plained to w ere
or that w hen it refers to the object o f the relative clause, but very sympathetic.
not w hen it is the subject of th e relative clause. 2 I w anted to buy a la p to p ........................ was reliable
1need a laptop (which / that) l can carry around easily. and inexpensive.
BUT l need a laptop which / that is light but durable. 3 The man door w e first knocked on
The relative pronoun w hom can be used instead o f w ho in wasn't very helpful.
formal contexts to talk about a person w h e n the person is 4 I need to find a shop th ey sell gadgets
the object of the relative clause. and digital equipm ent.
The man who / whom they arrested is one of my 5 He's really looking forward to the d a y ........................
neighbours. he learns to drive a car.
W e use the relative pronoun w hose to refer back to a person 6 I'd like to introduce you to the man life
or anim al that possesses som ething, or for a relationship story I'm writing.
b etw een tw o people.
I'd like to meet the man whose phone l found. 3 Choose t he correct sent ence in each pair. In t wo
Is she the girl whose brother is a doctor? cases, both are correct.
1 a W h a t did you do w ith the m on ey that w as in your
It is possible to use the relative adverbs when and where to bag?
link ideas. b W h at did you do with the m on ey w hich w as in
W e use when to refer to a tim e at w hich som ething your bag?
happened.
2 a I can't rem em ber the nam e of the boy w hose idea
Do you remember the time when we all went on holiday it was.
together? b I can’t rem em ber the nam e o f the boy that idea it
W e use where to refer to a place in w hich som ething took was.
place. 3 a Provincetow n is the place w here arrived th e first
This is the shop where I bouqht my mobile. ships from England.
Note that th e relative pronoun whose, and th e adverbs
b Provincetow n is the place w here the first ships
w hen and where, can’t be followed directly by a verb. from England arrived.
4 a This morning, I ran into som eone I hadn't seen for
a long time.
b This morning, I ran into som eone that I hadn't seen
fo ra long time.
5 a The file w hich w as attached to Jody's email
contained a virus.
b The file w as attached to Jody's email contained a
virus.
6 a Did you speak to the neighbour w hich took your
ball?
b Did you speak to the neighbour w h o took your ball?
120 Gr am m ar r ef er en ce an d p r act i ce 9
www.frenglish.ru
language, whilst non-defining relative clauses are more known him since w e w ere at primary school.
Gr am m ar r ef er en ce an d p r act i ce 9 121
www.frenglish.ru
10.1 Particip le clauses Choose t he correct sent ence. Somet imes, both
Instead o f using a full relative clause (defining or non- opt ions are correct.
defining) to con n ect ideas, w e can use a clause introduced 1 a M y brother, appearing on stage for th e first tim e
by a participle. The participle can be an -ing form or an -ed w ith his band, looked nervous.
form .These participles are known as present participles b M y brother, appeared on stage for the first tim e
(-ing form) and past participles (- ed form). with his band, looked nervous.
2 a The cat, w hich looking very hungry, cam e to us.
A present participle replaces an active verb in the present. b The cat, looking ve ry hungry, cam e to us.
I need to get a message to someone who is getting on the 3 a The people w h o attended the even t arrived from
plane. far and wide.
I need to get a message to someone getting on the plane. b The people attending the event arrived from far
and wide.
W e can also use the present participle to replace an active 4 a The even t taking place on stage at the m om ent is
verb in th e past. really comical.
Oliver, who was worrying about his exam results, didn't b The even t that is taking place on stage at the
notice that his bus had ju st left. m om ent is really comical.
Oliver, worrying about his exam results, didn't notice that 5 a David, not looking very interested, asked m e if it
his bus had ju st left. w as tim e to leave yet.
The participle can on ly replace a relative pronoun w hen it b David, not looked very interested, asked m e if it
refers to the subject o f the relative clause, not the object. was tim e to leave yet.
Oliver, who I was worrying about, ... 6 a The clouds w hich w ere forming looked threatening,
NOT Oliver, I worrying about, ... b The clouds form ed looked threatening.
The participle can replace that, w hich and w ho, but not 2 Replace t he underlined words wit h t he correct
w hen, where or whose. act ive or passive part iciple form.
The police stopped a small car that / which was carryinq ten 1 The film, w hich w as described bv the director as a
people. product o f trial and error, was a huge success.
The police stopped a small car carrying ten people.
2 The person w h o was chosen to olav the m ain role in
A past participle replaces a passive verb, w hich can be in the film w as a little-known actor.
the present or past. 3 T he catering service w hich provided th e food was a
Bags of rubbish which are left on the pavement are causing local one. .......................
problems. 4 People that teach very young children have a difficult
Bags of rubbish left on the pavement are causing problems. and im portant job. .........................
The book, which was bought online, was torn when 1 5 The words that w ere spoken by the actor w ere not
received it. the ones in th e script. ........................
The book, bought online, was torn when l received it. 6 Music festivals, w hich are n o w held all over the world,
offer the ch ance to see world-famous performers on
If the relative clause includes a negative verb, w e simply put stage. ........................
'not'in front of the participle, w h eth er an active o r a passive
participle. 3 Rewrit e t he sent ences using t he correct part iciple
Oliver, who wasn't thinking about anything in particular, ... form.
-> Oliver, not thinking about anything in particular, ... 1 The man w h o is training m y sister used to be a world-
The book, which wasn't bought in a shop, ... famous swimmer.
-> The book, not bought in a shop, ...
2 Som e children w h o w ere standing nearby started
laughing.
10.2 D eterm iners Each m eans every single. It is used before a singular noun.
She wore four earrings in each ear.
W e use the following determiners to talk about quantity:
Every has a similar m eaning to each, and is also used before
(a) little, (a) few, som e, any, m uch, m any, a lot of, m ost, all, no,
a singular noun.
each.
My brother's been to four festivals this year. He said that
W e use som e and an y before uncountable nouns or plural
every festival was great.
countable nouns to mean a num ber o f or an am ou n t of.
W e use som e in affirmative sentences or in questions
Except for a lot o f and all, th e determiners listed above
w h e n making an offer.
can't be used im m ediately before an article, pronoun or
We've got some apples but we need some juice.
determ iner such as:
Would you like some coffee?
a, an, the; my, your, his; this, these, those;you, it, them , etc.
W e use a n y in negative sentences and in questions.
Instead, w e add of. W e use it to talk about a particular item
Did the supermarket have any chicken? No, and we
or items.
haven't got any meat in the fridge either.
Some of those people look younger than sixteen, (some
people in a particular group)
W e use m uch and m an y in negatives and questions to talk
Some people look younger than sixteen, (people in general)
about large quantities.
No can't be followed by of. Instead, w e use non e (= not one)
W e use m u ch with uncountable nouns.
+ of.
Have you got much rice? - No, and I haven't got much
None of my friends wanted to go and see the band.
milk, either.
NOT No-of-my -friends -■
W e use m an y with plural countable nouns.
Are there many glasses in the cupboard? - Yes, but Every can't be followed by of.
NOT Every of my brothers and sisters was born in May or
there aren't many plates.
June.
W e generally use a lot o f to talk about large quantities in
affirmatives, for both uncountable and plural countable
1 Choose t he correct words.
nouns. It is also possible to use a lot o f in negatives and
in questions. 1 It's very sad; few / a few people are interested in our
Ollie eats a lot of fruit and vegetables. particular charity.
2 W e 've got few / a few pounds b etw een us, so w e can
M ost means the m ajority of. It can be used before buy a sandwich and a drink each.
uncountable and plural countable nouns. 3 The course w as goo d but unfortunately there was
Most meat is eaten on Sundays. a little / little opportunity to practise our n e w skills.
Most children prefer to start and finish school early. 4 I think there's little / a little milk left in the fridge if
you'd like a cup of tea.
W e use a little and a few in negatives and questions to talk 5 For this trip, all / each student will receive a study pack.
about very small quantities. 6 The director said that many / much actors get
Prog ress ch eck s encourage st udent s t o reflect on t heir learning > Workbook
Teach er ' s Bo o k an d
St u d en t ' s Bo o k W orkbook Teach er ' s Reso u r ce Dis!
ISBN 978-0-19-401560-8
O XFO RD
U N IV E R S IT Y PR ESS
www.oup.com/elt 9 7 8 0 1 9 4 0 1 5608