Content:

1. Introduction
2. Life cycle
3. Causes,incidence and risk factors
4. Symptoms
5. Diagnosis and tests
6. Treatment
 Introduction
Malaria is a life- threatening disease caused by parasites that are
transmitted to people through the bites of infected female ANOPHELES
mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.The disease results from the
multiplication of plasmodium parasites within red blood cells causing
symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases
progressing to coma and death. It is widespread in tropical and
subtropical regions,including much of sub saharan africa, asia, and the
america.

Five species of plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans.

Severe disease is largely caused by plasmodium falciparum while the
disease caused by plasmodium ovale, plasmodium vivax and
plasmodium malariae is generally a milder disease that is rarely fatal.

Malaria transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites,

distribution of mosquito nets and insect repellents, or by mosquito
control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing
water. The challenge of producing a widely available vaccine that
provides a high level of protection for a sustained period is still to be
met, although several are under development. A number of medications
are also able to prevent malaria in travelers to malaria-endemic
countries(prophylaxis).

In 2020, there were an estimated 241 million cases of malaria worldwide.

The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 627 000 in 2022
 Life Cycle Of Plasmodium

A female anopheles mosquito carrying malaria-causing parasites feeds

on a human and injects the parasites in the form of sporozoites into the
bloodstream. The sporozoites travel to the liver and invade liver cells.

Over 5-15 days, the sporozoites grow, divide, and produce tens of
thousands of haploid forms called merozoites, per liver cell. Some
malaria parasite species remain dormant for extended periods in the
liver, causing relapses weeks or months later.
The merozoites exit the liver cells and re-enter the bloodstream,
beginning a cycle of invasion of red blood cells, asexual replication, a
release of newly formed merozoites from the red blood cells repeatedly
over 1-3 days. This multiplication can result in thousands of
parasite-infected cells in the host bloodstream, leading to illness and
complications of malaria that can last for months if not treated.

Some of the merozoite- infected blood cells live the cycle of asexual
multiplication. Instead of replicating, the merozoite in these cells
develop into the sexual form of the parasites, called male and female
gametocytes, that circulate in the bloodstream.

When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the gametocytes. In

the mosquito gut, the infected human blood cells burst, releasing the
gametocytes, which develop further into mature sex cells called
ookinetes that burrow into the mosquito midgut wall and form oocysts.

Growth and division of each oocyst produce thousands of active haploid

forms called sporozoites, after 8-15 days, the oocyst bursts, releasing
sporozoites into the body cavity of the mosquito from which they travel
to and invade the mosquito salivary glands. The cycle of human infection
restart- when the mosquito takes a blood meal, injecting the sporozoites
from its salivary glands into the human bloodstream.
NOBLE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
BHILWARA

Session: 2022-2023
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mr. Bhuwnesh Gaur Varsha Mali

Project:- “Malaria”
 Acknowledgement.

I would like express my special thanks of

Gratitude to my teacher “mr. bhuvnesh
gaur.” for their able guidance and
support in completing my project.
I would also like to extend my
gratitude to the principal sir,
“ mr.sanjeev parashar” for providing me
with all the facilities that were required.

Secondly I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing the project within the
limited time frame.
Varsha Mali
12th biology
Malaria
Symptoms:-
1. Anemia
2. Bloody stools
3. Chill
4. Coma
5. Fever
6. Convulsion
7. Headache
8. Nausea
9. Muscular pain
10. sweating
11. Vomiting
12. Jaundice
Causes, incidents and risk factors
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed from one human to another
by the bite of infected anopheles mosquitoes. After infection, the
parasite(the sporozoites) travel through the bloodstream to the liver,
where they mature and release another form, the merozoites. The
parasites enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells.

The parasites multiply inside the red blood cells, which then break open
within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more red blood cells. The first symptoms
usually occur 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, the symptoms occur in a
cycle of 48 to 72 hours.

Most symptoms are caused by:

1. The release of merozoites into the bloodstreams.
2. Anemia resulting from the destruction of the red blood cells.
3. Large amounts of free hemoglobin being released into circulation
after the blood cells break open.

Malaria can also be transmitted from a mother to her unborn baby

and by blood transfusion. Malaria can be carried by mosquitoes in
temperate climates, but the parasite disappears over the winter.

The disease is a major health problem in much of the tropics and

subtropics. The CDS estimates that there are 300-500 million
cases of malaria each year, and more than 1 million people die from
it. It presents a major disease hazard for travelers to warm
climates.
Diagnosis and Tests:-
Malaria must be recognized promptly in order to treat the patient
in time and to prevent further spread of infection in the
community via local mosquitoes.
Malaia should be considered a potential medical emergency and
should be treated accordingly.
1. Molecular Diagnosis: parasite nucleic acids are detected using
polymerase chain reaction.
2. Serology: serology detects antibodies against malaria parasites
using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).
3. Antigen Detection: various test kits are available to detect
antigens derived from malaria parasites.
4. Microscopic Diagnosis: can be identified by examining under the
microscope a drop of patients blood, spread out as a “blood smear”
on a microscope slide. This technique remains the gold standard
for laboratory confirmation of malaria.
5.Clinical Diagnosis: based on physical appearance.
Treatment:-

Malaria is treated with prescription drugs to kill the parasite.

Chloroquine is the preferred treatment for any parasite that is
sensitive to the drug.

Some of the antimalarial drugs are:

1. Chloroquine
2. Quinine
3. Mefloquine
4. Deoxycytidine
5. Primaquine

Medicine can cure malaria