GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

What is cell?
Discovery
of cells
Zacharias and • Dutch lens
Hans Janssen grinders, father and
son

• produced first
compound
microscope (2 lenses)
ROBERT HOOKE
Robert Hooke (1665)

• first to illustrate and

demonstrate cork cells in
his book Micrographia.

• Coined the term “Cellulae”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
• developed the microscope lens
to see greater magnification.

• first to observe blood and sperm

cells with the use of the
microscope.

• Introduced the first unicellular

organisms, which he called the
animalcules.
Matthias Schleiden
Matthias Schleiden (1838)

• discovered the plant cell out of

which vegetative/meristematic
tissues and embryonic plants
originated.

• Concluded that all plant parts

are made up of cells.
Theodor Schwann

Theodor Schwann (1839)

• Discovered animal cells

• collaborate with
schleiden to form a new
theory in biology.
Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

• Proponent of the Cell

Theory’s 3rd postulate,
which states that all cells
come from pre-existing cells.
Postulates of the cell
theory
1. All living organisms are
composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of life in

all living things.

3. All cells come from pre-existing

cells.
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMS ORGANISMS
Postulates of the cell
theory
1. All living organisms are
composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of life in

all living things.

3. All cells come from pre-existing

cells.
Postulates of the cell
theory
1. All living organisms are
composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of life in

all living things.

3. All cells come from pre-existing

cells.
CELL STRUCTURES
AND
FUNCTIONS
 ● Little organs

What are cell ● Separated membranous

organelles? compartments inside

the cells of the organs of
living organism
 Division of labor
Cell wall
helps in protecting the plasma
membrane and plays a vital role
in supporting and protecting
cells. It is a thick outer layer
made of cellulose that gives the
cell its shape.
Cytoplasm
Is a membrane, which protects the
cell by keeping the cell organelles
separate from each other. This
helps to keep the stability of the
cell. Cytoplasm contains semi-fluid
translucent substance known as
cytosol. Cytoplasm is the site where
many vital biochemical reaction
takes place.

Cell membrane
Is a double layered, thin barrier,
surrounding the cell to control
the entry and the exit of certain
substances.
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Nucleus
● Is the largest organelle in a
cell
● Control center of the cell
● Houses the genetic
information
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Nuclear membrane
● Is a bilayer membrane,
which protects the nucleus
by surrounding and acts as
a barrier between the cell
nucleus and other organs of
a cell
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Nucleolus
● Is an important membrane
found inside the nucleus. It
plays a vital role in the
production of cell’s
ribosome.
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Is found near the nucleus
and is made up of a
number of flattened sacs
called cisternae.
Rough ER
● studded with ribosomes
● Helps in protein synthesis
Soft ER
● Produce lipids
● Helps in the breakdown of
drugs and alcohol
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Golgi Apparatus
Packaging center of the cell
Responsible for transporting and
modifying products of the
endoplasmic reticulum.

Vesicles
Transport the products of the ER
to
the Golgi apparatus and the
products of the Golgi apparatus
to other parts of the cell.
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Lysosomes
• Suicide bag of the cell
• Contains hydrolytic enzymes called
“Lysozymes” that functions in the
digestion and removal of wastes
inside the cell.
Peroxisome
• Resembles a lysosome but contain
enzymes that break H2O2 into H2O +
O2
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Site of ATP production.
• Have its own ribosomes and
DNA.
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Chromosomes

Is made up of DNA and stored in

the nucleus, which contains the
instructions for traits and
characteristics.
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Chloroplast
• Site of photosynthesis
• Convert solar energy to chemical
energy
• Have its own ribosomes and DNA.

Thylakoid- Contains chlorophyll

Granum- Stack of thylakoids
Stroma- Liquid portion of the
chloroplast
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Vesicles

Are membrane-bound sacs that

are used to store or transport
substances around the cell.
Membrane-Bound Organelles

Vacuoles

Fluid-filled sac for the storage of

materials needed by the cell
that
includes water, food molecules,
inorganic ions and enzymes.
Membrane-Bound Organelles
Vacuoles Contractile Vacuole
Central Vacuole • Only found in lower order
• Found only in plants. animals like protozoa.
• Store fluid to keep • Helps in osmoregulation by
the cell erected. excreting wastes from the cell.
Food Vacuole
• Enclose foods engulfed by the cell.
• Enclose digested food for extraction.
 Non Membrane-Bound
Organelles
Ribosomes
• Responsible for protein
synthesis.

• Translate the information

from the DNA to produce
specific amino acids/proteins
 Non Membrane-Bound
Organelles
Centrioles
● Are microtubules found next
to the nucleus of animal cells
and some protoctists
● They move chromosomes
around by forming fibres
called spindle, during cell
division.
 ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
1. Comparative smaller in size. 1. Usually larger in size.

1. Enclosed by a thin plasma 1. Enclosed by a rigid cell wall in

membrane addition to plasma membrane
 ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
3. Often changes its shape. 3. Cannot change its shape.

4 plastids are present.

4. Plastids are usually absent.

5. Mature plant cell contains large central

5. Often contains many small vacuoles.
vacuole.
 ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
6. Nucleus usually lies in the center. 6. Nucleus lies on one side of the cytoplasm

7. Centrioles are practically present.

7. Centrioles are normally absent except for

lower plant forms.

 ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
8. Lysosomes are always present in animal
8. Lysosomes are rare.

cells.

9. Glyoxysomes are absent. 9. Glyoxysomes are present.

10. Plasmodesmata is absent/ tight junctions 10. Plasmodesmata is present/ tight

junctions and desmosomes are absent.

and desmosomes are present.
 ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
11. Reserved food in form of glycogen. 11. Reserved food in form of starch.

12. Cannot synthesized all the amino 12. synthesized all the amino acids, co-

acids, co-enzymes and vitamins enzymes and vitamins required by them.

required by them.

13.Spindle formed during cell division is

13. Spindle formed during cell division anastral (without asters on the opposite

is aphiastral (has an ester in each pole) site)

 ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
14. Cytokinesis occurs by 14. Cytokinesis occurs by cell plate method.

construction of furrowing.

15. Animal cell lacking contractile 15. Plant cell does not burst if placed in

vacuole usually burst if placed in hypotonic solution due to the presence of

cell wall.
hypotonic solution.
Bacterial Cell
● Known as for their role in causing
illnesses but there are also good
bacteria.
● They are single microscopic
cellular microscopic organisms.
● They have fewer structure
compared to animal and plant
cells.
● Bacterium has
-cell wall
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
● The nucleoloid floats freely in the
cytoplasm directs the activities of
the cell.
The generally accepted
parts of modern 2. All living cells arise
from pre-existing cells
version of cell theory
by division.
1. All known living
3. The cell is the
things are made
fundamental unit of
up of one or more
structure and function
cells.
in all living organisms.
4. The activity of an
organism depends on 6. Cell contain DNA
the total activity of which is found
independent cells. specifically in the
chromosome and the
5. Energy flow RNA found in the cell
(metabolism and nucleus and cytoplasm.
biochemistry) occurs
within cells.
7. All cells are
basically the same in 9. All cells have the
chemical composition same basic chemical
in organisms of composition.
similar species.
10. All living organisms
8. Hereditary are composed of cells
information (DNA) is and depend on cells to
passed on from cell function normally.
to cell.