SEMINAR REPORT

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological

University, Lonere .

Seminar on Topic of Field Visit Road Construction

SUBMITTED BY:
Mr.HRISHIKESH NAGNATH PAWAR
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof. P.A.VADNAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NAGESH KARAJAGI ORCHID COLLEGE

OF ENGGIRING AND TECHNOLOGY

SOLAPUR-413002

2021-2022

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FORM-II

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled Field Visit Road
construction is completed by the following student of TE (CIVIL)
class satisfactorily under my guidance.
Name of student: PAWAR HRISHIKESH NAGNATH
Roll No.: 33. Division: A
The seminar is found to be complete in partial fulfilment for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering of Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar Technological University Lonere in the Academic year 2021-
2022

GUIDE HEAD OF PRINCIPAL

DEPARTMENT

NAGESH KARAJAGI ORCHID COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH.,

SOLAPUR- 413002

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Acknowledgement

With a great sense of gratitude, we wish to acknowledge our Indebtedness to

Prof.P.A.Vadnal of civil department, N.K.O.C.E.T., Solapur for her appreciation,
encouragement, and guidance throughout the course of this seminar his untiring
efforts have helped us to a great extent in the successful preparation and delivery of
the seminar report.

I also express my sincere thanks to Dr. V. K. Patki Head of Department of Civil

Engineering, and Dr. J. B. Dafedar Principal N.K.O.C.E.T, solapur, for extending
all the facilities required for my seminar.

PLACE: SOLAPUR

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Abstract

In now a days it is very important to have a proper road network for the purpose of good
transportation. Few places road network is not available while the traffic is higher and enough.
Pavement is generally being constructed and used for the purpose of smooth and comfort moment
of the traffic. Flexible pavements will be subjected to load by wheel develop stress particles-to-
particles transmit to the lower grades of layers through the granular structure. The pavement is
subjected to the wheel loading action on it and the load is to be distributed to a larger area, such that
the decrease in stress will occur with respect to the depth. The patch considered in this report is of
Akkalkot - Solapur National Highway (NH 150 E). The current condition of the road is very much
good with the presence of heavy loaded vehicles like moment of trucks took part. Hence, for the
purpose of the fulfillment of all the above requirement factors and for the comfort moment of
traffic. Adopted the effective design of rigid pavement. In this report, we are enclosing the visit
report of Akkalkot – Solapur National Highway ( NH 150 E) .

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INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1.0INTRODUCTION ……………………………………6

1.1 PAVEMENT ……………………………………7

1.2 TYPES OF PAVEMENT ……………………………………7

2.0 RIGID ROAD PAVEMENT ……………………………………8

2.1 SITE DETAILS ……………………………………8

2.2 COMPONENTS OF RIGID

……………………………………9
PAVEMENT

3.0 FEATURES OF RIGID

…………………………………..11
PAVEMENT
4.0HOW RIGID PAVEMENT IS
DIFFERENT FROM FLEXIBLE …………………………………..12
PAVEMENT

5.0 TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT …………………………………..14

5.1 ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES OF RIGID …………………………………..16
PAVEMENT

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Introduction

A road network system is perhaps one of the most important necessities for the economic
development of any country, particularly developing countries. Many of developing countries,
therefore, invest huge amount on road construction, while many developing countries appreciate the
necessity for huge investment in capital development of roads. Only a few give due importance to
the road maintenance. It is found more glamorous to embark on new construction than to maintain
what is already in existence. But unfortunately pavement structure can be destroyed in a single
season due to water penetration. Maintenance activities may be required at intervals throughout the
year, but their frequency varies with traffic, topography and climatic conditions, type of roads,
grading and repairing pot holes and ruts for paved roads. They include repairing pot holes, surface
patching, sealing of cracks and road surface marking. Transportation contributes to the economic,
industrial, social and cultural development of any country. Transportation is vital for the economic
development of any region since every commodity produced whether it is food, clothing, industrial
products or medicine needs transport at production and distribution stages. The inadequate
transportation facilities retard the process of socio-economic development of the country. The
adequacy of transportation system of a country indicates its economic and social development. The
most demanding fact is that this country needs to provide road links both for major proportions of
villages and marked centers like significant important roads, important buildings, destinations of
schools and hospitals, etc.

The quality of roads is a critical indicator of a nation’s economic vitality because a poor road
transport system can constrain the location of economic activity, hamper the integration of
economic markets, limit the gains from specialization and eventually become a major barrier to
growth and competitiveness. In India large road networks built at great expense, have been
inadequately maintained and used more heavily than the design values. The main deficiencies
affecting our highway system apart from inadequate capacity and insufficient pavement thickness
include poor riding quality, week and distressed bridges/culverts, congested sections, excessive axle
loading, and lack of wayside amenities and enforcement. Among various modes, roads and road
transport has come to occupy a dominant position in the transportation system. Factors that
contributed in this direction are flexibility, door to door service, reliability and speed.

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Pavement

A layered structure supported by the sub-grade soil to form the carriageway of the road is called a
road pavement.

Requirements of a Good Road Pavement

❖ Generally road pavement should be suitable to all type of traffic.
❖ They should be easy to construct and cheap in budget.
❖ It should be durable and strong.
❖ They should not develop corrugation.
❖ It should provide good visibility at night.
❖ Riding a bike or driving a vehicle must be safe and comfortable on the pavements.
❖ Maintenance cost should be low.
Types of Road Pavement
❖ Flexible Pavement
❖ Rigid Pavement
Flexible Pavement :
The pavement which can change their shape to some extent without rupture are known as flexible
pavement. The common examples of flexible pavements are all bituminous pavements, gravel
pavements, water bound macadam pavement etc.
In India, the flexible pavement are favored mainly for the following reasons :-

(a) It is cheap and easy in construction

(b) Locally available material can be easily used for the construction of road pavement
(c) Require less supervision.

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Rigid Road Pavements :

Rigid pavements are those which posses note worthy flexural strength or flexural rigidity. In rigid
pavement the stresses are not transferred from the grain to grain to the lower layers. The rigid
pavements are made of portland cement concrete either plain, reinforced or pre-stressed concrete.
The plain cement concrete slabs are expected to take up about 45kg/cm2 flexural stress. The rigid
pavement has a slab action and is capable of transmitting the wheel load stresses through a wider
area below. The rigid pavement slab as tensile strength , tensile stresses are developed due to the
bending of the slab under the wheel load temperature variations providing a good base at sub base
course layer under the cement concrete slab increase the pavement life considerably and there for
workout more economical in the long run the rigid pavements are usually designed and the stress
are analysed using the elastic theory ease of use

Site details:

➢ Location – Akkalkot road , Solapur.

➢ National highway- NH150 E(from Akkalkot to Solapur pani taki)
➢ Project duration- 3 years
➢ Project cost- 807 cr
➢ Project company- G.R.Infra Project Ltd
➢ Total length- 38.95 km
➢ Main carriage way width- 9m
➢ Service road width- 7m

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Components of rigid pavement and there functions:

❖ Prepared soil subgrade.

❖ Granular sub-base (GSB) or drainage layer.
❖ Base course/ (DLC-Dry lean concrete).
❖ CC pavement slab using PQC (paving quality concrete).

1. Prepared soil subgrade:

The soil subgrade of rigid pavement consist of natural or selected soil from identified borrow pits
fulfilling the specified requirements. • The soil subgrade is well compacted to the desired density
and to the required thickness. • The soil subgrade is the lower most layer of the pavement structure
which ultimately supports all other pavement layer and traffic loads. • A good soil subgrade / well
compacted and prepared soil subgrade gives long service life to the pavement.

2. Granular sub-base (GSB) or drainage layer:

The GSB course has to serve as an effective drainage layer of the rigid pavement to prevent early
failures due to excessive moisture content in the subgrade soil. • Crushed stone aggregate are
preferred In the granular subbase course as this material has high permeability and serves as a
effective drainage layer. • Coarse graded aggregates with low percent of fines ((<5% finer than 75
micron sieve) will serve as good drainage layer.• An effective drainage layer under the CC
pavements have the following benefits:

❖ Increases in service life and improved performance of CC pavements.

❖ Prevention of early failures of the rigid pavements due to pumping and blowing.
❖ Protection of the subgrade against frost action in the frost suceptible areas.

3. Base course:( Dry lean concrete):

The granular base course is generally provided under the CC pavement slab in low volume roads
and also in roads with moderate traffic loads. • On roads carrying heavy to very heavy traffic loads
high quality base course materials such as dry lean concrete are preferred. • In the base course of
the CC pavement as they are designed for a life of 30 years or more with good maintenance. The

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CC pavement are expressed to provide a service life of 40 years or even more. • The DLC layer
provides a uniform support, high K value and excellent working platform for laying the PQC slab
with a sensor paver.

4. CC pavement slab: (paving quality concrete (PQC):

M-40 cement concrete mix with a minimum flexural strength of 45 kg/cm2 is recommended by the
IRC for use in the CC-pavements of highways with heavy to very heavy traffic loads. • The C
pavement slab is extended to with stand the flexural stress caused by the heavy traffic loads and the
warping effects in the CC pavements due to the temperature variations. • The high quality CC mix
with high flexural strength is used for the construction of PQC slab of the CC pavement. • The CC
pavement slab as considerable flexural strength and spreads the applied load/ wheel loads over a
large area by slab action. • The slab prevents the infiltration of excess surface water in to the sub-
base.

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Features of Rigid Pavement

Some features of rigid pavement are:

a. It transfers the wheel load to subgrade by slab action.

b. It requires joints.

c. Its initial construction cost is high.

d. Its durability is high.

e. It distributes wheel load uniformly.

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f. It requires curing.

g. It doesn’t require rolling ( Compacting ) of the surface.

h. It has high flexural strength.

How Rigid Pavement is Different From Flexible Pavement

S.N. Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement

1. It transfers the wheel load to subgrade by It transfers the wheel load to subgrade by
grain to grain mechanism. slab action.

2. The initial construction cost is low. The initial construction cost is high.

3. It doesn’t require joints. It requires joints.

4. Durability is low. Durability is high.

5. It doesn’t distribute load uniformly. So, a It distributes wheel load uniformly. So, there
good subgrade is required. is no requirement for a good subgrade.

6. There is no effect of temperature variation on Temperature variation affects the stress

stress variation. variation.

7. The lifespan of flexible pavement is The maximum lifespan of rigid pavement is

approximately 10 to 15 years. approximately 20 to 30 years or more.

8. Repair work is simple. Repair work is complex.

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9. The maintenance cost is high. The maintenance cost is low.

10. It doesn’t require curing. It requires curing.

11. Poor night visibility due to the use of asphalt. Good night visibility due to the use of
concrete.
12. No glare due to sunlight. High glare due to sunlight.
(Glare: shine with a strong or dazzling light.)
13. Easy to locate and perform underground Hard to perform underground works.
works like repairing or locating pipes.
14. Its thickness is more. Its thickness is less.

15. Design is influenced by the bearing capacity The bearing capacity of the subgrade doesn’t
of the subgrade. influence its design.
16. Aggregate and bitumen are used as the key Concrete and steel are used as key materials.
materials.
17. Stability depends upon the interlocking of Stability depends upon joints between the
aggregates, particle friction, and cohesion. slabs of concrete.
18. It is capable of resisting settlements to some The settlement is permanent. It is not capable
extent. of resisting settlement.
19. It is highly sensitive to heat, oils, greases, It is highly resistive to heat, oil, greases, and
and chemicals. chemicals.
20. Rolling ( Compacting ) of the surface is Rolling ( Compacting ) of the surface is not
needed. needed.
21. It has a low flexural strength. It has high flexural strength.

22. The force of friction is less. The force of friction is high.

23. It is more comfortable for travel. It is less comfortable for travel.

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24

Types of Rigid Pavement

There are two types of rigid pavement.

1. Un-Reinforced Concrete Pavement (URCP)

The rigid pavement in which reinforcement is not provided is called unreinforced concrete
pavement.

❖ Simply, it is a Plain Concrete Pavement.

❖ There are two types of URCP pavement.

A. Jointed Dowelled Concrete Pavements(JDCP):

They are also called jointed plain concrete pavement(JPCP).

In this type of pavement, the load transfer mechanism is implemented using aggregate interlocks or
dowel bars provided in transverse joints.

They have a joint spacing of 5 m -10 m.

B. Jointed Un-Dowelled Concrete Pavements(JUDCP):

This type of pavement is constructed when the traffic is very low. Dowel bars are not provided in
JUDCP.

2. Reinforced Concrete Pavement(RCP)

The rigid pavement in which reinforcements are provided is called reinforced concrete pavement.

❖ They are used when traffic is high.

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❖ There are two types of RCP.

A. Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements(JRCP):

JRCP steel mesh or mat is provided at the center of the slab.

The main use of reinforcement is to control cracking rather than a structural purpose.

It can be used for low or medium-traffic roads.

B. Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavements(CRCP):

Continuous reinforcements are provided on this pavement.

They are mainly used for constructing high-traffic roads.

4. Requirements of Good Rigid Pavement

~ It should have a long-life design with low maintenance cost.

~ It should be impervious enough to protect sub-grade soil.

~ It should have a high coefficient of friction to resist skidding.

~ It should be smooth enough to provide comfort to the users.

~ It should be structurally strong to withstand all types of loads.

5. Facts of Rigid Pavement

1. They are also called single- layer pavement.

2. They may last up to 40 years if timely maintained and cared.

3. They may require asphalt for toping to reduce the noise during vehicle operation.

4. The vehicle operation cost of rigid pavement is low.

5. They are cheaper while considering the life-cycling cost.

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6. Advantages of Rigid Pavement

~ Low maintenance and operation cost.

~ Higher life span.

~ It has high flexural strength.

~ It has good resistance to petroleum products, oils, and chemicals.

~ More environment-friendly than flexible pavement.

~ It distributes loads in a wider area and can bear a large amount of load due to slab action.

7. Disadvantages of Rigid Pavement

~ High initial cost required for construction.

~ Maintenance of rigid pavement is more difficult than flexible pavement.

~ Requires at least 28 days of curing before high traffic movement because concrete gains its 99%
efficiency/strength in 28 days.

~ Any excessive deformations occurring due to heavier wheel loads are not recoverable in this
pavement type( settlement is permanent).

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