MAYOOR CHOPASNI SCHOOL

JODHPUR

P h y s ic s I n v e s tig a to r y
P r o je c t

Under Guidance :Mr.Shailendra Singh

Submitted by : Manan Gupta
Class : XII - Science
Roll No. : 21
Topic : a.c. to d.c.conversion (Full Wave Rectifier)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master Manan Gupta is a bona fide
student of class XII of Mayoor Chopasni School,
Jodhpur
The project report on A.C. TO D.C. CONVERSION
submitted by him is in fullfilment of class XII CBSE,
board practical examination. It is further certified that
the candidate did the project under my
supervision and guidance.

Mr. Shailendra Singh

Mayoor Chopasni School
Jodhpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I selected this project as a part of my studies, titled A.C.

TO D.C. CONVERSION, as a gratitude, I convey my
sincere thanks to Mr. Shailendra Sir who was the
constant guide during the period of study. I also
convey my thanks to my parents and my friends,
without whose help it would not have been possible
for me to complete this project and its submission
Manan Gupta
XII – Science
 A.C. TO D.C. CONVERTER
SYNOPSIS
A.C. converter is a device, which is used to convert an A.C. supply
into D.C. supply through semi conductor diode. It finds its
application in many fields of electricity. It is used in batteries
eliminators, televisions, radios electroplating etc. I have studied
about it and have recorded observations in this Project Report.

CONVERTER
It converts an A.C. supply into D.C. or D.C. into A.C. But in this
project it converts A.C. into D.C. The converter which converts A.C.
into D.C. is known as Rectifier and this process of converting into
D.C. is known as RECTIFICATION. It mainly consist of four parts:
1. Step Down Transformer
2. Rectifier
3. Filter Element
4. Output

NECESSITY AND APPLICATION OF D.C.

D.C. output voltage which is practically constant is absolutely
essential for electrolytic and electro chemical processes such as
electroplating. Electrotyping electro refining production of
aluminium, copper and other metals by electrolysis. D.C is also
necessary for running of 1 ampere current for cinema projection and
welding.
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is device used for changing the form of electrical
energy i.e. for converting a low voltage alternating current into
high voltage alternating current or vice versa. When the low
voltage A.C is converted into high voltage A.C. the transformer is
called Step Up Transformer. When the high voltage A.C. current is
converted into low voltage A.C. then the transformer is called Step
Down Transformer.

PRINCIPLE
A transformer is essential in an A.C. device, which works on the
principle of mutual induction i.e. when the strength of current in one
circuit changes an induced E.M.F. is generated in the
neighbouring circuit.

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consist of two coils insulated from each other and
wound on the same core. The coil to which the alternating
electrical energy is supplied is called Primary Coil. The coil, from
which output electricity energy is obtained, is known as
Secondary Coil. It consist of very thin strips of special alloy of
steel. These strips are insulated from other. This is done with a
view to avoid energy losses due to currents.
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
択坦
For a given transformer = k constant. Here k is called
朝椎
transformation ratio, Ns is no. of turns in secondary coil, Np is no.
of turns in primary coil. In case of Step Down Transformer Es<Ep,
where Ep is instantaneous value of E.M.F. applied to primary coil.
Es is instantaneous value of E.M.F. applied to secondary coil.
Es=voltage available is output.
醍坦 択坦
= =k
帳椎 朝椎

In step down transformer, the secondary coil consist of few turns

of thick insulated copper wire and the primary consist of vary
large no. of copper turns.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

For obtaining both halves of the input wave we use two
semiconductor diodes.

ARRANGEMENT
D1 and D2 are teo semiconductor diodes. The sources of A.C. to be
rectified is connected to primary P1, P2 of transformer. The ends
S1, S2 of the transformer is connected to the plates of two
semiconductor diodes. The output is taken across the resistance.
WORKING
During the half of input cycle, let P1 become negative(-) and P2
becomes positive(+). On account of mutual induction S1 becomes
positive (+) and S2 becomes negative(-). Then upper p-n junction is in
forward bias. The forward current flows on account of majority
carriers of upper p-n junction diode in direction shown during other
half cycle of input A.C., the upper p-n junction diode and vice versa.
The forward current flows on account of the majority carriers of
lower p-n junction diode. We use filter circuit.

ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

1. Copper Losses
This is the energy loss in form of heat(I2R).
2. Iron Losses
This is the energy wasted as heat due to the development of
eddy currents.
3. Hysteresis Loss
This is due to iron core undergoing repeated cycle of
magnetisation and de-magnetisation when an E.M.F. is
applied.
4. Leakage of Magnetic Flux
Owing to imperfect insulation and winding, sources of the
magnetic flux leaks out.
FILTER CIRCUIT
The variation in the amplitude of the output voltage must be
smoothed out to make the rectified D.C. voltage suitable for
satisfactory operation of p-n junction diode. The variation in
output is known as ripple, those circuits which are used to
remove ripple known as Filter Circuit. Filter circuits are used for
establishing action of shunt capacitor and the circuit smoothing
action of a series choke. Depending upon whether the first
component is as capacitor input filter. This is known as type filter
because of its configuration. The choke value varies from 10 to
15H. A small fluctuation is still present in filter output, but this
current have very small fraction of the D.C.. Out voltage is
practically constant.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
∑ Physics NCERT TEXTBOOK
∑ Modern Physics by K.B.Raja(Ph.D.)
∑ www.google.com
∑ www.wikipedia.com