FC – Sem 1

Unit 1 & 2
Examples
• Jayesh bhai jordar movie – gender
• Shubh mangal zayada savdhan – movie on LGBTQ community
• Chandigarh kare ashiquie – ayushman khurana – movie on
transgenders
• Sand ki ankh movie – movie on women
• Dangal - movie on women in wrestling in Olympics
• English vinglish movie – women literacy (sridevi )
Examples
• Drugs – daill 100 movie – manoj bajpaee and neena gupta movie
• Udta Punjab movie - drugs
• Runway 34 movie – drinking
• Kabir singh – movie on drugs
• Youtube documentary – on aids – got via blood transfusion – met
with an accident - had blood loss.
• Married hiv person, had a daughter too
• Women in politics – panchayat web series-Pradhan – neena gupta
Examples
• Child labour – Jharkhand – abundance curse – beauty industry
• India – SUB CONTINENT
• 2022 census – 1020 females to 1000 males
• Super 30 – raja ka beta raja nai banega, jo haqdar hoga woi banega
• 1st female engineer – Sudha Murthy – Telco – tata mtors – washroom
in college
• Hearing impairement – Iqbal movie
Example for Gender Inequality: Preference of male child

Jayeshbhai Jordaar is set in rural Gujarat, home to

Jayeshbhai (Ranveer Singh) who is a puppet in his
autocratic father's hands both on the professional and
personal front. He is deeply in love with his wife Mudra but
compelled by social and family pressure to treat her as a
source of a son.
Syllabus
1. Overview of Indian Society
2. Concept of Disparity – I
3. Concept of Disparity – II
4. The Indian Constitution
5. Significant Aspects of Political Processes
Multi- Cultural Diversity of Indian Society
• Meaning of Inequality
• Characteristics of Multi-cultural Diversity of Indian Society
• Demographic Composition
• Religion wise Composition
• Caste system in India
• Linguistic Diversity in India
• Classification of Indian Languages
• Regional Variations in India
• Rural Characteristics
• Urban Characteristics
• Tribal Characteristics
• Diversity as Difference
• Questions
Meaning of Inequality
• Inequality means the quality of being unequal or uneven such as a
lack of evenness, disparity of money or opportunity, the condition of
being variable or unequal.
Multiculturalism
• State of co-existence of diverse cultures.
• Culture – racial, religious, linguistic etc. which may have differences
and distinctions in customary behaviours, cultural assumptions and
values, patterns of thinking and communicative styles.
• Multicultural nations – Canada, Australia, USA, UK same
• India – Different – physical size, dress, language, food habits, religious
practices, way of life etc.
• India – unique unity of India in – multicultural diversity and enjoying
unlimited freedom as – largest democracy – in world – beauty of India
– Wonder of the world
Characteristics of Multi-cultural diversity og
Indian Society
1. Religions
2. Languages
3. Races and Ethnicity
1. Negrito
2. Proto-Australoids or Austrics
3. Mongoloids
4. Mediterranean or Dravidian
5. Western Brachycephals
6. Nordic Aryans or Indo-Aryans
4. Caste System
1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Vaishyas
4. Shudras
Religions: India, being a democratic, socialistic and secular republic, has no state religion. India is
the birth place of many world religions and almost all major world religions are practiced by their
respective followers. India is a land where people of different religions and cultures live in harmony.
This harmony is seen in the celebration of festivals. The message of love and brotherhood is
expressed by all the religions and cultures of India. The major religions of India are Hinduism
(majority religion), Islam (largest minority religion), Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism,
Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Baha'i Faith.
(2) Languages: The languages of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the
Indo-Aryan languages (a branch of Indo-European) spoken by 74% of Indians and the Dravidian
languages spoken by 24% of Indians. Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austro Asiatic,
Tibeto-Burman, and a few minor language families and isolates. The principal official language of
the Republic of India is Standard Hindi, while English is the secondary official language. The
constitution of India has recognised 22 languages and there are total 1,652 languages and dialects
in India.
(3) Races and Ethnicity: Indian population is polygenetic and is a mixture of various races. There are
many diverse ethnic groups among the people India. The 6 main ethnic groups are as follows:
• (i) Negrito:The Negritos were the earliest people to come to India They
have survived in their original habitatAndaman and Nicobar Islands.The
Jarawas, Onges, Sentinelese and the Great Andamanese are some of the
examples.
• (ii) Proto - Australoids or Austrics:These were the next ethnic group to
arrive in India after the Negroids.They were people with wavy hair
distributed all over their brown bodies, long faces with low foreheads and
prominent eye ridges, thick jaws, noses with low and broad roots, large
teeth and palates and small chins.
• (iii) Mongoloids:The Mongoloids are found mainly in the North eastern
parts of India in the states like Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, and Tripura. They are also found in parts of West Bengal, Sikkim,
and Ladakh.They are people with highly yellowish complexion, oblique
eyes, high cheekbones, thin hair and of amedium height.
• (iv) Mediterranean or Dravidian: These are the people of South India. They have
been believed to come before the Aryans. They have different sub-groups like the
Paleo Mediterranean, the true Mediterranean, and the Oriental Mediterranean.
They are reputed to have built up the city civilization of the Indus valley, whose
remains have been found at Mohen-jo-daro and Harappa and other Indus cities.
• (v) Western Brachycephals: These include the Alpinoids, Dinarics and Armenoids.
The Parsis and Kodavas also fall in this category. They are the broad headed
people living mainly on the western side of the country such as the Ganga Valley
and the delta, parts of Kashmir, Kathiawar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu.
• (vi) Nordic Aryans or Indo-Aryans: This group were the last one to immigrate to
India. They came to India somewhere between 2000 and 1500 B.C. They are now
mainly found in the northern and central part of India.
• (4) Caste System:It is a social structure used to designate any social
class of extreme rigidity. It is composed of four varnas or classes, and
from this, a rank-order of different subcastes or jati was formed:(1)
Brahmins: The first and the highest class; intellectuals of the nations
such as landowners, scholars, and priests.(2) Kshatriyas: A class
directly follows Brahmins; mostly rulers andwarriors. They manage
the land, military service, and administration.
• (3) Vaishyas: The third class composed of traders, shopkeeper
moneylenders, farmers, and artisans: Trading and banking. (4)
Shudras: The fourth class composed of labourers, craworkers,
servants and slaves.
• Demographic Composition: Demographics is statistical data about the socio
economic characteristics of a population in a particular region, such as the
gender, religion, marital status educational qualifications, income etc. of
the people within the population.
• Greek word demo meaning "the people", graphy meaning "writing",
description or measurement. So when the census collects data about
people's ages and genders, this is a example of assembling information
about demographics. And India is a vast country. It covers a huge area of
the world(7th largest country) and even has a huge population. According
to the census report of 2011, India has 17.50% of world population. Apart
from this India has many states and each state has a different demographic
composition based on religion, gender, caste education, etc.
Religion Wise Composition
• India is a secular country. It respects all the religions of the world.
Hence in India a single religion cannot be defined as the official
religion of the country. India is a land of diversities. This diversity is
also visible in the variety of religions. The major religions of India are
Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, and
Zoroastrianism, Apart from this India accepts all the religions of the
world. India is a land where people of different religions and cultures
live in harmony. This harmony is seen in the celebration of festivals.
The message of love and brotherhood is expressed by all the religions
and cultures of India. The religions of India are the celebrations of
shared emotions that bring people.
• The following are the various religions in India:
• (1) Hinduism:It is believed that Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world. Hinduism is
world's third largest religion after Christianity and Islam. India is home for Hinduism. It is
the largest religion in India, where Hindus form about 80% of the total population.
Hinduism is also known as "Sanatan Dharma" or the everlasting religion. Growth rate of
Hinduism in the last decade (2001-2011) stood at 16.8 %.
• Hinduism is followed in India in majority by all states except - Manipur, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram where it is Dominated by Christianity, Punjab
Dominated by Sikhs, Jammu & Kashmir and Lakshadweep where there are majority
Muslims.
• Ramayana, Bhagavad Geeta, Vedas and the Upanishads a holy books of the Hindus. The
Hindus believe and practice the principles of the holy books. The place of worship is
known as Temple or Mandir. They worship the idols or murtis which is A considered as a
reflection of God. syllable Om represents Param Brahaman i.e. the supreme création
there are many Hindu festivals like Diwali, Holi, Bihu, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and
many more which are celebrated in the country.
2. Islam
3. Sikhism
4. Buddhism
5. Jainism
6. Christianity
Others:
• Zorastrian
• Judaism
• Adi Shankaracharya
• Mai-ism
Caste System in India
1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Vaishyas
4. Shudras
Ill effects of caste system in India
1. It hampered the concept of national unity
2. It works against the concept of democracy
3. It resulted in suppression
4. It hampered national development
5. It resulted in betrayal of trust and the ultimate fall of the Hindus
6. It resulted in religious conversion
7. It undermined the ability and aspirations of the people
8. It created a false sense of prestige among higher castes
9. It resulted in the introduction of untouchability
10. It gave a lower status of women
Gender wise Composition
• 2011 – 121 crore
• 58.6 crore (48.5%) females & 63.2 (51.5%) males
• Males preferred over females
• 2011 – 940 Females to 1000 Males
Linguistic Diversity in India
• Classification of Indian Languages
1. The Aryan Languages
1. The Dardic Aryan Language
2. The Indo Aryan Languages
1. Northern Aryan Languages
2. North-Western Aryan Languages
3. Southern Aryan Languages
4. Eastern Aryan Languages
5. East Central Aryan Languages
6. Central Aryan Languages
2. Dravidian Languages
1. The North Dravidian Languages
2. South Dravidian Languages
3. Austric Languages
1. Munda or Kol Languages
2. Mon-Khmer Languages
4. Sino-Tibetan Languages
Regional Variations in India
1. Natural Resources
2. Differences in Literacy Rate
3. Degree or Urbanization
4. Spatial Distribution of Industries
5. Per Capita Consumption of Electricity
6. Employment Pattern
7. Inter-State Disparities in Agriculture
8. Industrialization
9. Population below Poverty Line
Rural Characteristics
1. Size of the Community
2. Intimate Relationship
3. Agriculture is the Main Occupation
4. Close Contact with Nature
5. Homogeneity of Population
6. Social Stratification
7. Social Interaction
Urban Characteristics
1. Size
2. Density of population
3. Family
4. Marriage
5. Occupation
6. Class extremes
7. Social heterogeneity
8. Social distance
9. Mobility
10. Materialism
11. Individualism
12. Rationality
Tribal Characteristics
1. Definite Common Geographical Area
2. Common Name
3. Common Language
4. Common Culture
5. Sense of Unity
6. Marry within Group
7. Ties of Blood-relationship
8. Occupation
9. Political Authority
10. Democratic Values
Diversity of Difference
1. Sense of togetherness
2. Knowing ones neighbour
3. Emphasis on unity through education
4. Harmonious co-existence of multiple religions
5. Harmonious co-existence of multiple languages
6. Religious tolerance
7. Workplace Harmony
8. Co-existence of various lifestyles
9. Influence of multi-culture in Arts
Chapter 2
Concept of Disparity - I
• Meaning of Inequality
• Meaning of Social Inequality
• Meaning of Social Stratification
• Characteristics of Social Stratification
• Types of Social Stratification
• Meaning of Gender Inequality
• Gender Inequality in India: Important Data – Status of Women in India – Violence against Women
– Types of Violence against Women – Cause of Violence against Women – Effect of Violence
against Women – Socio Economic Problems of Women in India - Solution to Indian Women’s
Socio Economic Problems – Social Legislation and reforms safeguarding women’s interest –
• portrayal of women in Media - Negative portrayal of women in Mass media- Positive portrayal of
women in mass media
• Inequality due to disability – vision impairment and its treatment – hearing impairment and its
treatment – mental retardation and its treatment – physical disability and its treatment –
problems faced by socially handicapped persons – special benefits for persons with disabilities
Meaning of Inequality
Social Inequality
5 types of social inequalities
1. Political Inequality
2. Income and wealth inequality
3. Life inequality
4. Inequality of treatment and responsibility
5. Inequality of membership
Meaning of Social Stratification
• Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks
categories of people in a hierarchy.
4 principles:
1. Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of
individual differences.
2. Social stratification has been there since generations
3. Social stratification is universal(it happens everywhere) but variable
(it takes different forms across different societies)
4. Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well
(inequality is rooted in a society’s philosophy)
Characteristics of Social Stratification
1. Social stratification is universal
2. Stratification is social
3. It is ancient
4. It is in diverse forms
5. Social stratification is Consequential
6. Social stratification and social mobility
Types of Social Stratification
1. Caste
2. Class
3. Estate System
4. Slavery
Gender Inequality
• Gender inequality is the idea that women and men are not equal.
• Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of
individuals wholly or partly due to their gender.
Violence against women

Causes
1. Victim’s Provocation
2. Substance abuse and intoxication
3. Hositility towards women
4. Situational usage
5. Inherent Personality attributes
6. Media
7. others
Effects of Violence against women
• Physical Health Effects
• Psychological Health effects
• Psychiatric health effects
Socio Economic Problems of women in India
1. Malnutrition
2. Poor Health
3. Maternal Morality
4. Lack of education
5. Mistreatment
6. Overworked
7. Lack of power
8. Marriage
9. Dowry
10. Female infanticide/foeticide
11. Divorce
12. Crimes against women
13. Sexual harassment
14. Child marriage
15. Domestic Violence
16. Trafficking
Solution to Indian Women’s Socio Economic
Problems
1. Need more stringent laws
2. Education
3. Financial Independence
4. Vigilant policing
5. Speedy trial
6. Change in mind-set
7. Non governmental Institutions/Organizations
8. Media
9. At family’s level
10. On women’s part
Portrayal of Women in Media
• Negative
1. Being just a homemaker
2. Can be subjected to physical assault
3. Advertisments
4. No role in decision making
5. Portrayal of women in derogatory light in mass media
6. Women are portrayed as gossip-mongers
• Positive
1. Women being portrayed as enthusiastic and dynamic
2. Women are having good persuasive skills
3. Stereotype change
4. Depiction in advertisements has become healthier
Inequality due to disability
• Vision Impariement
• Hearing Impairmed/ Auditorilly Handicapped
• (0-20 normal)
• Mild hearing impairment – 25db to 40 db
• Moderate 40 to 70 db
• Severe hearing impairment – 70 to 95 db
• Profound – minimum sound heard is 95 db.
Benefits for persons with Disabilities
• Concession on railways
• Air travel concessions
• Postage
• Customs / exercise
• Conveyance allowance
• Educational Allowance
• Income tax concession
• Award of dealership by oil companies
• Posting
• Economic assistance by public sector banks
• General entitlements