Motor Starting

Dynamic Acceleration

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration

 Why to Do MS Studies?
• Ensure that motor will start with voltage drop
• If Tst<Tload at s=1, then motor will not start
• If Tm=Tload at s<sr, motor can not reach rated speed
• Torque varies as (voltage)^2

• Ensure that voltage drop will not disrupt other loads

• Utility bus voltage >95%
• 3% Sag represents a point when light flicker becomes visible
• 5% Sag represents a point when light flicker becomes irritating
• MCC bus voltage >80%
• Generation bus voltage > 93%

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 2

 Why to Do MS Studies?
• Ensure motor feeders sized adequately
(Assuming 100% voltage at Switchboard or MCC)
• LV cable voltage drop at starting < 20%
• LV cable voltage drop when running at full-load < 5%
• HV cable voltage drop at starting < 15%
• HV cable voltage drop when running at full-load < 3%

• Maximum motor size that can be started across the line

• Motor kW < 1/6 kW rating of generator (islanded)
• For 6 MW of islanded generation, largest motor size < 1 MW

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 3

 Motor Modeling
1. Operating Motor
– Constant KVA Load
2. Starting Motor
– During Acceleration – Constant Impedance
– Locked-Rotor Impedance
– Circuit Models
Characteristic Curves
After Acceleration – Constant KVA Load
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 38
 Locked-Rotor Impedance
• ZLR = RLR +j XLR (10 – 25 %)
• PFLR is much lower than operating PD.
Approximate starting PF of typical squirrel
cage induction motor:

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 39

 Circuit Model I
• Single Cage Rotor
– “Single1” – constant rotor resistance and
reactance

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 40

 Circuit Model II
• Single Cage Rotor
– “Single2” - deep bar effect, rotor resistance and
reactance vary with speed [Xm is removed]

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 41

 Circuit Model III
• Double Cage Rotor
– “DB1” – integrated rotor cages

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 42

 Circuit Model IV
• Double Cage Rotor
– “DB2” – independent rotor cages

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 43

 Characteristic Model
• Motor Torque, I, and PF as function of Slip
– Static Model

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 44

 Calculation Methods I
• Static Motor Starting
– Time domain using static model
– Switching motors modeled as Zlr during starting and
constant kVA load after starting
– Run load flow when any change in system

• Dynamic Motor Starting

– Time domain using dynamic model and inertia model
– Dynamic model used for the entire simulation
– Requires motor and load dynamic (characteristic) model

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 45

 Calculation Methods II

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 46

 Static versus Dynamic
• Use Static Model When
– Concerned with effect of motor starting on other
loads
– Missing dynamic motor information

• Use Dynamic Model When

– Concerned with actual acceleration time
– Concerned if motor will actually start

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 47

 MS Simulation Features
• Start/Stop induction/synchronous motors
• Switching on/off static load at specified loading
category
• Simulate MOV opening/closing operations
• Change grid or generator operating category
• Simulate transformer LTC operation
• Simulate global load transition
• Simulate various types of starting devices
• Simulate load ramping after motor acceleration

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 48

 Automatic Alert
• Starting motor terminal V
• Motor acceleration failure
• Motor thermal damage
• Generator rating
• Generator engine continuous
& peak rating
• Generator exciter peak rating
• Bus voltage
• Starting motor bus
• Grid/generator bus
• HV, MV, and LV bus
• User definable minimum time
span
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 49
 Transformer LTC Modeling
• LTC operations can be simulated in motor
starting studies
• Use global or individual Tit and Tot

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Motor Acceleration Slide 58