MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT

DGE303/EGE303 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS WITH
Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE CALCULUS1 MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: PAGE 1 OF 6
Course: Differential Calculus with Analytic Geometry
Module Number: 6-7
Topic: Limit of a function
Derivative of an Algebraic Function
Learning Outcomes: The students should be able to:
1. determine from a graph or solve for the limit of a function.
2. determine from a graph or solve for the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.
3. know the definition of a derivative of a function.
4. differentiate algebraic functions by using power formula, derivative of a sum or difference of functions,
product, quotient, chain rule, and implicit differentiation.
Keywords and Concepts:
A. Limit of a function B. Derivative of a function
One-sided limit Power formula
Function—value Derivative of a sum or difference
Limit at Infinity Derivative of a product
Derivative of a quotient,
Chain rule
Implicit differentiation
Lecture
A: Limits
1. Definition: Lim f(x)  L (L  constant) if and only if
x a
i . lim f(x)  L and ii . lim f(x)  L
x a x a

A limit does not exist when :

i . lim f(x)  lim f(x) ii . lim f(x)   ( or   )
x a  x a  x a

2. Directional limits and function value:

i. Left-hand limit: lim f(x) is the limit of the function as x approaches the value a from the left.
x a 
ii. Right-hand limit: lim f(x) is the limit of the function as x approaches the value a from the right.
xa 
Function-value at a: F(a) refers to the value of the function when a is substituted into the variable.

Example: Given: f(x)  x  1

a. lim f(x)  lim x  1 does not exist b. lim f(x)  lim x 1  0
x 1  x 1  x 1  x 1 

c. lim f(x)  lim x  1 does not exist because lim f(x)  lim f(x)
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

d. Function value at x=1: f(1)  1  1  0

The value of the function at a, denoted by f(a) may not be equal to lim f(x)
x a
3. Limit theorems:
i. lim c  c lim c f(x)  c lim f(x)
xa xa xa

ii . lim [f(x)  g(x)]  lim f(x)  lim g(x)

xa x a xa
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
DGE303/EGE303 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS WITH
Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE CALCULUS1 MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: PAGE 2 OF 6
iii . lim [f(x)  g(x)]  lim f(x)  lim g(x)
xa x a xa

lim f(x)
f(x)
1 v . lim  x a
xa g(x) lim g(x)
xa

4. Limit at infinity, infinite limits and asymptotes

i. X= a is a Vertical asymptote when lim f(x)   or lim f(x)  

x a  x a 

ii. Y = b is a Horizontal asymptote when lim f(x)  b or lim f(x)  b

x   x 
Examples:
x 3
1. Given: y  f(x) 
x2 9
a . f(3) does not exist because 3 is not an element of the Domain
b . f ( 3) does not exist
x+ 3 1
c . lim f(x) = lim 2 = lim = ∞
x→ 3 x→ 3 x 9 x→ 3 x 3
Therefore , vertical asymptote : VA x = 3
x+ 3 1 1 x+ 3 1 1
d . lim f(x) = lim 2
= lim = Also, lim f(x) = lim 2
= lim =
x→ 3 x→ 3 x 9 x→ 3 x 3 6 x→ 3 + x → 3+ x 9 x→ 3 x 3
+ 6
1
Therefore x = 3 is not a vertical asymptote . The point 3, is an excluded point
6
x+ 3 1 x+ 3 1
e . lim f(x) = lim = lim =0 Also, lim f(x) = lim 2 = lim =0
x→ ∞ x→ x 2 9 x→ ∞ x 3
∞ x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x 9 x→ ∞ x 3
Therefore there is only one horizontal asymptote : HA y = 0

x 3
f. Graph of the curve y 
x29 Y

VA: X=3

● (4,1)
(0,0)
o X
(-3,-1/6) ● HA: Y=0
(0,-1/3)
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
DGE303/EGE303 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS WITH
Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE CALCULUS1 MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: PAGE 3 OF 6
2. From a given Graph:
Y

o •2
.
• 1

o X
-3 3
-2 -1 3
1 2 3 4 3 5 3

o o -1

-2 ● o

-3

Determine the following :

1. Domain 2. Range 13. f(4)
3. HA 4. VA 14. lim f(x)
x4

5. lim f(x) 6. lim f(x) 15. lim f(x)

x  2  x  2  x 5

7. lim f(x) 8. f( 2) 16. F(5)

x  2

9. f( 3) 10. lim f(x) 17. lim f(x)

x  3 x  

11. lim f(x) 12. lim f(x) 18. lim f(x)

x  3  x  3  x  

Exercises:
 x 2 ; x  1  Determine the following
3  a. lim f(x) b. lim f(x) c . lim f(x) d. lim f(x)
 x ; 1  x  3 
1. y   2  x1 x3 x3 x3
 x ; 3  x  5 
 5 2 ; 5 x 
 x  5 
e. lim f(x) f . lim f(x) g. lim f(x) h. lim f(x)
x5 x5 x  x 

i. f 1 j. f(3) k . f(5) l . VA m. HA

2. Evaluate the following:

a . lim (5 x  3) d . lim x
x 2 x 0
x2 9 4
b . lim e . lim
x 3 x  3 x  x 3
4x 4 x2
c . lim f . lim
x 5 5  x
 x  x  3
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
DGE303/EGE303 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS WITH
Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE CALCULUS1 MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: PAGE 4 OF 6
B . Derivative of a function

1. Definition: The derivative of a function y=f(x) ,

denoted by dy/dx (read derivative of y with respect to x) is defined as follows:
dy Δy f(x  Δx)  f(x)
 lim  lim .
dx Δx 0 Δx Δx 0 Δx

Δy
Note that: i. is an average rate of change
Δx
dy
ii. is an instantane ous rate of change
dx
iii. Other notations for the derivative: df /dx, f’(x) , y’ , Dxy
iv. The first derivative of the function at a point A is interpreted geometrically as
the slope of a tangent line of the curve at A.

Y secant line
● tangent line
Y=f(X) Δy
m secant line   average rate of change
Δx
Δy
● m tangent line  lim
X Δx 0 Δx
 instantane ous rate of change

2. Differentiation formulas:
Derivative of : Example :

1. constant C : D x (C )  0 1. y  5
y'  0
2. power of x 2. y  x 3
 
D x x n  nx n  1 y'  3 x 2

3. constant  f(x) 3. y  5 x 3
D x C  f(x)  C  f ' (x)  
y'  5 3 x 2  15 x 2

Chain Rule :
10
 1
y  un Example : y  3 x 2  
 x
where u  f(x) let y  u n u  3 x 2  x 1
n 1
n  constant y'  n u u' u'  3(2 x)  ( x 2 )

 
9
dy  1
 y'  n u n  1 u' y'  10 3 x 2   3(2 x)  ( x  2 )
dx  x
9
 1   1 
y'  10 3 x 2   6 x  
 x  x2 
1
3
4. Sum or Difference 4. y  4 x   4 x 2  3 x 2
x2
 1 
D x u  v   u' v'
1

y'  4  x 2   3  2 x  3
2 

 
2 x 6
y'  
x x3
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
DGE303/EGE303 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS WITH
Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE CALCULUS1 MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: PAGE 5 OF 6

7 4
5. Product 5. y  5 x x2  3 x
D x u v   uv' vu' 7 4
let u  5 x ; v  x 2  3 x  (x 2  3 x) 1 / 4

1 2
u'  35 v 6 ; v'  (x  3 x)  3 / 4 (2 x  3)
4
2 x 3
v' 
4(x 2  3 x) 3 / 4
6. Quotient
 u  v u' u v' x 3  2 x 5
Dx    6. y 
v v2 3
4 x 2
let u  x 3  2 x  5 ; v  3 4 x  2  (4 x  2) 1 / 3
4
u'  3 x 2  2 ; v' 
3
3 4 x 2

An Implicit function or relation between x and y is defined as F(x,y)=0.

An implicit differentiation is used when neither y is expressed in terms of x nor x in terms of y,
and chain rule is applied.

Example: Given: x2y3 = x1/2 – 1/y

Req’d: Solve for y’ ; note that 1/y = y-1

Solution: x2 [3y2 (y’)] + y3[2x(1)] = ½ x-1/2(1) – [-y-2(y’)]

Collect terms with y’ on one side of the equation and simplify
y 2  4 x 3/2 y 3
y' 
6 x 5/ 2 y 4  2 x 1 / 2

Higher-order Derivative:

When y =(x), the first derivative of y with respect to (wrt) x is denoted by dy/dx or y’.

The second derivative of y wrt x is the derivative of the first derivative wrt x.
d2y
This is denoted by y’’ or or f’’(x). The nth derivative indicates the number of times a differentiation is
dx 2
applied to a function or relation
d3y d4y
Other higher-order derivatives are:  y' ' ' , , etc.
dx 3 dx 4
Examples:
1. y = s lns Solve for y’’
y’ = s (lns)’ + lns (s)’
y’ = s (1/s) + lns (1)
y’ = 1 + lns
y’’= 0 + 1/s
y’’= 1/s

2. x2 + y2 = 4 Solve for y’’

Apply implicit differentiation to solve for the derivatives
i. solve for the first derivative: 2x + 2yy’ = 0
x + y y’ = 0 or y’= -x/y
ii. solve for the second derivative using x + y y’ = 0
1 + (y y’’ + y’ y’) =0
 1  (y' ) 2  1  ( x/y) 2 x
y' '   substitute y'  ; simplify
y y y
 y 2  x 2  (x 2  y 2 )
y' '   substitute x 2  y 2  4
y3 y3
4
y' ' 
y3
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
DGE303/EGE303 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS WITH
Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE CALCULUS1 MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: PAGE 6 OF 6

Exercises. A. Solve for the indicated requirements

1. y  x 2  3 x ; y' (0) and its geometric interpretation 6. xy  y 2  4 x 3 ; y'
2
5 4 d z y dy
2. z    7 x 8 ; 7 . x1  6 ;
x6 3
x 2 dx 2 4 dx
x 2x
3. f(x)  ; f' (x) 8. y  (2 x  x ) 5 (x  5) ; y' '
x
3 dz
4. z  (y  2) 3 4  2 y ; z'  9. y 2  6 x 2 y  9 x ; y' at (1,3)
dy
x 2 y2
5.   1 ; y' by implicit differentiation
4 9

B. Given : y  9  x 2

Req' d :
1. f ' (x) 6. Solve for the points where the

2. f ' (1) i) tangent line is vertical,

3. Solve for theequatio n of tan line at x  1 ii) tangent line is horizontal

4. Solve for the equation of normal line at x  1

5. Draw the graph of thecurve and the tangent line at x  1

Additional Resources:
a. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry by Louis Leithold
b. Calculus and Analytic Geometry by George B. Thomas Jr and Ross L.Finney
c. Differential Calculus with Analytic Geometry Modules

Assessment and Evaluation:

Summary and Reflection: