32.

Evaporation
GENERAL

Heat transmission in an evaporator

A sugar evaporator consists essentially of a tubular calandria serving as a heat exchanger:
the heating steam surrounds the outside of the tubes and the juice to be evaporated circulates
inside the tubes.
When two fluids of temperature t and t' are located on opposite sides of a solid surface,
the quantity of heat transmitted from one to the other is given by the expression:

Q = kS (t — t') (32.1)

Q = quantity of heat transmitted

k = coefficient of heat transfer
S = heat-exchange surface
t = temperature of the hot fluid
t' — temperature of the cold fluid.'
The coefficient k is given by:

1 1 e 1 (32.2)
k = a — + b +

a = coefficient of heat transfer from the hot fluid to the surface

b = coefficient of heat transfer across the solid surface
c = coefficient of heat transfer from the surface to the cold
fluid e = thickness of the metal wall.
Whence:

k- 1 (32.3)
1 e 1
This equation shows that the value of the coefficient k is determined by the magnitude of
—+—+—
the smallest of the three coefficients a, b, c. If c, for example, is much smaller than a and
b, we may neglect the latter and take:

k =-- c