EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF LEFKE

NAME: MUHAMMAD FAHAD SAEED

STUDENT ID: 184677

DEPARTMENT: BSc CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT: GLASS FIBER UTILIZED CEMENT PASTE

PRODUCTION

SUBMITTED TO: SEFKAT CAN BOSTANCI

DATE: 26/12/2022
ABSTRACT
lass-fiber reinforced cement (GFRC) is a material made of a
cement framework made out of bond, sand, water, and admixtures, in which short
length glass filaments are scattered. It has been generally utilized as a part of the
development business for non-auxiliary components, as funneling and channels.
GFRC offers numerous focal points, for example, being lightweight, heatproof,
great appearance and quality. In this examination, preliminary tests for concrete
with glass fiber and without glass fiber are led to demonstrate the distinctions in
compressive quality and flexural quality by utilizing solid shapes of changing sizes.
Different utilization of GFRC appeared in the investigation, the test comes about,
techno-monetary correlation with different kinds, and in addition, the money related
estimations displayed, demonstrate the enormous capability of GFRC as an elective
development material.

KEYWORDS
Glass, Fibre, Reinforcement, Concrete, Properties, Application,
Development

DECLARION :

STUDENT NAME MUHAMMAD FAHAD SAEED

STUDENT ID 184677

DEPARTMENT CIVIL ENGINEERING

I hereby declare that I have fully cited and referenced all material that are not
original to this work as required by these rules and conduct. I also declare that any
violation of the academic rules and the ethical conduct concerned will be regarded
as plagiarism and will lead to a disciplinary investigation which may result in
expulsion from the university and which will also require other legal proceedings.

Signature: Muhammad fahad

saeed

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………i
Declaration……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………...ii
Table of content
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………iii
List of figure
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……………….iv
List of
Tables…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..v
 Introduction
Section snippets
Glass
Cement
Production
Research scope and Research result

INTRODUCTION
Glass fibers are a fibers which are prepared from the
molten glass which is the most useless fibers used in the industries these glass fiber
are available in the form of yarns roving Worn fabrics and mats they can be popular
matrix material for the manufacturing of the fiber glass are thermoset such as un
saturated polyester epoxies and thermoplastic such as nylon polyamide and
polycarbonate etc this fiberglass form a laminate structure with the different fiber so
what is laminate structure laminate structure is a structure which has a flat sheet
joined or combined with the resin is a sheet resin is applied over the top and then a
sheet is placed and then resin is applied at the top this is laminate structure With the
four different fiber orientation in the reinforcing glass layers the concentration of the
glass fiber is about 40% to 70%
The glass fibers used in GFRC help give this unique compound its strength. Alkali
resistant fibers act as the principle tensile load carrying member while the polymer
and concrete matrix binds the fibers together and helps transfer loads from one fiber
to another.
Without fibers GFRC would not possess its strength and would be more prone to
breakage and cracking. Understanding the complex fiber network in GFRC is a
topic in and of itself.
Glass fiber as reinforcement for Portland cement paste has been looked on as an
interesting but exotic possibility. Combined with cement, it offers high impact
resistance, increased tensile and bending strength and an overall decrease in weight.
Until recently, however, there has been no glass fiber sufficiently resistant to alkali
attack by hydrated Portland cement to make it a practical building material. Such an
alkali-resistant glass has been developed in England by the Building Research
Establishment and Piking ton Brothers Limited.

Section snippets

Glass

It is unclear exactly when, where, or how people first learned to make

glass. The first manufactured glass was found in Mesopotamia about 3000 B.C. and
the first glass vessels were made, about 1500 B.C., in Mesopotamia and Egypt [3,4].
In that time the glass industry was slow and costly because of the small furnaces, the
poor quality of the clay pots, and the heat was hardly sufficient for melting the raw
materials. The invention of the blowpipe, in about 30 B.C., made the glass
production

Cement

Cement is the most importantly used material for all kinds of constructions
and it has been produced in the whole world. The annual global cement production
has reached to 2.8 billion tons and it is expected to increase more than 4 billion
tons/year due to the major growth in different countries, such as China, India,
Middle East and Northern Africa

PRODUCTION
Glass cullet has been often used in research as a partial
substitute for aggregate in a concrete mixture. replaced 10, 15 and 20% of sand with
glass aggregate from bottles, jars and float glass. The addition of glass cullet
deteriorated the work ability of the concrete mix, but it positively influenced the
mechanical properties of the tested concrete composites. Concrete with the addition
of 20% glass cullet yielded by 4.23% higher mean compressive strength compared
to control concrete without glass. The study also confirmed that partial replacement
of sand with glass aggregate does not increase ASR. demonstrated that replacing
the aggregate with glass cullet has a positive effect on the mechanical properties of
materials with cement matrix, which allows for the fine glass waste to be
approached as pozzolane material. It does not negatively affect the durability of the
concrete composite, whereas the work-ability of concrete mixtures with waste glass
can be compensated for by using greater amounts of plasticize. Furthermore,
Topçu .] proposed the use of 20% fly ash to reduce the risk of ASR in composites
containing waste glass. In the study , fine cullet from white bottles was added to
concrete in the amounts of 5 and 10% of cement mass. Concrete with addition of
glass waste yielded compressive strength higher by 3.4% for addition of 10% glass
cullet and 8.9% when adding 20% of this waste compared to the control concrete
RESEARCH SCOPE AND RESEARCH RESULT
The literature
review confirmed the possibility of using waste glass in the cement and concrete
industry. The research focused on recycling of waste glass by using it as
replacement for cement, sand or coarse aggregate in materials with cement
matrix. In the study [9], waste glass was dosed to the rotary kiln during the
burning of Portland clinker.
In this study, green and white waste glass from bottles was added to conventionally
burnt Portland clinker and ground together in a laboratory mill with an additive that
regulated the cement setting time (5% of cement mass). The chemical composition
of glass is shown in Figure 1

Both green (Z series) and white (B series) glass was added in the amounts of
7.5 and 15% clinker by weight. The quantitative compositions per 10 kg of
cement obtained by grinding of clinker and glass together with the addition
that delayed setting are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of mass and percentage of cement (ground with glass)

Green glass White glass Portland clinker Anhydrite

Series
[kg] [%] [kg] [%] [kg] [%] [kg] [%]
Z7.5 0.71 7.1 - - 8.79 87.9 0.5 5
Z15 1.42 14.2 - - 8.08 80.8 0.5 5
B7.5 - - 0.71 7.1 8.79 87.9 0.5 5
B15 - - 1.42 14.2 8.08 80.8 0.5 5
 Further research involved addition of both types of waste glass into separately
ground Portland clinker with the addition of anhydrous (pure cement). The glass
was fragmented in the dis integrator (Figure 2) into glass flour and mixed with
ground cement without the addition of glass. Grain composition of the glass
fragmented in the dis integrator is shown in Table 2. The percentage

compositions of the tested cements (CZ series with green glass and CB series
with white glass) are presented in Table 3.

Figure 2. Disintegrator

Table 2. Grain composition of fragmented waste glass

Fraction [mm] Green glass [%] White glass [%]

0.125-0.25 2 3

0.063-0.125 40 41

0-0.063 58 56

Types and properties of glass fibers  

Glass fibers are available in continuous or
chopped lengths. Glass fibers have large tensile strength and  elastic modulus but
have brittle stress-strain  characteristics and low creep at room temperature.
Glass  fibers are usually are usually round and straight with  diameters from
0.005 mm to 0.015 mm. They can be also  bonded together to produce the bundle
of glass fibers with diameter up to 1.3 mm
.  
Materials and methods  
Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of 53  grade
confirming to IS: 8112 can be used. The cement to  be used should be tested for
various proportions as per  IS: 4031-1988.  
Water: The coarse aggregate to be chosen for GFRC  should be typically
angular in shape, well graded and  smaller in maximum size that suited for
conventional  concrete.  
Coarse aggregate & Fine aggregate: Coarse  aggregate of around 20 mm size
should be suitable for  GFRC. The specific gravity fineness modulus should be 
noted. River sand can be used as fine aggregate.  Aggregates sizes and properties
should be in  confirmation with IS 383:1970.  
CONCLUSIONS
The following final conclusions can be drawn based on
the research program: - grinding of Portland clinker together with glass proved to
be an alternative to management of this waste; - standard mortars made of cements
obtained from grinding of Portland clinker with waste glass had better mechanical
properties. These cements were characterized by a faster rate of strength increase
of 2 and 7 days, and higher standard strength (28 days) compared to the mortar
made of pure cement; - The largest increase in mean compression strength
compared to pure cement mortar was obtained for a series in which Portland
clinker was ground with 15% white glass. After 2 days, the mortar of this series
yielded by 15.5%, after 14 days by 17% and after 28 days by 12% higher strength
compared to the mortar obtained from pure cement; - Cements obtained from
grinding of Portland clinker together with green glass were characterized by good
strength, but it was slightly lower compared to similar cements with white glass.
Mortar made of cement obtained from grinding of Portland clinker together with
green glass in the amount of 15% had higher strength after 2 and 7 days by 10%,
and by 8% after 28 days compared to strength of mortar obtained from pure
cement; - mixing pure cement with fine waste glass also yields very satisfactory
results. All series of mortars made of such cements yielded higher compressive
strength after 2, 7 and 28 days compared to the strength of a mortar made of pure
cement. - All cements had similar beginnings of binding times, - The degree of
grinding for all cements is a typical size of cements of 32.5 class; - Based on the
tests, all cements were classified as 32.5N class.