Islamic architecture

Main article: Islamic architecture

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Moorish architecture: Grand arches of the Mosque–
Cathedral of Córdoba (Córdoba, Spain)





 
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Persian architecture: The Jameh Mosque in Isfahan (Iran)





 
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Mughal architecture: The Taj Mahal in Agra (India)





 
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Ottoman architecture: The interior side view of the main
dome of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne (Turkey)




Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE,

incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle
East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the
religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be
found throughout the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, the
Indian Sub-continent and in parts of Europe, such as Spain,
Albania, and the Balkan States, as the result of the expansion
of the Ottoman Empire. [23][24]
European Middle Ages
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Byzantine architecture: Apse of Santa Maria
Maggiore (Rome), decorated in the 5th century with this
glamorous mosaic





 
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Romanesque architecture: Interior of the Durham
Cathedral (Durham, UK), 1093–1133





 
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Gothic architecture: Stained glass windows of the Sainte-
Chapelle in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed
between 1194 and 1220





 
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Brâncovenesc architecture: The Stavropoleos
Church (downtown Bucharest, Romania), with elaborate
paintings on the façade, 1724




In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by

craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have
survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The
role of architect was usually one with that of master mason,
or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in
contemporary documents.
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of
abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onward, the
movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried
architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-
European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
Also, a signi cant part of the Middle Ages architectural
heritage is numerous forti cations across the continent. From
the Balkans to Spain, and from Malta to Estonia, these
buildings represent an important part of European heritage.
Renaissance and the architect
Main article: Renaissance architecture
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The Florence Cathedral (Florence, Italy), 1294–1436,
by Arnolfo di Cambio, Filippo Brunelleschi and Emilio De
Fabris





 
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The Tempietto (Rome), by Donato Bramante, 1444–1514





 
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The Hall of Perspective from Villa Farnesina (Rome),
by Baldassare Peruzzi, 1505–1510





 
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The Villa La Rotonda (Vicenza, Italy), 1567 - c. 1592,
by Andrea Palladio





 
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The Château de Chenonceau (France), by Philibert de
l'Orme, 1576