ORANGI SLUM, KARACHI, PAKISTAN

ORANGI PILOT PROJECT

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| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
 Case Study

Project Name ORANGI PILOT PROJECT

Location Karachi, pakistan

Architects/ Government / NGO/ The Orangi pilot project was initiated in 1980 by the
Any other Authority renowned social scientist Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan.

OPP-RTI

OPP-Research and Training Institute (OPP-RTI)

manages the low cost sanitation, housing/secure
housing support program, education program, the
now evolving water supply and the women’s savings
programs as well as the related research and training
programs. Earthquake and the flood rehabilitation
works are also undertaken.

OPP-OCT

OPP-Orangi Charitable Trust (OPP-OCT) manages

the micro enterprise credit program.

OPP-KHASDA

OPP-Karachi Health and Social Development

Association (OPP-KHASDA) manages the health
program.

Each institution has its separate board of directors

and mobilizes its own funds. Development is self

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
 financed by the people. OPP institutions provide
social and technical guidance and credit for micro
enterprise. For replication OPP institutions strengthen
the partner Non Government Organizations (NGOs)/
Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and
Government agencies (instead of setting up their own
offices). *The settlements began as katchi abadies ,
between 1986 to 1992 most settlements were notified
i.e officially accepted by the government.

Project Summary Known as one of the most successful NGO sanitation

provision projects, this community-owned,
community-managed infrastructure upgrading
program has helped over one million people to
improve sanitation since its inception in 1980 when
the primary means of sewage disposal were bucket
latrines or soakpits, and open sewers. Its strategy is
to minimize external support and help households
achieve their own local development needs.

Aim & Objective

Through research and extension, OPP
implements sustainable solutions to local
development problems. It promotes
community organization to carry out sewerage
projects rather than doing so itself.
In this vein, to encourage the mobilization of
local managerial and financial resources and
the practice of cooperative action, they:

 Identify activists;
 provide training in community organization and

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |

Period of Implementation
Type of settlement including
house characteristics, occupancy
per house, occupation, education
etc.
| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
technical details;
 provide further guidance and supervision; and
 help to simplify designs so that they are
affordable and can be technically implemented
locally (“OPP,” 1)
Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) as an NGO began work
in Orangi town in 1980.
SETTLEMENT
 Orangi is in fact a lower-class
settlement with basic amenities of life
available to most of the people.
 Although the local authorities and literature
consider it to be an informal settlement, a
considerable part of the territory has been
legally registered and is officially considered
an administrative district; it receives aid and
benefits from some services provided by the
central administration.        
 According to the first official information, this
settlement is one of the oldest in Karachi,
having been established around 1947 with the
arrival of Muslim refugees from the
newborn India.
 The Pakistani government at the time allowed
such groups of people to settle freely in certain
sections of public land.           
Indeed, around 1950, the occupied territory –
which was about 1300 acres – was officially
recognised as an administrative district.
  This legalisation did not last long and within
about two decades, with the arrival of refugees
from the newly formed Bangladesh (1971) and
the uncontrolled growth of the metropolis,
Orangi Town grew out of all proportion and the
new territories were never officially
recognised.
 This peculiar duality makes the living
conditions of the residents extremely difficult,
as the services present are insufficient and
poorly distributed, in addition to being a
territory that is mostly squatted and therefore
constantly exposed to eviction requests or
illegal attempts to eliminate it.       
 The main problems currently affecting the area
include overcrowding, the absence of an
effective education system, a high rate of
violence and crime, and the lack of an
effective water and sanitation system.   

MATERIALS

 The poor quality of building materials

used in construction. The hand-made
concrete blocks which were the traditional
main components of the walls and
foundations were substandard due to the
use of poor quality materials and
construction methods.
 Severe cracks had therefore developed in
the main structural components of the
dwellings. Building skills were inadequate.
 Faulty construction techniques were used
due to ignorance, as well as the quick-fix
attitude of masons and residents.
 The inequitable relationship between
contractor and mason and the house
owner.

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
  Poor ventilation in the houses.

ACTIVITY

 Often, all daily activities are carried out in one

room, making the dwellings unhealthy and
inadequate places, well below minimum health
and safety standards.
 In addition, overcrowding, together with poor
sanitary conditions, appears to be a major risk
factor in the transmission of diseases, both
those that cyclically afflict residents and the
current Covid-19 pandemic.

EDUCATION

 first the adequacy of government schools in

the study area was evaluated and then the
need for additional schools with their suitable
locations were identified.
 Data regarding school locations and
students enrollments were collected from
Sindh Basic Education Program of a non-
profit NGO iMMAP.
 School building footprints were digitized from
2001 and 2013 Google Earth archived
images.
 Population in 2013 was estimated by
projecting 1998 census data downloaded
from the website of the Census Bureau of
Pakistan.
 An educated assumption of 20 % of the total

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
 population of Orangi Town was used to
calculate number of primary school-aged
children.
 Study results showed that schools existed in
2013 were not sufficient to serve all these
children.
 This study also revealed that new schools
were built during this time period, but the
population growth rate was much higher than
the growth rate of schools that created a big
supply-demand gap.
 The most progressive Union Council (UC) of
Orangi Town was Haryana Colony where 17
new schools were constructed between 2001
and 2013 though the required number of
schools still fall short.

OCCUPATION

• Includes: Fishermen, vegetable and fruit

sellers, meat sellers, cooked food sellers,
booming cottage industry, small IT and repair
businesses etc

• Traditionally women in the locality have played

a crucial role in increasing their family’s
income through small business enterprises.

• There is no special help from the gov-

ernment to these businesses

• Businesses looking for a Grameen Bank

model. 

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
Methodology Adopted  The methodology is action research and
extension.
 That is analyzing outstanding problems of the
area, people’s initiatives, the bottlenecks in the
initiatives, then through a process of action
research and extension education evolving
viable solutions promoting participatory action.
 In short developing low cost package of
advice, guiding and facilitating community
organizations for self help and partnership with
the government.

Findings of the Study  Upgrading the building component

manufacturing yards in the Orangi settlement
of Karachi to improve the quality of the
concrete blocks available for construction and
by introducing the manufacture of alternative
roofing components.

 Evolving standard construction designs and

techniques and training masons to use them,
as well as providing accurate plans and
estimates.

 Preparing standardised steel shuttering and

lending these and other tools and equipment
to local communities.

 Preparing audio-visual aids, manuals and

instruction sheets that can be easily
understood by the local population.

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
Resource Physical  A low-cost sanitation programme enabling low-
Requirements Infrastructure come families to construct and maintain
modern sanitation with their own funds and
under their own management.
 ii) A low-cost housing programme, which
upgrades the block-makers’ yard by
introducing stronger and less expensive
construction materials, and also upgrading the
skills of loc al masons by introducing proper
construction techniques.
 In addition, this programme educates house
owners on planning, orientation and low-cost
technology
 . iii) A basic health and family planning
programme for segregated, illiterate or
semiliterate, low-income housewives.
 The programme has the following objectives:
• causes of common Orangi diseases and
methods of preventing them;
 • contraception;
 • the importance of growing vegetables in
their homes:
 • providing immunisation and family planning
services; and
 • upgrading existing clinics, providing
vaccines, family planning supplies, and
training vaccinators and traditional birth
attendants.
 iv) A programme of supervised credit for small
family enterprise units, which increases
production, employment, managerial skills and

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
 business integrity.
 The financial benefits from this programme are
used by the beneficiaries to improve their
homes and the physical and social
infrastructure of their neighbourhood. There is
a 97 per cent rate of credit recovery.
 v) A school programme that assists in
upgrading the physical infrastructure and
academic quality of schools established by
private enterprise
 . vi) Women work-centre programme, which
organises seamstress and other garments
workers into family units dealing directly with
the exporters and wholesalers.
 vii) A social forestry programme, which
promotes kitchen gardening, nurseries and
tree plantation in homes, schools and places
of worship.
 viii)A rural development programme, which
provides credit and technical guidance to
persuade entrepreneurs to develop their arid
holdings into woodlots and orchards and to
grow forage for milk cattle, thereby enabling
them to become commercial producers and
traders.

Human As a result of this human resource development, the

Resource OPP-TRI can carry out its training activities and give
technical support to NGOs, CBOs, and government.

Technology The technicians are also recruited locally. The

plumbers and surveyors are residents of Orangi,
working in this field before they joined the OPP

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
Other Information (Awards, Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan’s Orangi Pilot Project Wins
Nominations etc. if any) Engro’s IATC Award

Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan's Orangi Pilot Project -

Research and Training Institute (OPP-RTI) won the
famous World Habitat Award in 2001.

Salient Features  The project also comprised a number of

programmes, including a people's financed
and managed low-cost sanitation programme
 a housing programme
 a basic health and family planning programme
 a programme of supervised credit for small
family enterprise units
 an education programme; and a rural
development programme in the nearby
villages.

Photographs:

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
PROBLEMS THAT MOBILIZED PEOPLE. LANE PEOPLE ORGANISE,MONEY COLLECTION

PEOPLES EFFORTS CONSTRUCT UNDERGROUND SEWER

COMMUNITY ORGANISE THEMSELVES

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |
Analysis:

| NAME | 4TH YR. B. ARCH. (A/B) | SEM1 | MVPS’s COA, NASHIK | SLUM REHABILITATION |