General Biology 1
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Week 8 / October 11, 2021 / Lecture Notes
Introduction
Cellular Respiration – chemical energy from
nutrients in food is released and partially captured
as ATP, harvesting energy from glucose to form
ATP
*occurs in all eukaryotic cells*
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water Energy
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation – transfer
phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP
Stages of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis – glucose to 2 pyruvate
molecules
2. Pyruvate Oxidation and Krebs Cycle –
complete the breakdown of glucose to CO2
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation – Electron
Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
facilitate synthesis of most ATP produced in
cell respi
Glycolysis
Glycolysis – breakdown of glucose molecule to 2
Pyruvates by oxidation/oxidizing (LEORA)
Place: cytoplasm/cytosol
Need: with or without oxygen
GEROA – Gain Electron, Reduction, Oxidizing
Agent
LEORA – Lose Electron, Oxidation, Reducing Agent
1. Energy Investment Phase – 2 ATP used (no
ATP produced yet) to split glucose to 2 three-
carbon sugar molecules (G3P/DHAP)
2. Energy Payoff Phase – 2 NAD+ reduced to 2
NADH, 4 ATP are synthesized (minus 2 in EIP),
small sugars oxidized to form 2 Pyruvates and 2
H2O
Products: 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate Oxidation – converts Pyruvate to Acetyl
Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) before Krebs Cycle
Place: mitochondrial membrane
Need: with oxygen
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase – catalyzes 3 reactions
1. Oxidation – oxidizes (tanggal) carboxyl group,
releases first CO2 of cell respiration
2. Reduction – NAD+ reduces to NADH
3. Combination – combine the remaining two-
carbon fragment of pyruvate with Coenzyme A to
form Acetyl CoA
Products: 2 NADH, 2 CO2
Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle/Tricarboxylic
Acid Cycle – pyruvic acid is broken down into
carbon dioxide completely
Place: mitochondrial matrix
Need: with oxygen
Products: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation – NADH and FADH2
produced donate electron to ETC to power ATP
synthesis, accounts for most of the energy extracted
Products: 26/28 ATP, H2O
1. Electron Transport Chain – NADH and FADH2
donate electrons to electron acceptors, electron pass
through carrier molecules, alternate between
reduced and oxidized states as they accept and
donate (redox), electrons drop free energy (H +) as
they are transferred down the chain, electrons pass
to O2 to form H2O, no ATP is produced directly by
ETC
Cytochrome – proteins with heme groups
containing an iron atom, an electron carrier
Molecules in ETC – proteins (multiprotein
complexes) embedded in inner mitochondrial
membrane/cell membrane
Place: inner mitochondrial membrane
(eukaryotes), cell membrane (prokaryotes)
Need: with oxygen
Final Electron Acceptor: oxygen atom
Product: H2O
2. Chemiosmosis – energy coupling mechanism,
pump H+ from matrix to space by ETC then H+
moves down its concentration gradient to go back
from space to matrix by passing through the protein
complex called ATP synthase (rotor)
Place: cristae
Need: with oxygen
Products: 26/28 ATP
ATP Production by Cell Respiration
Jan Pauline B. Babina, 11 – STEM 01
1
General Biology 1
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Week 8 / October 11, 2021 / Lecture Notes
 34% of energy in glucose is transferred to
ATP through cell respiration (making at
most 32 ATP), the rest of the energy is lost
as heat
 It is NOT 36 ATP, only 30-32 ATP
Products of Cell Respiration: 10 NADH (2
glycolysis, 2 pyruvate oxidation, 6 krebs cycle),
2 FADH (2 krebs cycle), 3 H2O (2 glycolysis, 1
ETC), 6 CO2 (2 pyruvate oxidation, 4 krebs cycle),
30-32 ATP (2 glycolysis, 2 krebs cycle, 26-28
oxidative phosphorylation)
Why Does Produced ATP Vary?
 Depends on which shuttle is used to
transport electrons from glycolysis into
mitochondria
1. Malate-Aspartate Shuttle – cytoplasmic NADH
to mitochondrial NADH, more ATP (3 ATP)
2. Phosphero-Glycerol Shuttle – cytoplasmic
NADH to mitochondrial FADH2, less ATP (2 ATP)
Why is the Exact Number of ATP not Known?
1. Photophosphorylation and redox reactions
are not directly coupled; ratio of NADH to
ATP is not a whole number (just the closest)
2. ATP yield varies on electron shuttles
(whether electrons are passed to NAD+ or
FAD)
3. Proton-motive force (electrochemical
potential/gradient) is also used to drive other
kinds of work simultaneously with cell respi
Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)
Anaerobic Respiration – without oxygen
 Not dependent on electronegative oxygen to pull
electrons down the transport chain
 ETC will cease to operate
1. Glycolysis
2. Fermentation
a. Alcohol or Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glycolysis
Glycolysis – couples with anaerobic
respiration/fermentation to produce ATP, oxidizes
glucose to pyruvate (remove CO2) without oxygen or
ETC, produces net 2 ATP by substrate-level
phosphorylation even without oxygen
Products: 2 ATP
Fermentation
Fermentation – extension of glycolysis in
anaerobic respiration, oxidizes NADH by
transferring electrons to pyruvates or its derivatives
1. Alcohol Fermentation – 2 pyruvates from
glycolysis are converted to 2 ethanol and NAD+
[bread dough, yeast]
 Release CO2 from pyruvate then produces
acetaldehyde
 Produce NAD+ and ethanol
Products: 2 Ethanol, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 2 CO2
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation – 2 pyruvates from
glycolysis are directly reduced by NADH to form
lactate and NAD+ (no release of CO2) [muscle cells]
Products: 2 Lactate, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP
Similarities of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respi
 Use glycolysis to oxidize (lose electron)
glucose to form 2 pyruvates and produce a
net of 2 ATP, harvest chemical energy from
food
 NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts
electrons during glycolysis
Differences of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respi
 Mechanisms to oxidize NADH to NAD+
Fermentation – pyruvate/acetaldehyde acts
as the final electron acceptor
Cellular Respiration – electrons are
transferred to the ETC, oxygen is the final
electron acceptor
 Amount of ATP produced per glucose
Fermentation – 2 ATP by substrate-level
phosphorylation
Cellular Respiration – 30-32 ATP in aerobic
respiration by oxidative phosphorylation
Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
 Early prokaryotes used glycolysis to produce
energy (ATP) before oxygen accumulated in
the atmosphere
 Glycolysis is used in both cellular
respiration (aerobic) and fermentation
(anaerobic), most widespread metabolic
pathway on Earth
Jan Pauline B. Babina, 11 – STEM 01
2
General Biology 1
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Week 8 / October 11, 2021 / Lecture Notes
 Glycolysis is a metabolic heirloom from
early cells that continues to function in
fermentation and cellular respiration

Jan Pauline B. Babina, 11 – STEM 01

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