BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shreyana Routray of Class XII

(Science) bearing Roll Number ____________has
successfully performed the project entitled “DNA
FINGERPRINTING” in the biology lab during the
academic year 2022-23 for partial fulfilment of All India
Senior School Certificate Exam 2022-23 under the
guidance of Mrs. Neelima Priyadarshini Panda and Mrs.
Sandhya Rani Pradhan.

Signature of External PGT BIOLOGY

 CONTENTS
SL. PARTICULARS PAGE
NO. NO.
1 INRODUCTION 1
2 HISTORY 2
3 WHAT IS DNA FINGER PRINTING? 3
4 PRINCIPLES OF DNA 3
FINGERPRINTING
5 SOURCES 4

6 PROCESS 4
7 APPLICATIONS 7
8 PROS AND CONS 8
9 SUMMARY 9
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
 BIODATA

NAME : SHREYANA ROUTRAY

CLASS : XII B

CBSE ROLL NO. :

AGE : 17

SEX : FEMALE

DATE OF BIRTH : 16/05/2005

NAME OF THE SCHOOL : BJEM SCHOOL

SUBJECT : BIOLOGY

SUBJECT TEACHER : Mrs. NEELIMA PANDA

Mrs. SANDHYA PRADHAN

NAME OF PROJECT : DNA FINGERPRINTING

NAME OF THE EXAM : AISSCE

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2022-23

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Despite the efforts I put in this project, it would not have been possible
without the kind support of many individuals. I would like to thank all
of them.

I would like to thank our Principal Ms. Sandhya Jena and our Vice
Principal Mrs. Pallabi Mohapatra for giving us the opportunity to do this
highly educational project. I am highly indebted to our Biology
teachers, Mrs. Neelima Priyadarshini Panda and Mrs. Sandhya Rani
Pradhan for their guidance and constant supervision . I would like to
express my special thanks of gratitude to our Biology Lab Assistant
Mr. Pratap Kumar Dey for providing necessary information regarding
the project .

I would also like to express my gratitude towards my parents and

friends for their cooperation and willingness for helping me out with
their abilities.
 DECLARATION

I do hereby submit that I , Shreyana Routray of class XII B ,

bearing Roll No. 38 have performed my project under the

guidance and supervision of Mrs. Sandhya Rani Pradhan and

Mrs. Neelima Priyadarshini Panda PGT BIOLOGY

DEPARTMENT of BUXI JAGABANDHU ENGLISH MEDIUM

SCHOOL for the academic year 2022-23.

 INTRODUCTION

The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec Jeffreys at

the University of Leicester in 1985.

DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, any of several similar

techniques for analyzing and comparing DNA from separate

sources , used especially in law enforcement to identify suspects

from hair, blood, semen, or other biological materials found at the

scene of a violent crime. It depends on the fact that no two people,

save identical twins, have exactly the same DNA sequence and that

although only limited segments of a person’s DNA are scrutinized in

the procedure, those segments will be statistically unique.

 HISTORY OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

In the spring of 1985, Professor Jeffreys and his colleagues published

their first article on DNA fingerprinting and saw the utility of it in the

forensic sciences and in paternity identification. Newspapers

publicized the findings, and shortly thereafter a lawyer became

interested in the test and saw its applicability in one of the cases

she was representing.

Professor Jeffreys looked at a DNA fingerprint of a human family; he

also looked at the fingerprint of a cow, a baboon, a mouse, and a

tobacco plant. The pattern of DNA segments, composed of perhaps

15 to 20 bands, was different for each one. However, closer

inspection of the patterns of the human family revealed that the

mother and the father each had their own pattern and that the child

had a composite of both, having inherited an allele from the father

and the mother

.
 . WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING?

DNA fingerprinting is a procedure that shows the hereditary

cosmetics of living things. It is a strategy for finding the

distinction between the satellite DNA areas in the genome

Principle of dna fingerprinting

The principles of DNA fingerprinting are mentioned below:

1. DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling identifies the

combination of DNA sequences which tend to vary

greatly between individuals.

2. The most important requirement for DNA fingerprinting

is short nucleotide repeats that vary in number from

person to person but are inherited. These are called

variable number tandem repeats or VNTRs.

3. The DNA fingerprinting technique is based on the theory

that except for identical twins (monozygotic twins), no

two people possess identical DNA sequences.

 SOURCES:
1. Blood

2. Saliva

3. Hair

4. Skin

5. Semen

Process of DNA Fingerprinting

The techniques of DNA fingerprinting are as follows:

1.DNA fingerprinting is a method to analyse DNA found in

biological materials.

2. It is done by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).

3. In RFLP, DNA is first extracted from the cell and then divided into

fragments by restriction enzyme.

4.Following are the steps involved in DNA fingerprinting:

a. Isolation of DNA- In this, DNA is extracted from the cell and
purified by chemical treatment and centrifugation.

b. Amplification- A number of copies of the extracted DNA are

made by a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

c. Digestion of DNA by restriction endonuclease enzyme- The

DNA is cut into fragments with the help of the restriction
endonuclease enzyme. These enzymes snip the DNA at specific
places and DNA is chopped up into varying lengths.

d. Separation of DNA- The DNA fragments are then separated by

a technique called electrophoresis, according to their size.
Electrophoresis is a method used to separate charged molecules
in the presence of an electric field. During electrophoresis,
fragments of DNA are placed on a bed of clear gel on a plate and
then an electric current is applied to it. Since DNA fragments have
a single negative charge, they move towards the positive
electrode. Eventually, the fragments get deployed at various
spots along with the gel according to their size.

e. Then the chemicals are added that split the DNA fragments into
single strands.

f. Transferring (blotting) of the separated DNA fragments from the

gel on synthesis membranes like nitrocellulose or nylon- The
separated DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to a
nylon membrane or nitrocellulose and this technique used is
called Southern blotting. In this technique, the gel is covered with
a nylon membrane that draws the bits of DNA onto the nylon, just
like drying wet ink with the blotting paper.

g. Hybridisations using radiolabeled probes- In this step, the DNA

fragments are tagged with the radioactive isotope by
hybridization, so that their position can be detected by an X-ray
film. This is done by putting a nylon membrane into a bath
containing probes (probes are short pieces of single standard
complementary DNA, tagged with radioactivity that bind to a
specific chain of DNA VNTR sequences according to the base-
pairing rule).

h. Detection of hybridised DNA fragments (Autoradiography)– In

this step, the membrane is exposed to the X-ray film to get an
autoradiograph which when developed, reveals a unique pattern
of light and dark bands that reflect the composition of DNA. The
dark bands on the X-ray film represent the DNA fingerprints.
 APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
The applications of DNA fingerprinting are as follows:

1. Individuality– It helps to differentiate one human being from

another with the exception of monozygotic twins.

2. Paternity or Maternity Disputes– It helps to find out the real

genetic mother, father and offspring.

3. Human Lineage– It is also used to study human lineages.

4. Hereditary Diseases– It is used to identify genes connected

with hereditary diseases.

5. Forensics– It is very helpful in the detection of crime and

legal pursuits
.
6. Sociology– It helps to identify racial groups, their origin,
historical migration and invasions.
Pros
1. A less intrusive method

2. It is an unobtrusive form of testing.

3. It can be used to identify hereditary diseases

4. Collected evidence can be stored indefinitely

5. It can be used for more than criminal justice purposes

6. DNA fingerprinting does not require a specific sample

size

CONS
1. DNA fingerprinting is commonly found to violate a

person’s privacy.

2. It is used to falsely blame innocent people.

3. It is a complicated and tedious process, at times giving

results that are hard to interpret.

4. Problems with data security in DNA fingerprinting also

create problems for additional storage and privacy.

5. DNA fingerprinting relies primarily on human accuracy.

6. DNA samples can be ruined easily in the process causing

samples to be useless to test.

Summary

DNA Fingerprinting is a technique that is used to find out the

nucleotide sequences of certain areas of DNA which are unique to
each individual. The other names of DNA fingerprinting are DNA
profiling, genetic fingerprinting, identity testing, genotyping,
forensic genetics or DNA typing. We all know the fact that no two
individuals, except monozygotic twins, are identical in this world.

Every individual has a unique DNA fingerprint. The most

important requirement for DNA fingerprinting is short nucleotide
repeats that vary in number from person to person but are
inherited, i.e, VNTRs. DNA fingerprinting helps to distinguish one
human being from the other, solve maternity and paternity
disputes, and criminal cases, find out the cause of hereditary
diseases, etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Vittana.org

- www.embibe

- www.yourgenome.org

- www.vedantu.com

- Biology NCERT textbook