Experiment no 12

Two stroke diesel engine and describe its different parts and
working
12.1 Apparatus:

 Inject nozzle
 Piston
 Piston ring
 Cylinder
 Transfer port
 Connecting rod
 Crank case
 Crank shaft
 Exhaust port
 Inlet port
 Sump
 Spark plug
 Balancing weight

12.2 Definition:
A two-stroke diesel engine is a diesel engine that works in two strokes. ...
All diesel engines use compression ignition, a process by which fuel is injected
after the air is compressed in the combustion chamber, thereby causing the fuel
to self-ignite. In a two-stroke engine, the four "cycles" of internal combustion
engine theory (intake, compression, ignition, exhaust) occur in one revolution,
360 mechanical degrees.

Figure 12.1
12.3 Parts of two stroke petrol engine:

12.3.1 Inject nozzle: is a device which is used to generate ignites within the
cylinder. The spark produced is used to burn the fuel in the cylinder.

Figure 12.2

12.3.2 Piston: Piston is the reciprocating part of the engine. It is used for the
suction and compression of the fuel within the cylinder.

Figure 12.3
12.3.3 Piston rings: Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge
of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes:
They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from
leaking into the sump during compression and combustion. They keep oil in the
sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost.

Figure 12.4

12.3.4 Cylinder: It is that part of the two stroke engine which holds piston
within it. The inlet and exhaust ports are present in the cylinder. Cylinder head
consist of the combustion chamber and the spark plug.
 Figure 12.5

12.3.5 Transfer port: It is used to transfer the compressed fuel from crankcase
to the cylinder.

Figure 12.6

12.3.6 Connecting rod: It connects the piston and crankshaft. It transfers the
power from the piston to the crankshaft.

Figure 12.7
12.3.7 Crank case: It acts as the base of the engine. It supports the crankshaft
and camshaft in suitable bearings and provides the arms for supporting the
engine on the frame.

Figure12.8
 12.3.8 Crank shaft: It is that part of the engine which is used to convert the
reciprocating motion of the engine into the rotating motion with the help of a
connecting rod.

Figure 12.9
12.3.9 Exhaust port: It is used to transfer the burnt gases out of the engine.

Figure 12.10
12.3.10 Inlet port: The fresh charge enters into the cylinder through inlet port.

12.3.11 Balancing weight: It is the weight used for the balancing of the engine.

Figure 12,11
12.3.12 Sump: The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount
of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump. 
 Figure 12.12

12.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 2 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE:

1. 1st Stroke:  As the piston starts rising from its B.D.C. position, it closes the
transfer and the exhaust port. The air which is already there in the cylinder is
compressed. At the same time with the upward movement of the piston, vacuum
is created in the crank case. As soon as the inlet port is uncovered the fresh air is
sucked in the crank case. The charging is continued until the crank case and the
space in the cylinder beneath the piston in filled with the air.

2. 2nd Stroke – Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke a very

fine spray of diesel is injected into the compressed air (which is at a very high
temperature). The fuel ignites spontaneously.

12.4.1 Working of two stroke diesel:

In Two-Stroke Diesel Engine that air only is introduced into the engine cylinder
prior to the injection of fuel oil, an additional departure from two-stroke petrol
engine practice is that, instead of using crankcase compression, a rotary blower
is utilized to charge the cylinder with low-pressure air. Furthermore, a couple of
exhaust valves is located in the cylinder head to provide a uniflow system of
scavenging. This means that there is no modify in direction for the cylinder air
stream, which is in contrast with the loop system of scavenging. The two-stroke
diesel engine is therefore mechanically further complicated. In the basic two-
stroke diesel cycle, the following cycle of events is continuously repeated all the
time the engine is running and while the rotary lower is providing air to the inlet
ports of the cylinder.
 Figure 12.13

1] The induction-exhaust event:

Air only is allowed to the cylinder during the period the inlet ports are
uncovered by the piston, which occur towards the last quarter of the power-
exhaust stroke and about the first quarter of the induction-compression stroke.
During this part of the cycle, the exhaust valves are opened immediately before
the cylinder inlet ports are uncovered and then closed just before the ports are
covered again. This series of exhaust valve events not only ensures that the
exhaust gas pressure falls lower than that of the scavenging air supply, and thus
prevents any return flow of exhaust gases, but also leaves the charge in the
cylinder somewhat pressurized prior to final compression. Hence, the
combination of uncovered inlet ports and open exhaust valves allows air to be
blown throughout the cylinder, which removes the remaining exhaust gases and,
similarly, fills it with a new charge of air. Since neither the air nor the exhaust
gases change direction in passing through the cylinder, the term uniflow
scavenging can justifiably be applied.

2] The compression-power event:

The remaining three-quarter portions of the induction-compression and power-
exhaust strokes occur in a very related manner to that of the four stroke diesel
engine; that is, the advancing piston compress the air into the smaller volume of
the combustion chamber and raises its temperature high enough to make sure
self-ignition of the fuel charge. This is injected into the combustion chamber
immediately before the piston begins to retreat on its power-exhaust stroke. It
should be noted that the operating cycle of the two-stroke diesel engine has
been described in terms of events rather than strokes in order to aid
understanding.

Figure 12.14

12.5 Advantages:

 Simple design & construction: It doesn’t have valves. It

simply has inlet & outlet ports which makes it simpler.
 More powerful: In 2 stroke engine, every alternate stroke is
power stroke unlike 4 stroked one in which power gets
delivered once every 4 strokes. This gives a significant power
boost. Also, the acceleration will be higher & power delivery
will be uniform due to same reason.
 Position doesn’t matter: 2 stroke engine can work in any
position as lubrication is done through the means of fuel (as
the fuel passes by through whole cylinder & crankcase).

12.6 Disadvantages:

 Less fuel efficiency: For every alternate power stroke, fuel gets
consumed every alternate stroke. This makes the engine less fuel
efficient although it results in uniform power delivery.
 Oil addition could be expensive: Two-stroke engines require a
mix of oil in with the air-fuel mixture to lubricate the crankshaft,
connecting rod and cylinder walls. These oils may empty your
pockets.
 More pollution: 2 stroke engine produces a lot of pollution. The
combustion of oil added in the mixture creates a lot of smoke
which leads to air pollution.
 Wastage of fuel: Sometimes the fresh charge which is going to
undergo combustion gets out along with the exhaust gases. This
leads to wastage of fuel & also power delivery of the engine gets
effected.
 Improper combustion: The exhaust gases often get trapped inside
the combustion chamber. This makes the fresh charge impure.
Therefore maximum power doesn’t get delivered because of
improper incomplete combustion.