SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 1

School of
Civil Engineering

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2019/2020
COURSE CODE : SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613

COURSE : HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES

PROGRAMME : SKAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS AND 30 MINUTES

DATE : JUNE, 2020

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:

1. ANSWER ALL (5) QUESTIONS.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for disciplinary
actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the study.

This examination question consists of ( 6 ) printed pages only.

 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 2

Q1. (a) A catchment has been developed for a housing estate. Discharge from river is
measured at the outlet of the catchment. With a help of diagram, discuss and
compare the the discharge volume, peak discharge (Qp), and time to peak (tp)
of the hydrograph before and after the development.

(4 marks)

(b) The rates of rainfall for the successive 30 minutes period of a 3-hour storm are:
1.6, 3.6, 5.0, 2.8, 2.2, 1.0 cm/hr as shown in Figure Q1. The corresponding
surface runoff is estimated to be 3.6 cm. Establish the -index.

6.0
Rainfall Intensity, i (cm/hr)

5.0
5.0
4.0 3.6
2.8
3.0 2.2
2.0 1.6
1.0
1.0
0.0
30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (min)

Figure Q1: Hyetograph of the storm event

(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q2. (a) Double ring infiltrometer is an apparatus to quantify infiltration rates. Explain
the installation procedure of this equipment.
(4 marks)

(b) A 2-hr effective rainfall in a catchment with an area of 15 km2 generates

surface runoff where the hydrograph ordinates are summarized in Table Q2.
For a separate rainfall in the same catchment with the effective intensity and
duration shown in Figure Q2, determine the magnitude of peak flow and time
to peak if the baseflow is assumed constant at 2m3/s.

Table Q2: Ordinates of Surface Runoff Hydrograph

Time (hr) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3
Flow, Q (m /s) 0 15.6 23.4 39 56.2 46.8 31.2 15.6 9.8 0
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 3

30

Rainfall Intensity, i (mm/hr)

26
25
20 18

15 12
10
10 8
6
5
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (min)

Figure Q2: Hyetograph of Effective Rainfall

(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q3. (a) When the flow hydrograph travels through storage, discuss what happen to the
hydrograph?
.
(4 marks)

(b) Use the Storage Indication Method to route the inflow hydrograph shown in
Table Q3a below through a reservoir storage. Determine the magnitude of peak
outflow and time to peak. The initial water level in the reservoir is 130m.
Elevation-Storage-Outflow function derived from the detention pond system is
given in Table Q3b.

Table Q3a: Inflow Hydrograph

Time Input Hydrograph Time Input Hydrograph

(hr) (m3/s) (hr) (m3/s)
0 0 90 420
6 50 96 320
12 130 102 270
18 250 108 200
24 350 114 150
30 540 120 100
36 735 126 72
42 1215 132 45
48 1800 138 25
54 1400 144 10
60 1050 150 0
66 900 156 0
72 740 162 0
78 620
84 510
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 4

Table Q3b: Elevation-Storage-Outflow Relationship

Elevation Storage Outflow Discharge

(m) (x 106 m3) (m3/s)
130 1.00 20
131 1.69 34
132 2.85 57
133 4.80 96
134 8.12 162
136 23.1 463
137 39.1 781
138 65.9 1318
(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q4. (a) Name three plotting position formulas that may be used in the Empirical
method for frequency analysis. Describe some of the purpose of frequency
analysis in hydrology?

(4 marks)

(b) The annual maximum series of the peak flow recorded in Skudai River is shown
in Table Q4b. Find the 20- and 100-year return period of peak flow of Skudai
River using the Normal and Gumbel distribution using Eq. Q4a.

The KT values for Normal distribution (Table Q4a) and its formula (Eq. Q4b)
for Gumbel are given. Discuss the difference of your peak flow values using the
Normal and Gumbel distribution.

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄̅ + 𝐾𝑇 𝜎 Eq. Q4a
𝑄𝑇 = 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑇 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑄̅ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Table Q4a: Normal distribution KT value

T (Year) Probability of 𝐾𝑇
exceedance

100 0.01 2.33

50 0.02 2.05
20 0.05 1.64
10 0.1 1.28
5 0.2 0.84
2 0.5 0.00
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 5

Gumbel distribution frequency factor KT value:

√6 𝑇
𝐾𝑇 = − {0.5772 + 𝑙𝑛 [ln (𝑇−1)]} Eq. Q4b
𝜋

Table Q4b: Annual Maximum Flow

Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Max Flow
113.27 101.75 116.43 131.12 110.48 6.03 7.65 9.28 10.91 12.54
(m3/s)
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
Max Flow
44.61 201.33 88.92 78.73 62.12 78.7 84.18 93.26 89.41 15.97
(m3/s)

(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q5. (a) Aquifer is described as the main groundwater resources strata covers extensive
area and is considered as the groundwater storage reservoir. It can be
categorized as confined and unconfined aquifer. With illustration describe
confined and unconfined aquifer.
.

(4 marks)

(b) A well fully penetrates a 24-m thick confined aquifer. After a long period of
pumping at a constant rate of 0.062 m3/s, the drawdown at distances of 50 m
and 150 m from the well were observed to be 3.2 m and 1.4 m, respectively.
Determine the hydraulic conductivity and the transmissivity.

ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑏 [ 𝑟 ]
𝑙𝑛( 2⁄𝑟1 )

(16 marks)

(20 marks)
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 6

𝑑𝑆
= 𝐼(𝑡) − 𝑂(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝐶𝑖𝐴 1 𝜆𝑇 𝜅
𝑄= 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅2/3 𝑆 1/2 𝑖 = (𝑑+𝜃)𝜂
360 𝑛

1
1 N 1 2
2 ˆ
̂   X i 0  ˆ  N  12
N 1
ˆ    X i     ˆ 
N i1  N i 1  ˆ

fo  fc
F  f ct 
k
1  e kt  𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 + (𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑐 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝐹(𝑥) = exp [ −𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )]
𝛼
√6σ x−x0
α= = 0.7797𝜎 x0 = μ − 0.5772α z=
π α
T
yT = −ln [ ln ( )]
T−1
x T = μ + α yT
𝑥 = 𝜇 + 𝐾𝑇 𝜎

√6 𝑇
𝐾𝑇 = − {0.5772 + 𝑙𝑛 [𝑙𝑛 ]}
𝜋 𝑇−1
xT = x̅ + K T s

 I t   Qt 
ds
dt
2 S j 1 2S j
 Q j 1  ( I j  I j 1 )  (  Qj)
t t
2 Sj  1  2S 
 Q j 1   j 1  Q j 1   2Q j 1
t  t 
I j 1  I j Q j 1  Q j
S j 1  S j  t  t
2 2

Q j 1  C0 I j 1  C1 I j  C2Q j

 kx  0.5t kx  0.5t k  kx  0.5t

C0  C1  C2  C3  k  kx  0.5t
C3 C3 C3

𝜋𝐾(ℎ2 2 −ℎ1 2 ) 2𝜋𝐾𝑏(ℎ2 −ℎ1 )

𝑄= 𝑟 𝑄= 𝑟
𝑙𝑛𝑟2 𝑙𝑛𝑟2
1 1
 SOLUTION

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR (ONLINE)

SKAA3613
HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES
SEMESTER 2 20192020
 1

a) Refer Dr NbA

Time (hr) Rainfall (cm/hr)

0.5 1.6
1.0 3.6
1.5 5.0
2.0 2.8
2.5 2.2
3.0 1.0
Rainfall = 8.1cm
Runoff = 3.6cm
Losses = 4.5cm

[(3.6 - f) + (5.0 - f) + (2.8 - f) + (2.2 - f)]/2 = 3.6

f = [3.6 + 5.0 + 2.8 + 2.2 2x3.6]/4
f = 1.6 cm/hr
Double ring infiltrometer is an apparatus to quantify infiltration rates.
Explain the installation procedure of this equipment. 2
Force the bottom part of both rings into the ground into 10 cm depth.
Fill in both ring with water.
Monitor and record the rate of water level reducing
(Diff x
S-Curve Diff SRH (+BF)
SRH, Q 2/3)
Time 2hr-UH S-Curve S-Curve
3hr Shift S-Curve 4 x 3hr-UH Hydrograph
(m3/s) 3hr-UH
0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
1 15.6 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.74 1.82 7.30 9.30
2 23.4 4.10 0 4.10 4.10 4.10 2.74 10.94 12.94
3 39 6.84 2.74 9.57 9.57 0.00 9.57 6.38 25.53 27.53
4 56.2 9.86 4.10 0.00 13.96 13.96 2.74 11.22 7.48 29.93 31.93
5 46.8 8.21 6.84 2.74 17.78 17.78 4.10 13.68 9.12 36.48 38.48
6 31.2 5.47 9.86 4.10 0.00 19.43 19.43 9.57 9.86 6.57 26.28 28.28
7 15.6 2.74 8.21 6.84 2.74 20.52 20.52 13.96 6.56 4.37 17.49 19.49
8 9.8 1.72 5.47 9.86 4.10 0.00 21.15 20.52 17.78 2.74 1.82 7.30 9.30
9 0 0.00 2.74 8.21 6.84 2.74 20.52 20.52 19.43 1.09 0.72 2.90 4.90
10 0 1.72 5.47 9.86 4.10 21.15 20.52 20.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
237.6 0.00 2.74 8.21 6.84 17.78 20.52 20.52
60
Peak flow
Time to peak
ERD =6cm 50

30
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

26 40
25
20 18
30
15 12
10
10 8
6 20
5
0 10
30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (min) 0
Effective rainfall depth = (8+12+26+18+10+6/2) = 4cm 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

2hr-UH 3hr-UH SRH S-Curve

 3
Effects of routing to hydrograph - attenuation (2Sj+1)/Dt-
of peak and retardation of peak (time lag) Time t Inflow I Ij +Ij+1 2Sj/Dt-Qj Qj+1 Outflow W Level
0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 50 50.00 2.65 50.00 23.67 130.26
12 130 180.00 115.80 182.65 33.42 130.96
18 250 380.00 319.66 495.80 88.07 132.80
Stage Outflow Storage S (2S/Dt)+Q 24 350 600.00 593.59 919.66 163.04 134.01
130 20 1.00E+06 0.00 30 540 890.00 956.41 1483.59 263.59 134.68
131 34 1.69E+06 190.48 36 735 1275.00 1437.53 2231.41 396.94 135.56
132 57 2.85E+06 320.89 42 1215 1950.00 2183.86 3387.53 601.84 136.44
133 96 4.80E+06 540.44 48 1800 3015.00 3353.10 5198.86 922.88 137.26
54 1400 3200.00 4225.50 6553.10 1163.80 137.71
134 162 8.12E+06 913.85
60 1050 2450.00 4304.35 6675.50 1185.58 137.75
136 463 2.31E+07 2601.89 66 900 1950.00 4033.04 6254.35 1110.65 137.61
137 781 3.91E+07 4401.37 72 740 1640.00 3658.57 5673.04 1007.24 137.42
138 1318 6.59E+07 7419.85 78 620 1360.00 3236.97 5018.57 890.80 137.20
84 510 1130.00 2817.13 4366.97 774.92 136.98
90 420 930.00 2416.36 3747.13 665.38 136.64
96 320 740.00 2034.39 3156.36 560.98 136.31
102 270 590.00 1690.44 2624.39 466.98 136.01
108 200 470.00 1391.87 2160.44 384.28 135.48
114 150 350.00 1122.58 1741.87 309.65 134.98
120 100 250.00 884.98 1372.58 243.80 134.54
126 72 172.00 681.94 1056.98 187.52 134.17
132 45 117.00 515.56 798.94 141.69 133.69
138 25 70.00 377.61 585.56 103.97 133.12
144 10 35.00 266.03 412.61 73.29 132.42
150 0 10.00 177.85 276.03 49.09 131.66
156 0 0.00 111.71 177.85 33.07 130.93
162 0 0.00 55.29 111.71 28.21 130.59
168.0 0 0.00 7.16 55.29 24.06 130.29
174.0 0 0.00 0.00 7.16 20.53 130.04
 3

STAGE STORAGE CURVE STAGE-DISCHARGE

139.0 139

138.0 138

137.0 137

136.0 136
135.0 135
Stage (m)

Stage (m)
134.0 134
133.0 133
132.0 132
131.0 131
130.0 130
129.0 129
1.E+06
6.E+06
1.E+07
2.E+07
2.E+07
3.E+07
3.E+07
4.E+07
4.E+07
5.E+07
5.E+07
6.E+07
6.E+07
7.E+07 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100120013001400
Storage (m3) Outflow (m3/s)

STORAGE INDICATION CURVE INFLOW AND OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPHS

8000 2000
1800
7000
1600
6000 1400
Q (m3/s)

5000 1200
(2S/Dt)+Q

4000 1000
800
3000
600
2000 400
1000 200
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Outflow (m3/s)
Inflow Outflow
4
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