ASSIGNMERNT NO 01

FLIGHT DYNAMICS AND STABILITY

Name Javeria naseem

Reg no 200101045
Dated 17th oct ,2022

Aero-19B
SUBMITTED TO DR. JAMSHED

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS

Question 01
Neatly sketch an airplane and mark on it the three mutually perpendicular
axes used to describe the airplane motion. Name the aerodynamic moments
about these axes. What is the convention for taking these moments as
positive?

Figure 1 sketch of plane

Convention:
Pitch Nose up (+)/down (-) lateral
Roll Wings up (+)/down(-) longitudinal
Yaw Nose left /right vertical

Question 02
What is the plane of symmetry? How does it help in simplifying the stability
and control analysis of airplane? Give an example of an airplane which may
not have a plane of symmetry.
Answer
A vertical fore-and-aft plane that divides an aircraft into symmetrical halves

is called the plane of symmetry.

Symmetry allows us to decompose motions into those involving longitudinal
perturbations and those involving lateral/directional perturbations. It tells
about the critical flight dynamics parameters in three dimensions about the
vehicle center of mass. Roll in x-axis, pitch in y-axis and yaw in z-axis. In
steady level flight, the net force and moment on an aircraft are zero and the
aero plane advances in un-accelerated motion in equilibrium. Stability
relates to the tendency of a system to return to equilibrium if it is disturbed.
Static stability refers to the instantaneous response of a system when
perturbed. A dynamically stable system will recover its equilibrium, not
necessarily immediately.
By vehicle symmetry, the elevator (∂Mcg/∂δe < 0) produces only pitching
moments, but there invariably is some cross-coupling of the rudder and
aileron controls; i.e., rudder deflection (∂Ncg/∂δr < 0) usually produces
some rolling moment and aileron deflection (∂Lcg ∂δa > 0) usually produces
some yawing moment. Sopwith camel with its relatively heavy engine, was
having a faster turn to one side than the other may not have plane of
symmetry. Other examples are Blohm and Voss BV ; german WWII aircrafts
Question 03
Neatly sketch the three views of an airplane and show the axes X, Y & Z on it.
Name the control surfaces used to achieve equilibrium about these three axes
and mark them in these views
Answer

Figure 2 three views of airplane

Question 04

Distinguish between

a. Static stability and dynamic stability.

Static stability Dynamic stability

Static stability refers to the Dynamic stability refers to whether
instantaneous response of a the vehicle ultimately returns to the
 system when perturbed. It is
the initial tendency of an
aircraft to get back to original
point.
if the response to an
infinitesimal increase in angle
of attack of the vehicle
generates a pitching moment
that reduces the angle of attack,
the configuration is said to be
statically stable to such
perturbations
Three types
 Positive static stability
 Negative static stability
 Neutral static stability
b. Stability and controllability.
Stability
If an aircraft is flying in
equilibrium and its stable and
it is disturbed ; aircraft returns
to original path without the
pilot taking action
Aircraft returns to trimmed
position after disturbance in
air stream
As an aircraft has three axes,
longitudinal, lateral and
vertical, each axis has its own
stability.
initial equilibrium state after some
infinitesimal perturbation
When imbalance occurs the
airplane attempts to retain its
position, and it reaches the
equilibrium position through a
series of decaying oscillations, and
the aircraft is said to
be dynamically stable
Three kinds of dynamic stability as
well: Positive. Neutral. Negative
Controllability
Aircraft control describes the
response to actions taken by a pilot
to induce and maintain a state of
equilibrium or to execute
maneuvers..
Ability of airplane to respond to
pilots control, regarding flight path
and attitude.
controllability is concerned with
design control input to steer to
arbitrary values
Question 5

Explain the following:

a. Stability is desirable but not necessary for piloted airplanes.

b. Static stability is necessary for dynamic stability.

(a)
Stability is desirable but not a necessary for piloted airplanes. In these types
of airplanes, neutral stability or a slight instability under some conditions
can be tolerated if the disturbance does not grow rapidly and the pilot has
enough time to control it e.g. unstable but controllable aircraft still can fly.
(b)
Static stability means that a deviation from a trimmed state produces forces
which return the system to the original state. If these forces produce an
overshoot which increases over time, such that the system oscillates around
this trim point with increasing amplitude, the system is dynamically
unstable. The long period oscillation of gliders is often unstable because their
L/D is high enough to push them into unstable territory.

Dynamic stability means that the oscillations die down over time. Without
static stability the system would simply leave the trimmed state without any
tendency to return. This tendency to return is the prerequisite for the
oscillation, whether stable or unstable.

Question 06

A flight test engineer wants to obtain drag data at an ambient pressure of

1200 𝑝𝑠𝑓.

a. At what altitude should the aircraft fly?

b. The weather report shows the temperature is -10𝐶 at this altitude.

c. Is it hotter or colder than standard and by how many degrees?

d. What is the aircraft density altitude at these conditions?

Question 07
Sketch a typical 𝐶𝐿 vs angle of attack curve and a 𝐶𝐷 vs 𝐶𝐿 curve for 𝐴𝑅=∞.
Show how the curves would change for 𝐴𝑅 of 10 and 5.

Question 08The Fairchild Republic A-10 with the following characteristics

is in level un-accelerated flight.

𝐶𝐷0 = 0.032, 𝑆 = 506 𝑓𝑡2 ,𝑊 = 23,200 lb ,𝐴𝑅 = 6.5 ,𝑒 = 0.85

𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.0

Max. Thrust Sea Level = 9050 lb each engine

a. Write the drag polar equation for the A-10 at this flight condition.

b. Find the stall velocity in knots at sea level.

c. What are the lift and drag of the A-10 at 300 knots at sea level?

Figure 3 handwritten solution part a,b

Figure 4 part c