Programming Languages have evolved in response to market demands or

problems that we are attempting to solve. It's critical to choose the right
language for a specific issue statement, whether it's Java, C, Scala, Groovy,
or another. Every language has its own significance! Procedural, Object-
Oriented, and Functional programming paradigms are used to categorize
languages at the top level.

PROGRAMMING LANGAUAGE TIMELINE

1949: Assembly language was first used as a type of computer programming

language that was able to simplify machine code language, which is
necessary for telling a computer what to do.

1952: Alick Glennie developed Autocode, which some consider to be the first
compiled computer programming language. This means it could be translated
directly into machine code.

1957: John Backus created FORTRAN, which is a computer programming

language for working with scientific, mathematical, and statistical projects.

1958: Algol was created as an algorithmic language. It was also a precursor

to programming languages such as Java and C.
1959: COBOL was created by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper to be a language that
could operate on all types of computers.

1959: John McCarthy created LISP, which is still used today. This

programming language was designed for use in artificial intelligence research,
and today, it can be used with Python and Ruby.

1964: John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz developed BASIC for students

without a strong background in technology and math, enabling them to still
use computers.

1970: Niklaus Wirth developed Pascal, naming it after Blaise Pascal. This

language is easy to learn and was the main language used by Apple for early
software development.
 1972: Dennis Ritchie developed C, generally regarded as the first high-level
programming language. This means that it's closer to human language and
less like machine code.

1972: Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce developed SQL for IBM.

This language was used for viewing and changing data stored in databases.

1978: Cleve Moler developed MATLAB for writing math programs. This
language is used for research and education.

1983: Brad Cox and Tom Love created Objective-C as the main language
used for writing Apple software.

1983: Bjarne Stroustrup created C++, which is an extension of the C

programming language. This is one of the most used languages in the world.

1883: The first programming language was developed in 1883 when Ada

Lovelace and Charles Babbage worked together on the Analytical Engine,
which was a primitive mechanical computer. Lovelace was able to discern the
importance of numbers, realizing that they could represent more than just
numerical values of things. Lovelace wrote an algorithm for the Analytical
Engine, the first computer program, to compute Bernoulli numbers.
 Ada and the First Computer

1949: Assembly language was first used as a type of computer programming

language that was able to simplify machine code language, which is
necessary for telling a computer what to do.
1952: Alick Glennie developed Autocode, which some consider to be the first
compiled computer programming language. This means it could be translated
directly into machine code.
1957: John Backus created FORTRAN, which is a computer programming
language for working with scientific, mathematical, and statistical projects.
 John Backus

1958: Algol was created as an algorithmic language. It was also a precursor

to programming languages such as Java and C.
1959: COBOL was created by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper to be a language that
could operate on all types of computers.
 Grace Murray Hopper
 1959: John McCarthy created LISP, which is still used today. This
programming language was designed for use in artificial intelligence research,
and today, it can be used with Python and Ruby.
 The Roots of LISP

1964: John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz developed BASIC for students

without a strong background in technology and math, enabling them to still
use computers.
1970: Niklaus Wirth developed Pascal, naming it after Blaise Pascal. This
language is easy to learn and was the main language used by Apple for early
software development.
 The Pascal Language Page

1972: Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, and Dan Ingalls developed Smalltalk, which
enabled computer programmers to change code quickly.
1972: Dennis Ritchie developed C, generally regarded as the first high-level
programming language. This means that it's closer to human language and
less like machine code.
 The C Programming Language

1972: Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce developed SQL for IBM.

This language was used for viewing and changing data stored in databases.
 Introduction to SQL

1978: Cleve Moler developed MATLAB for writing math programs. This
language is used for research and education.
1983: Brad Cox and Tom Love created Objective-C as the main language
used for writing Apple software.
1983: Bjarne Stroustrup created C++, which is an extension of the C
programming language. This is one of the most used languages in the world.
1987: Larry Wall developed Perl as a scripting language, used for text editing
to simplify report processing.
 Script Programming With Perl

1990: Haskell was developed as a functional computer programming

language used to process complicated math calculations.
1991: Guido Van Rossum developed Python, which is a simplified computer
language that is easy to read.
 Welcome to Python
 1991: Microsoft developed Visual Basic, which enabled programmers to
select and change specific chunks of code with a drag-and-drop process.
1993: Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman developed R for statisticians who
needed to perform data analysis.
1995: Sun Microsystems developed Java, originally intended to be used with
hand-held devices.
 What Is Java?

1995: Rasmus Lerdorf developed PHP, mainly for Web development. PHP
continues to be widely used in Web development today.

1883: The first programming language was developed in 1883 when Ada

Lovelace and Charles Babbage worked together on the Analytical Engine,
which was a primitive mechanical computer. Lovelace was able to discern the
importance of numbers, realizing that they could represent more than just
numerical values of things. Lovelace wrote an algorithm for the Analytical
Engine, the first computer program, to compute Bernoulli numbers.

1949: Assembly language was first used as a type of computer programming

language that was able to simplify machine code language, which is
necessary for telling a computer what to do.
1952: Alick Glennie developed Autocode, which some consider to be the first
compiled computer programming language. This means it could be translated
directly into machine code.

1957: John Backus created FORTRAN, which is a computer programming

language for working with scientific, mathematical, and statistical projects.

1958: Algol was created as an algorithmic language. It was also a precursor

to programming languages such as Java and C.

1959: COBOL was created by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper to be a language that

could operate on all types of computers.
 1959: John McCarthy created LISP, which is still used today. This
programming language was designed for use in artificial intelligence research,
and today, it can be used with Python and Ruby.

1964: John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz developed BASIC for students

without a strong background in technology and math, enabling them to still use
computers.

1970: Niklaus Wirth developed Pascal, naming it after Blaise Pascal. This

language is easy to learn and was the main language used by Apple for early
software development.

1972: Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, and Dan Ingalls developed Smalltalk, which
enabled computer programmers to change code quickly.

1972: Dennis Ritchie developed C, generally regarded as the first high-level

programming language. This means that it's closer to human language and
less like machine code.

1972: Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce developed SQL for IBM.

This language was used for viewing and changing data stored in databases.
1978: Cleve Moler developed MATLAB for writing math programs. This
language is used for research and education.

1983: Brad Cox and Tom Love created Objective-C as the main language
used for writing Apple software.

1983: Bjarne Stroustrup created C++, which is an extension of the C

programming language. This is one of the most used languages in the world.

1987: Larry Wall developed Perl as a scripting language, used for text editing
to simplify report processing.

1990: Haskell was developed as a functional computer programming

language used to process complicated math calculations.
1991: Guido Van Rossum developed Python, which is a simplified computer
language that is easy to read.

1991: Microsoft developed Visual Basic, which enabled programmers to

select and change specific chunks of code with a drag-and-drop process.

1993: Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman developed R for statisticians who
needed to perform data analysis.

1995: Sun Microsystems developed Java, originally intended to be used with

hand-held devices.

Generations of programming language

1. First Generation Language (Machine language)

The first generation programming language is also called low-level

programming language because they were used to program the computer
system at a very low level of abstraction. i.e. at the machine level. The
machine language also referred to as the native language of the computer
system is the first generation programming language. In the machine
language, a programmer only deals with a binary number.

2. Second Generation language (Assembly Language)

The second generation programming language also belongs to the category

of low-level- programming language. The second generation language
comprises assembly languages that use the concept of mnemonics for the
writing program. In the assembly language, symbolic names are used to
represent the opcode and the operand part of the instruction.

3. Third Generation languages (High-Level Languages)

The third generation programming languages were designed to overcome the

various limitations of the first and second generation programming languages.
The languages of the third and later generation are considered as a high-level
language because they enable the programmer to concentrate only on the
logic of the programs without considering the internal architecture of the
computer system.

4. Fourth generation language (Very High-level Languages)

The languages of this generation were considered as very high-level
programming languages required a lot of time and effort that affected the
productivity of a programmer. The fourth generation programming languages
were designed and developed to reduce the time, cost and effort needed to
develop different types of software applications.

5. Fifth generation language (Artificial Intelligence Language)

The programming languages of this generation mainly focus on constraint

programming. The major fields in which the fifth generation programming
language are employed are Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural
Networks

PROGRAMMING PARADIGM

A programming paradigm is the classification, style or way of

programming. It is an approach to solve problems by using programming
languages. Depending on the language, the difficulty of using a paradigm
differs.