Anatomy and Physiology (ANPH111)

Ms. Marie Vonne O. Venus

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

- Sometimes called blood-vascular or

circulatory system.
- It consists of the heart, a muscular pumping
device, and closed system vessels called
arteries, veins, and capillaries.
- Regulates blood supply
- Generates blood pressure
- Routes blood
- Ensures one-way blood flow
COVERINGS
Pericardium
The arteries (red) carry oxygen and nutrients away
- the heart is enclosed by a double
from your heart, to your body's tissues. The veins
sac of serous membrane
(blue) take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
Double Sac of Serous Pericardium:
Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that exist
- Outer parietal/Inner Parietal
throughout your body. They transport blood,
- Reinforced by a fibrous pericardium
nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and
body systems. Capillaries are the smallest blood
WALLS (3 layers)
vessels in your vascular system.
1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
- exchange of materials between the blood
- Outer layer
and tissue cells.
- Tightly hugs the external surface of
the heart and is actually part of the
THE HUMAN HEART heart wall.
Size: approx, similar to a person's fist 2. Myocardium
- A hollow organ, cone-shaped, - Muscle layer
weighs <1lb - reinforced by fibrous connective
Location: mediastinum tissue (heart skeleton)
- space in your chest that holds your 3. Endocardium (inner most layer)
heart and other important structures. - endothelium covering the chambers
It's the middle section of your of the heart.
thoracic cavity, between your left - continuous with the blood vessels
and right pleural cavities (which hold - forms the heart valves.
your lungs).
APEX: towards the hips, rest diaphragm 5th FOUR CHAMBERS
ICS - 2 Atria (Atrium), 2 Ventricles
Base: towards the right shoulder, 2nd rib
1. 2 Atria
- Receiving chambers
- Thin-walled, low pressure
- receive blood entering the
heart

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 Anatomy and Physiology (ANPH111)
Ms. Marie Vonne O. Venus
- Divided by the Intetratrial - Organ system
Septum - Receives oxygen-rich blood from the
lungs (pulmonary veins)
➢ Right Atrium (RA) - Pumps blood to the aorta to be
- receives blood from the rest distributed to the body
of the body
➢ Left Atrium (LA) DOUBLE CIRCULATION
- receives blood from the lungs 1. Pulmonary Circulation
(Pulmonary) - Form the right side of the heart, to
the lungs, through the side of the
1. 2 Ventricles heart
- Pumping Chambers - Function: carry blood to the lungs for
- Thick-walled, high pressure gas exchange
- Pumps blood out the heart 2. Systematic Circulation
into circulation - From the left side of the heart, to the
- Divided by the body, through right side of the heart.
Interventricular Septum - Function: circulate blood to all body
organs
➢ Right Ventricle(RV)
- forms most of the anterior
surface
➢ Left Ventricle (LV)
- Forms the apex

HEART WORKS AS A DOUBLE PUMP HEART VALVES (4)

1. RIGHT SIDE (Pulmonary circuit pump)
- Lungs
- Receives oxygen-poor blood from
the veins: superior and inferior vena
cava
- Pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk
to pick-up oxygen.
- Pulmonary arteries to the lungs
2. LEFT SIDE (Systematic circuit pump)
- Allow one-way flow of blood through
heart
- Chordae tendinae - tendinous
chords that support heart valves
1. ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES (AV
valves)
- Between atria and ventricles
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 Anatomy and Physiology (ANPH111)
Ms. Marie Vonne O. Venus
a. Bicuspid/Mitral Valve - between left atrium
and left ventricle
b. Tricuspid Valve - between right atrium and
right ventricle
2. SEMILUNAR VALVES
- Guard the bases of 2 large arteries
leaving the heart
a. Pulmonary Valve - between right ventricle
and pulmonary trunk
b. Aortic Valve - between left ventricle and
aorta]
The Great Vessels of the Heart
1. Aorta
- Ascending and descending
- 3 top branches: brachiocephalic
trunk, left common carotid artery,
left subclavian artery.
2. Pulmonary Trunk
a. Pulmonary veins
- 2 great veins: Superior and
Inferior vena cava
b. Pulmonary arteries
- transport deoxygenated
blood from the right side of
the heart to the lungs for
oxygenation. These vessels
serve as the conduit between
the right side of the heart and
the lungs
Problem with the heart because:
- Obesity
- Hypertension
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Steady lifestyle/Type A personality
COMMON DISORDERS
★ Aneurysm
- a localized abnormal, dilatation of a
blood vessels, usually an artery.
★ Angina Pectoris
- discomfort around the heart, caused
insufficient blood supply
3 types:
a. Stable angina- most common type. It
happens when the heart is working harder
than usual.
b. Unstable angina - most dangerous. It does
not follow a pattern and can happen without
physical exertion.
c. Variant angina - rare. It happens when you
are resting.
d.
★ Arrhythmia (dysrhythmias)
- absence of rhythm, any abnormality
in the rate of rhythm of the
heartbeat.
★ Atherosclerosis
- the development of fatty fibrous
patches in the lining of the arteries
causing narrowing of the lumen and
hardening of the vessel wall.
- M.I Myocardial Infarction (Heart
Attack)
★ Cyanosis
- Bluish discoloration of the skin due
to lack of oxygen.
★ Dyspnea
- Difficulty in breathing.
★ Embolism
- Obstruction of a blood vessel by a
blood clot or other matter carried in
the circulation.
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 Anatomy and Physiology (ANPH111)
Ms. Marie Vonne O. Venus
★ Fibrillation ★ CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting)
- Spontaneous, quivering, and - Surgical creation of shunt to bypass
-ineffectual contraction of the muscle a blocked coronary artery
fibers. - Vein that connects the heart
★ Infarction ★ PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal
- Localized necrosis of the tissue Coronary Andioplasty)
resulting from a blockage or - Dilatation a blood vessel by means
narrowing of the artery that supplies of a balloon catheter inserted into
the area. the blood vessel and inflated to
★ Ischemia flatted plaque against artery.
- Local deficiency of blood supply due
to obstruction in the circulation.
★ Murmur TERMINOLOGIES
- An abnormal heart sounds. ● Aorta
★ Phlebitis - the largest artery
- An inflammation of a vein. - It receives blood from the left
★ Stenosis ventricle and branches to all parts of
- Constriction or narrowing of an the body.
opening ● Apex
★ Stoke - the points of cone-shaped structure
- Sudden damage to the brain ● Artery
resulting from the reduction of blood - a vessel that carries blood away
flow. from the heart.
- Causes include atherosclerosis, - Most arteries carries oxygenated
thrombosis, or bleeding from blood
ruptured aneurysm. ● Arteriole
★ Syncope - a small artery
- A temporary loss of consciousness ● Atrium
due to inadequate blood supply - an entrance chamber
★ Thrombosis - One of the two upper chamber of the
- Development of a blood clot within a heart.
vessel. ● Blood Pressure
★ Thrombus - the force exerted by blood against
- A blood clot that forms in a vessel. the wall of a vessel
● Capillary
- One of the millions microscopic
TREATMENT AND SURGICAL blood vessel through which
PROCEDURES materials are exhanged between
blood and the tissue.
★ Artherectomy ● Diastole
- Removal of atheromatous plaque - The relaxation phase of the heart
from the lining of a vessel. ● Endocardium
★ Commissurotomy - The tin membrane that lines the
- Surgical incision of a scarred mitral chamber of the heart that covers the
valve to increase the size of the valves.
valve.
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 Anatomy and Physiology (ANPH111)
Ms. Marie Vonne O. Venus
● Epicardium - Highest rate of depolarization
- the thin outermost layer of the heart that was the pace for heart
● Heart sound beats
- the sound produced by the heart at it - depolarize at a rate of 60 to
functions. 100 per minute (normal)
- heard as the valve closes -
● Myocardium b. Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
- the thick middle layer of the heart - right side of septum
wall composed of cardiac muscle. - It delays the signal by a
● Pericardium consistent amount of time (a
- The fibrous sac that surrounds the fraction of a second) each
heart time. The delay ensures that
● Sphygmomanometer your atria are empty of blood
- An instrument for determining the before the contraction stops.
arterial BP. The atria are the heart's
upper chambers.

Conduction System Problems

THE HUMAN HEART
HEART BLOCK
Anatomy: atria and ventreicles separated by
● CONDUCTION SYSTEM
fibrous skeleton
- Heart can contract spontaneously
Cause: damage to AV node
and independently.
- Regular and continuous contractions Effect: ventricles beat at their own rate (slower)
- 2 systems regulate heart rate
a. Autonomic Nervous System DAMAGE TO SA NODE
b. Intrinsic Conduction
Slower heart rate (bradycardia)
System/Nodal System
➔ Built into the heart tissue Treatment: pacemaker
➔ Sets the basic rhythm of the heart
➔ Special tissue in the myocardium FIBRILLATION
➔ Causes depolarization (action potential) in
Cause: Ischemia (lack of adequate blood supply to
one direction
the heart)
➔ Sets basic heart rate (approximately 75
beats per minute) Effect: rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart
➔ ATRIOVENTICULAR BUNDLE (BUNDLE
OF HIS)
- Location: IV septum
- Bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
(heart muscle)

● INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM

a. Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
- “Pacemaker” of the heart
- Right atrium
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 Anatomy and Physiology (ANPH111)
Ms. Marie Vonne O. Venus

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM 3. Early diastole
- Ventricles relax and semilunar
valves closed
Electrocardiograph - machine - Intraventricular pressure drops and
Electrocardiogram - reading produced by the AV valves open
ECG
Function: trace the flow of current through the
heart
Basis: as impulses pass through the heart,
electrical currents are generated on the surface of
the body
● Normal ECG has 3 waves
a. P wave - atrial depolarization,
contraction of atrial
b. QRS complex - ventricular
depolarization, contraction of
ventricle
c. T wave - ventricular repolarization,
relaxation of ventricle
● Abnormal ECG
- Different shape of the waves
- Different timing of the waves
- Could indicate
- Myocardial infract (dead cardiac HEART SOUNDS
tissue)
- Heard with stethoscope
- Fibrillation
- Described as “lub dup” -pause - “lub dup”

CARDIAC CYCLE 1. 1st heart sound (“lub”)

1. Mid-late diastole - Caused by closing semilunar valves
- Complete relaxation and low (end of systole)
pressure in the heart - Longer and louder
- Blood flows passively into the heart - Systole (120)
- AV valves open, semilunar valves 2. 2nd heart sound (“dup”)
closed - Caused by closing semilunar valves
- Atria contracts to actively pump (end of systole)
blood to the ventricles - Shorter and sharper
2. Ventricular systole - Diastole (80)
- Increasing pressure as ventricles
contract
- Semilunar valves open, semilunar
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
valves closed - amount of blood pumped by each side of
- Atria are relaxed and filling with the heart in 1 minute
blood - CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

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 Anatomy and Physiology (ANPH111)
Ms. Marie Vonne O. Venus
- Stroke Volume = volume pumped by each BLOOD VESSELS
ventricle ● 3 Types:
1. Microscopic anatomy
● Normal average CO 2. Structural differences
a. Given normal SV = 70 ml/min 3. Gross anatomy
b. Given normal HR = 75 (beats per - Major arteries and veins
min) - Special circulations
- Varies depending on demand of the body 4. Physiology of circulation
- Arterial pulse
- Blood pressure
● Stroke Volume
5. Development aspects
a. Starling’s law of the heart
- The most important affecting
SV is how much the heart
muscles are stretched just
before they contract
b. Venous return
- Important factor stretching
the heart
- Amount of blood entering the
heart and distending the
ventricles
Increased: slow heartbeat, exercise
Decreased: blood loss, rapid HR
● Heart Rate
- Affected by physical factors
- Age -fetus 140-160bpm and
decreases with age
- Faster in females
a. Heat increases heart rate (increased
metabolic rate)
b. Exercise increases heart rate
- Action of skeletal muscles
- Sympathetic system

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