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Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Interpretation
What is Seismic Interpretation?
Objectives:
lRecognize hydrocarbon anomaly
Recognize hydrocarbon anomaly
lValidate anomaly’s
Validate anomaly’s
geologic framework
geologic framework ⇒structural interpretation
composition ⇒amplitude interpretation
amplitude interpretation
Jakosky, 1960
Management’s Risk Requirement
Identify where art dominates and science deviates in the
structural and amplitude interpretations.
structural and amplitude interpretations.
Suggestions from the Past
Anomalies with New Petrophysical Properties
Anomalies with New Petrophysical
Petrophysical Properties
l Oil and gas emit corpuscular radiation.
l Desirable minerals radiate observable vibrations.
l Hydrocarbon rocks have a gravity force that is proportional
to 1/r rather than 1/r 2 .
l Oil and gas send out electromagnetic waves.
l Organic substances, such as oil and gas, exhibit sexual characteristics.
(Blau, Geophysics, v. 1, no. 1. pg.1 ) or (TLE, 1983, v.2, #3, p.28
(Blau, Geophysics, v. 1, no. 1. pg.1 ) or (TLE, 1983, v.2, #3, p.2831)
Slight Problem:
Though desirable by most, none of the above can be validated.
Though desirable by most, none of the above can be validated.
The Art and Science of
Interpretation
... Systematic application of rules based on past
Art... Systematic application of
experience to assign the geologic framework and
composition (the earth model).
Science... Application of physical sciences to
Application of physical sciences to validate
the earth model.
Risk is based on the uniqueness of the
Risk is based on the uniqueness of the validation.
Components of the Hydrocarbon
Components of the Hydrocarbon
System
Greve, 1997
The Art and Science of
Interpretation
ACCH
Geophysical data can’t be interpreted without
Corollary: Geophysical data can’t be interpreted without
knowing the answer. [Art … set of rules]
knowing the answer. [Art … set of rules]
Interpretation => ACCHtime
Interpretation =>
interpretation
Is Time PullUp a Paleo High?
Up a Paleo High?
Interpretation => ACCHamplitude
Interpretation =>
interpretation
Verification “Seismic reflection amplitude … can in many cases distinguish
between gas related amplitude and other … anomalies …”
Traveltime Interpretation Eras
Traveltime Interpretation Eras
1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s The 21st century
The onset of processing
The Good Old Days The Onset of Interactive
intergration
Interpretation
Only one person
Processing and Interpretation
(one computer) is Interpretation have the ability
are integrated into a same
needed to perform of simple poststack precessing
Interpretation (indoor) platform
data acquisiton,
processing and
interpretate it in the
field
The era of bitch processing
Processing (Computer Precessing Center)
、vibrator、digital processing, the use of
After the invention of CMP method、
these new technique increased the number and variety of geological
data which can be abstracted from seismic data. The application of
seismic exploration is much more prosperous than ever before.
The 1980’s
Rapid development of processing and
interpretation technologies in the 1980’s:
1.Seismic attributes analysis
Seismic attributes analysis
(1)Amplitude attributes (e.g. AVO
Amplitude attributes (e.g. AVO);
(2)Velocityrelated attributes
related attributes
(3)Instantaneous attributes
2.Borehole seismic technology
Borehole seismic technology
(1)Vertical seismic profile (VSP
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
(2)crosswell seismic
3.3D seismic
4.Multicomponent seismic
Multicomponent seismic
Amplitude Interpretation Eras
First Era Bright Spot (1970
Bright Spot (1970 1982)
1899 –Knott Theory Amplitude vs incident angle
Amplitude vs incident angle
1919 –Zoeppritz Theory Amplitude vs incident angle
Amplitude vs incident angle
1951 –Gassmann Theory Petrophysical link to seismic
Petrophysical link to seismic
1955 –Koefoed Application
Poisson’s Ratio from RC(θ)
1961 –Bortfeld Theory Linear approximation equation
Linear approximation equation
1976 RosaApplication
RC(θ) elastic inversion
Second Era AVO (1982
AVO (1982 Present)
1982 OstranderVerification of AVO
OstranderVerification of AVO
1985 ShueyApplication Rockproperty emphasis atdifferent incident angles.
property emphasis atdifferent incident angles.
Basic principles
• Seismic and geological interfaces
• Horizon tracking and correlation
• Well ties
• Fault patterns and identification
• 2D mapping
• 3D mapping
• DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
The relationship between seismic reflection interface
and geological interface
a. Well 1 and well 5
a. Well 1 and well 5
b. Add Well 24 to figure a
4 to figure a
c. Seismic section across well 15
c. Seismic section across well 1
Notes
1. The seismic reflection is from a velocity
contrast not a lithological contrast; it
approximately corresponds to a geological
unconformity;
2. The seismic interfaces
interfaces is often parallel to the
geological interface, but there is no
correspondence between
between them.
3. Parasequences may affect the wave forms
but do not produce reflections
reflections.
Geological model vs. seismic
imaging
Marmousi model. A 2D seismic
model devised by the Institut
Franc¸ais du Petrole to test 2D
migration algorithms. There is a
hydrocarbon accumulation (and
flat spot) in the anticline under
the decollement. (a) The model
at 1:1 scale ratio (from Versteeg,
1994); (b) model with different
grey density indicating different
velocities: (c) CMP stack of the
seismic data. (d) Time
migration of the CMP stack; (e)
Prestack depthmigration of 1%
of the data. (From Youn and
Zhou, 2001).
Basic principles
• Seismic and geological interfaces
• Horizon tracking and correlation
• Well ties
• Fault patterns and identification
• 2D mapping
• 3D mapping
• DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
Horizontal tracking basics
a. Event continuity and similarities
b. Similar wave train and characteristics:
amplitude, frequency and phase.
amplitude, frequency and phase.
Basic principles
• Seismic and geological interfaces
• Horizon tracking and correlation
• Well ties
• Fault patterns and identification
• 2D mapping
• 3D mapping
• DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
2.3.2 Calibration of horizon
Calibration of horizon VSP、
VSP 、synthetise
synthetise seismic data
99SN10 T0
(s)
depth
(m)
F u5 Layers
G R RT
Syste sequ
40 80 120 1 10 100 m tract ence
2000 249 0 2535 m
K
TST
J3S6-7
J3S6
2700 m LST
2690
HST
2200
2890
TST J2S5
J2S5
3090 LST
3160 m
2400 HST
J2S4 3290 TST J2S4
33 57m
LST
HST
J2S3 3466m TST
LST
J2S3
349 0
HST
2600 TST
J1S2 J1S2
369 0 3 70 4 m LST
HST
J1S1T+H
3890
3894 m TST J1S1
J1S1LST 2800
4050 m LST
4090
T
4290
3000
4 49 0
Tie at the intersecting points
Tie at the intersecting points
Lateral correlation
Legend
well
2D area
3D area
Basin border
well tie section 1
well tie section 2
Basic principles
• Seismic and geological interfaces
• Horizon tracking and correlation
• Well ties
• Fault patterns and identification
• 2D mapping
• 3D mapping
• DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
Fault nomenclatures
Fault nomenclatures
.
Fault nomenclatures
Fault nomenclatures
.
Fault
types
Fault identification
(1) Broken events and wavetrain
(2) Number of events increase or decrease or
disappear (unconformity)
conformity)
3) Rapid changes in seismic events
(4) Events branch off, merge, distort, and the phase
changes
(small faults)
(5) Fault plane reflection, diffracted wave
(5) Fault plane reflection, diffracted wave
(1) Broken events or wave trains (medium and small faults)
(1) Broken events or wave trains
(2) Number of events increase or decrease or disappear
(2) Number of events increase or decrease or disappear
(3) Rapid changes in seismic events
(3) Rapid changes in seismic events
(4) Events branch off, merge, distort, and the phase changes
(small faults
small faults)
Model of small fault and vertical resolution
Model of small fault and vertical resolution
(4) Events branch off, merge, distort, and the phase changes
(small faults
small faults)
Events distort and break
Events distort
(5) Fault plane reflection and diffracted wave
(5) Fault plane reflection and diffracted wave
Basic principles
• Seismic and geological interfaces
• Horizon tracking and correlation
• Well ties
• Fault patterns and identification
• 2D mapping
• 3D mapping
• DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
Fence diagrams
composited from a grid of
seismic record sections.
(Courtesy Chevron Oil Co.)
• (b) Computerdrawn
isometric fence diagram of
six seismic lines. (Courtesy
GrantNorpac.)
• (c) Same as (b) except with
data above some picked
horizon removed.
• (d) Fence diagram to show
spatial relationship of data
from a series of eight wells.
(From Brown and Fisher,
1977, 222.)
Basic principles
• Seismic and geological interfaces
• Horizon tracking and correlation
• Well ties
• Fault patterns and identification
• 2D mapping
• 3D mapping
• DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
Contour maps from 3D data
Time slices. The area is
3.68.0 km;
• (a) through (g) time slices
for t 1.580 to 1.604 s at 4
ms intervals;
• (h) timecontour map
made by tracing one
contour from each of the
preceding time slices,
starting with the outside of
the central area on map (a).
(Courtesy Haliburton
Geosciences.)
• FIG. A16. Arbitrary line.
• (a) A time slice through a
migrated 3D seismic volume using
different colors to indicate positive
and negative reflectivities and
color intensity to indicate
magnitude.
• (b) Vertical sections connecting
well locations is an arbitrary line.
Arbitrary lines often consist of
several connected straightline
segments. (Courtesy Prakla
Seismos AG.)
3D data display
3D data display
3D data display
3D data display
Basic principles
• Seismic and geological interfaces
• Horizon tracking and correlation
• Well ties
• Fault patterns and identification
• 2D mapping
• 3D mapping
• DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
DHIs (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators)
Direct hydrocarbon indicators
Direct hydrocarbon indicators
• Flat spot
• Bright spot
Artifacts: Fake downward structure caused by low velocity of mud
Artifacts: Fake downward structure caused by low velocity of mud