Chemistry Practical Written Work CBSE

QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS
Experiment No.1
Aim: To analyse the given inorganic salt and find the anions and cations present in it.
I. Physical Examination of Salt

Experiment Observation Inference
Colour and appearance of salt is noted White Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+,
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test Ammoniacal smell is May be Presence of NH4+
A pinch of salt is taken between the fingers observed
and rubbed with a drop of water
Dry Test Ammoniacal smell evolves Presence of Ammonium is
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test tube expected
Flame Test
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the No Characteristic flame Absence of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+,
same rod is dipped in a small quantity of colouration Cu2+, Pb2+ etc.,
salt and shown in flame
II. Anion Analysis

Preliminary Analysis for Anions
A pinch of salt in a test tube is treated with No characteristic gas Absence of carbonate
1-2ml of dilute sulphuric acid evolution
A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Colourless gas with pungent Presence of Cl-
con. sulphuric acid smell is evolved which gives
dense white fumes when a
glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide when
shown at the mouth of the
test tube
Confirmatory Analysis for Anion Cl-

Original solution is acidified with dil nitric White precipitate soluble in Presence of Cl- is
acid. Boiled, cooled and silver nitrate is ammonium hydroxide is confirmed
added formed
Chromyl Chloride Test: Yellow precipitate is Presence of Cl- is
To a mixture of salt and solid potassium obtained. confirmed
dichromate, Conc. Sulphuric acid is added
and heated. The red vapours obtained are
passed through sodium hydroxide solution.
Yellow solution is obtained. To this solution
dil. acetic acid is added and lead acetate
solution is added.
III. Cation Analysis
Preliminary Analysis for cations
A pinch of salt is treated with dil. Evolution of a colourless gas with Presence of Zero group (NH4+)
sodium hydroxide and heated. A smell of Ammonia, red litmus
moist red litmus paper is shown paper turns blue
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation NH4+
A pinch of salt is treated with dil. Formation of dense white fumes Presence of NH4+ is confirmed
sodium hydroxide and heated. A of Ammonium Chloride
glass rod is dipped in Conc.
Hydrochloric acid at the mouth of
the test tube
A pinch of salt is dissolved in Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of NH4+ is confirmed

water and few drops sodium formed
hydroxide & Nessler’s reagent are
added
Result: The given cation and anion are Ammonium NH4+ and Chloride Cl- respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl.
Experiment No. 2

Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test Ammoniacal smell is May be Presence of NH4+
Dry Test: Ammoniacal smell evolves Presence of Ammonium is
Flame Test:
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with No characteristic gas Absence of NO3-, Cl-,
con. sulphuric acid evolution CH3COO-
May be presence of
Sulphate
Confirmatory Analysis for Anion SO42-

A pinch of salt is dissolved in water White precipitate insoluble in Presence of SO42- is

(Original Solution). To this a few drops of dil. HCl confirmed
Barium chloride solution is added.
Original Solution is treated with dilute White precipitate soluble in Presence of SO42- is
acetic acid and lead acetate solution hot ammonium acetate confirmed
solution
the test tube

added
Result: The given cation and anion are Ammonium NH4+ and Sulphate SO42- respectively. Hence, the given
salt is Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4.
Experiment No. 3

Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test Ammoniacal smell is May be presence of NH4+
A pinch of salt is taken between the fingers observed, Vinegar like smell and acetate CH3COO-
and rubbed with a drop of water is also observed
Dry Test: Ammoniacal smell evolves Presence of Ammonium is

Flame Test:
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Vinegar like smell observed Presence of CH3COO-
con. sulphuric acid
Confirmatory Analysis for Anion CH3COO-

Oxalic Acid Test: - Vinegar like smell is Presence of CH3COO- is

A pinch of salt is mixed with oxalic acid and observed confirmed
made into a paste by adding 2-3 drops of
water and rubbed between the fingers and
smelled
Ester Test: - Pleasant fruity smell of ester Presence of CH3COO- is
To a mixture of salt Con.Sulphuric acid and is observed. confirmed
few drops of ethanol is added and shaken
well and heated. The contents are poured
in a beaker half filled with water and
stirred.

the test tube

added
Result: The given cation and anion are Ammonium NH4+ and CH3COO- respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Ammonium acetate CH3COONH4.
Experiment No. 4

Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test No Characteristic Odour is Absence of NH4+
Dry Test: No smell evolution is Absence of Ammonium is
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test tube observed. expected
Flame Test: Dull Bluish white flame Presence of Pb2+ is
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the colouration is seen observed
same rod is dipped in a small quantity of
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is treated with No Characteristic gas Absence of carbonate
1-2ml of dilute sulphuric acid evolution is observed
A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Reddish brown gas with Presence of NO3-
con. sulphuric acid pungent smell, which turns
freshly prepared Ferrous
sulphate solution black.
Confirmatory Analysis for Anion NO3-
A pinch of salt is heated with few drops of Reddish brown gas is evolved Presence of NO3- is
Con.H2SO4 and copper chips confirmed
Brown Ring Test A brown ring is formed. Presence of NO3- is

Original Solution is treated with freshly confirmed
prepared FeSO4solution and few drops of
con.H2SO4 is added from the sides of test
tube

A pinch of salt is treated with No characteristic gas Absence of Zero group (NH4+)
dil. sodium hydroxide and evolution
heated. A moist red litmus
paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in White Precipitate is formed
water and treated with dil. Presence of Group I (Pb2+)
HCl
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Pb2+
A pinch of salt is dissolved in Yellow Precipitate of lead Presence of Pb2+ is confirmed

water and few drops of Iodide is formed
Potassium Iodide is added
water and few drops of Chromate is formed
Potassium Chromate is
added
Result: The given cation and anion are Lead Pb2+and Nitrate NO3- respectively. Hence, the given salt is Lead
Nitrate Pb(NO3)2.
Experiment No. 5
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test Vinegar like smell May be presence of
A pinch of salt is taken between the fingers is observed acetate CH3COO-
Dry Test: No smell evolution is Absence of Ammonium
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test tube observed.
Flame Test: Dull Bluish white flame Presence of Pb2+ is
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the colouration is seen observed
II. Anion Analysis

1-2ml of dilute sulphuric acid evolution is observed
A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Vinegar like smell observed. Presence of CH3COO-
con. sulphuric acid

Oxalic Acid Test: - Vinegar like smell is Presence of CH3COO- is

smelled
Ester Test: - Pleasant fruity smell of ester Presence of CH3COO- is
stirred.

A pinch of salt is treated with No characteristic gas Absence of Zero group (NH4+)
dil. sodium hydroxide and evolution
paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in White Precipitate is formed
water and treated with dil. Presence of Group I (Pb2+)
HCl
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Pb2+

water and few drops of Iodide is formed
Potassium Iodide is added
water and few drops of Chromate is formed
Potassium Chromate is
added
Result: The given cation and anion are Lead Pb2+and Acetate CH3COO- respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb.
Experiment No. 6
Colour and appearance of salt is White crystals Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
noted Mn2+, Co2s+
Odour test No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, CH3COO-

A pinch of salt is taken between
the fingers and rubbed with a
drop of water
Dry heating test No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+
A pinch of salt is taken in a dry
test tube and heated
Flame Test: No Characteristic flame Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+,
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl Zn2+
and the same rod is dipped in a
small quantity of salt and the
glass rod is shown in the flame.
II.Anion Analysis
Preliminary Analysis
A pinch of salt in a test tube is No characteristic gas evolution Absence of carbonate

treated with 1-2ml of dilute
sulphuric acid
A pinch of salt in a test tube is No characteristic gas evolution Absence of NO3-, Cl-, CH3COO-
warmed with con. sulphuric acid May be presence of Sulphate
Confirmatory Analysis for Anion
A pinch of salt is dissolved in White precipitate insoluble in dil. Presence of SO42- is confirmed
water (Original Solution). To this HCl
few drops of Barium chloride
solution is added
Original Solution is treated with White precipitate soluble in hot Presence of SO42- is confirmed
dilute acetic acid and lead acetate ammonium acetate solution
solution
III.Cation Analysis
Preliminary Analysis for Cation
A pinch of salt is treated with dil. No Colorless gas evolved and it Absence of Zero group (NH4+)
sodium hydroxide and heated. A does not turn red litmus paper
moist red litmus paper is shown blue.
A pinch of salt is dissolved in No characteristic precipitate Absence of group I Pb2+

water and few drops of dil.HCl is
added
A pinch of salt is dissolved in No characteristic ppt Absence of Group II Cu2+
water and few drops of dil.HCl
and Ammonium Sulphide
Solution are added
A pinch of salt is dissolved in A gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of group III Al3+
water and treated with solid formed
NH4Cl boiled, cooled and few
drops of ammonium hydroxide
is added
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation
Original solution is treated with Blue lake is formed Presence of Al3+ is confirmed
few drops of dil. HCl, blue litmus
solution, NH4OH and excess NaOH
Original solution is treated with Blue ashes are formed Presence of Al3+ is confirmed
few drops of Con.HNO3 and
Cobalt Nitrate. A filter paper is
dipped in this solution and burnt
Result: The given cation and anion are Aluminium Al3+ and Sulphate SO42-respectively. Hence, the given salt
is Aluminium Sulphate Al2(SO4)3.
Experiment No. 7
Colour and appearance of salt is White crystals Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
noted Mn2+, Co2s+
Odour test No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, CH3COO-

A pinch of salt is taken between
the fingers and rubbed with a
drop of water
Dry heating test No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+
A pinch of salt is taken in a dry
test tube and heated
Flame Test: No Characteristic flame Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+,
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl Zn2+
and the same rod is dipped in a
small quantity of salt and shown
in the blue flame.
II.Anion Analysis
glass rod dipped in
test tube

acid. Boiled, cooled and silver nitrate is ammonium hydroxide is confirmed
added formed.

dichromate, Con.Sulphuric acid is added
solution is added.
III.Cation Analysis
Preliminary Analysis for Cation
A pinch of salt is treated with dil. No Colorless gas evolved turns Absence of Zero groupNH4+
sodium hydroxide and heated. A red litmus paper blue.
moist red litmus paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in No characteristic precipitate Absence of group I Pb2+

water and few drops of dil. HCl is
added
A pinch of salt is dissolved in No characteristic ppt Absence of Group II Cu2+
water and few drops of dil. HCl
and Ammonium Sulphide
Solution are added
A pinch of salt is dissolved in A gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of group III Al3+
water and treated with solid formed
NH4Cl boiled, cooled and few
drops of ammonium hydroxide is
added

Original solution is treated with Blue lake is formed Presence of Al3+ is confirmed
few drops of dil. HCl, blue litmus
solution, NH4OH and excess NaOH
Original solution is treated with Blue ashes are formed Presence of Al3+ is confirmed
few drops of Con.HNO3 and Cobalt
Nitrate. A filter paper is dipped in
this solution and burnt
Result: The given cation and anion are Aluminium Al3+ and Chloride Cl- respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Aluminium Chloride AlCl3.
Experiment No. 8

Colour and appearance of salt is noted Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+,
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test
A pinch of salt is taken between the fingers Vinegar like Smell Presence of CH3COO-
and rubbed with a drop of water is observed
Dry Test: White salt becomes black May be presence of
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test tube on heating CH3COO-
Flame Test: Green Flashes are observed Presence of Zn2+, Mn2+

A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the
II.Anion Analysis
A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Vinegar smelling gas is May be presence of
con. sulphuric acid evolved CH3COO-

1. Oxalic Acid Test: - Vinegar like smell is Presence of CH3COO- is

smelled
2. Ester Test: - Pleasant fruity smell of ester Presence of CH3COO- is
stirred.

A pinch of salt is treated with dil. sodium No characteristic gas Absence of Zero group
hydroxide and heated. A moist red litmus evolution NH4+
paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group I Pb2+
treated with dil. HCl
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group II Cu2+
treated with dil. HCl and few drops of
Ammonium Sulphide Solution
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water, solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group III Al3+
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and
cooled. Excess of Ammonium Hydroxide
solution is added to the above mixture.
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water ,solid
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and Presence of Group IV Zn2+
cooled. Excess of Ammonium Hydroxide Dirty White Precipitate is
solution and few drops of Ammonium formed
Sulphide are added to the above mixture
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Zn2+
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ is
treated with few drops of NaOH excess NaOH is formed confirmed
Green Ash Test Green ashes are formed Presence of Zn2+ is

A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and is confirmed
treated with few drops of Con.HNO3 and
Cobalt Nitrate. Filter paper is dipped in this
solution and burnt
Result: The given cation and anion are Zinc Zn2+and Acetate CH3COO- respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Zinc Acetate (CH3COO)2Zn.
Experiment No. 9
Aim: To analyse the given sample and to find the anions and cations present in it.

Colour and appearance of salt is noted Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+,
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test No characteristic smell is
A pinch of salt is taken between the fingers observed Absence of CH3COO-, NH4+
Dry Test: No change is observed Absence of CH3COO-
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test tube
Flame Test: Green Flashes are observed Presence of Zn2+, Mn2+

A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the
II.Anion Analysis
con.sulphuric acid evolution CH3COO-
May be presence of
Sulphate

(Original Solution). To this few drop of dil. HCl confirmed
Barium chloride solution is added
acetic acid and lead acetate solution ammonium acetate solution confirmed

A pinch of salt is treated with dil. sodium No characteristic gas Absence of Zero group
hydroxide and heated. A moist red litmus evolution (NH4+)
paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group I Pb2+
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group II Cu2+
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water, solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group III Al3+
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water, solid
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and Presence of Group IV Zn2+
cooled. Excess of Ammonium Hydroxide Dirty White Precipitate is
solution and few drops of Ammonium formed
Sulphide are added to the above mixture
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Zn2+
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ is
treated with few drops of NaOH excess NaOH is formed confirmed
Green Ash Test Green ashes are formed Presence of Zn2+ is

A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and is confirmed
treated with few drops of Con.HNO3, Cobalt
Nitrate, filter paper is dipped in this
solution and burnt
Result: The given cation and anion are Zinc Zn2+and Sulphate SO42- respectively. Hence, the given salt is Zinc
Sulphate ZnSO4.
Experiment No. 10
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test No Characteristic Odour Absence of NH4+, CH3COO-
A pinch of salt is taken between the fingers
Dry heating test: No characteristic change Absence of NH4+
Flame Test: Apple green flame Presence of Ba2+ ion
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the (Persistent grassy green)
same rod is dipped in a small quantity of coloration
salt and shown in flame is observed
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Reddish brown gas which Presence of NO3-
con. sulphuric acid turns freshly prepared
Ferrous sulphate solution
black.
A pinch of salt is heated with few drops of Reddish brown gas is evolved Presence of NO3- is
Con.H2SO4 and copper chips confirmed
Brown Ring Test A brown ring is formed. Presence of NO3- is

Original solution is treated with freshly confirmed
prepared FeSO4solution and few drops of
con.H2SO4 is added from the sides of test
tube


A pinch of salt is treated with dil. sodium No characteristic gas Absence of Zero group (NH4+)
hydroxide and heated. A moist red litmus evolution
paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic white Absence of Group I (Pb2+)
treated with dil. HCl precipitate
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic black Absence of Group II(Cu2+)
treated with dil. HCl and few drops of precipitate
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic gelatinous Absence of Group III(Al3+)
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and white precipitate
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic dirty white Absence of Group IV (Zn2+)
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and precipitate
solution and few drops of Ammonium
Sulphide is added to the above mixture
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid White characteristic Presence of V Group

Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and precipitate is formed. (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+,)
Carbonate is added to the above mixture
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Ba2+
Original solution is treated with few drops Yellow Precipitate is formed Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed
of Potassium Chromate
Flame Test Apple green flame (Persistent Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the grassy green) coloration
same rod is dipped in a small quantity of is observed
salt and shown in flame.
Result: The given cation and anion are Barium, Ba2+ and Nitrate, NO3-repectively.
Hence, the given salt is Barium Nitrate, Ba(NO3)2
EXPERIMENT NO. 11

Colour and appearance of salt is noted White crystals Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+,
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Odour test No Characteristic Odour Absence of NH4+

Flame Test: Apple green flame Presence ofBa2+
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the colouration
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed Vinegar smelling gas is May be presence of
with con. sulphuric acid evolved CH3COO-
Confirmatory Analysis for Anion
Ester test: Pleasant fruity smell of ester Presence of CH3COO- is

To a mixture of salt Conc. sulphuric acid is is observed confirmed
added and heated. Now a few drops of
ethanol is added and heated. The
contents are poured in a beaker half filled
with water and stirred
Ferric chloride Test: Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of CH3COO- is

A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and formed confirmed
treated with few drops of neutral ferric
chloride. The red color solution obtained
is heated.


paper is shown
The original solution is treated with few No characteristic white Absence of Group I (Pb2+)
drops of dil. HCl precipitate
The original solution is treated with few No characteristic black Absence of Group II (Cu2+)
drops of dil. HCl and Ammonium Sulphide precipitate
Solution
The original solution is treated with few No characteristic gelatinous Absence of Group III (Al3+)
drops Solid Ammonium Chloride,boiled white precipitate
and cooled, and excess of ammonium
hydroxide Solution is added
The original solution is treated with solid No characteristic dirty white Absence of Group IV (Zn2+)
Ammonium Chloride, boiled and cooled, precipitate
and excess of ammonium hydroxide and
fewss drops of ammonium sulphide are
added
The original solution is treated with Solid White Precipitate is observed Presence of V Group (Ba 2+,
Ammonium Chloride, boiled and cooled. Ca2+, Sr2+)
Excess of ammonium hydroxide Solution
and few drops of ammonium Carbonate
solution
Original solution is treated with few Yellow Precipitate is formed Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed
drops of potassium Chromate
Flame Test Apple green flame (Persistent Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed
A glass rod is dipped in Con. HCl and the grassy green) coloration
same rod is dipped in a small quantity of is observed
Result: The given cation and anion are Barium, Ba2+ and acetate, CH3COO-respectively.
Hence, the given salt is Barium Acetate, (CH3COO)2Ba
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Physical Examination of Salt
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+

A pinch of salt is taken between the
fingers and rubbed with a drop of
water
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
tube
Flame Test: Crimson red flame colouration Presence of Sr2+
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and
the same rod is dipped in a small
quantity of salt and shown in flame
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is treated No Characteristic gas evolution Absence of carbonate
with 1-2ml of dilute sulphuric acid
A pinch of salt in a test tube is Reddish brown gas with pungent Presence of NO3-
warmed with con. sulphuric acid smell, which turns freshly
prepared Ferrous sulphate
solution black.
A pinch of salt is heated with few Reddish brown gas is evolved Presence of NO3- is confirmed
drops of Con.H2SO4 and copper chips
Brown Ring Test A brown ring is formed. Presence of NO3- is confirmed

Original solution is treated with
freshly prepared FeSO4solution and
few drops of con.H2SO4 is added from
the sides of test tube


A pinch of salt is treated with No characteristic gas evolution Absence of Zero group (NH4+)
dil. sodium hydroxide and
paper is shown
The original solution is treated No characteristic white Absence of Group I (Pb2+)
with few drops of dil. HCl precipitate
The original solution is treated No characteristic black Absence of Group II (Cu2+)
with few drops of dil. HCl and precipitate
The original solution is treated No characteristic gelatinous Absence of Group III (Al3+)
with few drops Solid white precipitate
Ammonium Chloride, boiled
and cooled, and excess of
ammonium hydroxide Solution
is added
The original solution is treated No characteristic dirty white Absence of Group IV (Zn2+,Ni2+)
with few drops Solid precipitate
ammonium hydroxide and few
drops of ammonium sulphide
are added
The original solution is treated White Precipitate is observed. Presence of V Group(Ba 2+, Ca2+,
with Solid Ammonium Chloride, Sr2+)
boiled and cooled. Excess of
and few drops of ammonium
Carbonate solution
The original solution is treated White Precipitate Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed

with Ammonium Sulphate
solution
Flame test: A glass rod is dipped Crimson red flame colouration Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed
in Con. HCl and the same rod is
dipped in a small quantity of
Result: The given cation and anion are Strontium, Sr2+ and nitrate, NO3-respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Strontium Nitrate, Sr(NO3)2
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+

A pinch of salt is taken between the
fingers and rubbed with a drop of
water
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
tube
Flame Test: Crimson red flame colouration Presence of Sr2+
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and
the same rod is dipped in a small
quantity of salt and shown in flame
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is treated No Characteristic gas evolution Absence of carbonate
with 1-2ml of dilute sulphuric acid
A pinch of salt in a test tube is Colourless gas with pungent Presence of Cl-
warmed with con. sulphuric acid smell is evolved which gives
dense white fumes when a glass
rod dipped in ammonium
hydroxide when shown at the
mouth of the test tube
acid. Boiled, cooled and Silver nitrate is ammonium hydroxide is confirmed
added formed

solution is added.

A pinch of salt is treated with No characteristic gas evolution Absence of Zero group (NH4+)
dil. sodium hydroxide and
paper is shown
The original solution is treated No characteristic white Absence of Group I (Pb2+)
with few drops of dil. HCl precipitate
The original solution is treated No characteristic black Absence of Group II (Cu2+)
with few drops of dil. HCl and precipitate
The original solution is treated No characteristic gelatinous Absence of Group III (Al3+)
with few drops Solid white precipitate
is added
The original solution is treated No characteristic dirty white Absence of Group IV (Zn2+,Ni2+)
with few drops Solid precipitate
ammonium hydroxide and few
drops of ammonium sulphide
are added
The original solution is treated White Precipitate is observed. Presence of V Group(Ba 2+, Ca2+,
with Solid Ammonium Chloride, Sr2+)
boiled and cooled. Excess of
and few drops of ammonium
Carbonate solution
The original solution is treated White Precipitate Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed

with Ammonium Sulphate
solution
Flame test: A glass rod is dipped Crimson red flame colouration Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed
in Con. HCl and the same rod is
dipped in a small quantity of
Result: The given cation and anion are Strontium, Sr2+ and chloride, Cl -respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Strontium Chloride, SrCl2
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Flame Test: Brick red coloration Presence of Ca2+ ion
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the is observed
II. Anion Analysis

glass rod dipped in
test tube
acid. Boiled, cooled and Silver nitrate is ammonium hydroxide is confirmed
added formed

solution is added.

paper is shown

Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and precipitate is formed (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+,)
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Ca2+
Original solution is treated with few drops White Precipitate is formed Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed
of Ammonium oxalate
Flame Test Brick red coloration Presence of Ca2+ ion
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the is observed is confirmed
Result: The given cation and anion are Calcium, Ca2+ and chloride, Cl- respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Calcium Chloride, CaCl2
EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+
Flame Test: Brick red coloration Presence of Ca2+ ion
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the is observed
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Reddish brown gas with Presence of NO3-
con. sulphuric acid pungent smell, which turns
freshly prepared Ferrous
sulphate solution black.
A pinch of salt is heated with few Reddish brown gas is evolved Presence of NO3- is confirmed
drops of Con.H2SO4 and copper chips
Brown Ring Test A brown ring is formed. Presence of NO3- is confirmed

Original solution is treated with
freshly prepared FeSO4solution and
few drops of con.H2SO4 is added from
the sides of test tube.

paper is shown

Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and precipitate is formed (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+,)
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Ca2+
Original solution is treated with few drops White Precipitate is formed Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed
of Ammonium oxalate
Flame Test Brick red coloration Presence of Ca2+ ion
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the is observed is confirmed
Result: The given cation and anion are Calcium, Ca2+ and nitrate, NO3- respectively. Hence, the given salt is
Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
EXPERIMENT NO. 16
1.Colour and appearance of salt is noted White Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+, Co2+
Flame Test: No Characteristic flame Absence of Presence of Ba2+,
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the same colouration Sr2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ etc.,
rod is dipped in a small quantity of salt and
shown in flame
II. Anion Analysis

A pinch of salt in a test tube is treated with 1- No characteristic gas Absence of carbonate
2ml of dilute sulphuric acid evolution
A pinch of salt in a test tube is warmed with Dense white fumes when a Presence of Cl-
con. sulphuric acid. Colourless gas with glass rod dipped in
pungent smell is evolved ammonium hydroxide
when shown at the mouth
of the test tube

Original solution is acidified with dil nitric White precipitate soluble in Presence of Cl- is confirmed
acid. Boiled, cooled and add Silver nitrate is ammonium hydroxide is
added formed
Chromyl Chloride Test: Yellow precipitate is Presence of Cl- is confirmed
To a mixture of salt and solid potassium obtained.
dichromate, Con.Sulphuric acid is added and
heated. Red vapours are obtained,these
vapours are passed through sodium
hydroxide solution. Yellow solution is
obtained. Dil. acetic acid and lead acetate
solution are added to the yellow solution
III.Cation Analysis
paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group I (Pb2+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group II(Cu2+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group III(Al3+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group IV (Zn2+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic ppt is Absence of V Group
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and formed (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+,)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid White characteristic ppt Presence of VI Group
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and (Mg2+)
Phosphate is added to the above mixture
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Mg2+

Original solution is treated with pinch of White Precipitate is formed Presence of Mg2+ is
NH4Cl, few drops of NH4OH and excess of confirmed
ammonium phosphate. The sides of the test
tube is scratched
White Ash Test Pinkish white ashes are Presence of Mg2+ is
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and is formed confirmed
solution and burnt
Result: The given cation and anion are Magnesium, Mg2+ and chloride, Cl- respectively. Hence, the given salt
is Magnesium Chloride, MgCl2
EXPERIMENT NO. 17

1.Colour and appearance of salt is noted White Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+, Co2+
Flame Test: No Characteristic flame Absence of Presence of Ba2+,
A glass rod is dipped in Con.HCl and the same colouration Sr2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ etc.,
rod is dipped in a small quantity of salt and
shown in flame
II.Anion Analysis
con.sulphuric acid evolution CH3COO-
May be presence of
Sulphate

(Original Solution). To this few drop of dil. HCl confirmed
Barium chloride solution is added
acetic acid and lead acetate solution ammonium acetate solution confirmed
III.Cation Analysis
paper is shown
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group I (Pb2+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and No characteristic ppt Absence of Group II(Cu2+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group III(Al3+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group IV (Zn2+)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid No characteristic ppt is Absence of V Group
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and formed (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+,)
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water solid White characteristic ppt Presence of VI Group
Ammonium Chloride is added, boiled and (Mg2+)
Phosphate is added to the above mixture
Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Mg2+

Original solution is treated with pinch of White Precipitate is formed Presence of Mg2+ is
NH4Cl, few drops of NH4OH and excess of confirmed
ammonium phosphate. The sides of the test
tube is scratched
White Ash Test Pinkish white ashes are Presence of Mg2+ is
A pinch of salt is dissolved in water and is formed confirmed
solution and burnt
Result: The given cation and anion are Magnesium, Mg2+ and sulphate, SO42- respectively. Hence, the given
salt is Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4
IDENTIFICATION
OF
BIOMOLECULES
Experiment No. 18
Aim: To distinguish between reducing carbohydrate and nonreducing carbohydrate
Experiment Sample A Sample B

Fehlings Test: Reddish brown ppt appears No reddish brown ppt is formed
Few drops of the sample is (Reducing carbohydrate) (Non-reducing carbohydrate)
treated with 1-2 ml of Fehling’s
solution A and 1-2 ml of Fehling’s
solution B. The mixture is kept in
boiling water bath.
The test is conducted with both
samples.
Tollens test: Silver mirror formation is No silver mirror formation is

Few drops of the sample is observed observed
treated with 1-2 ml of Tollens (Reducing carbohydrate) (Non-Reducing carbohydrate)
reagent. The mixture is kept in
boiling water bath.
samples.
Iodine test: No-blue black colouration is Blue-Black colouration is observed

Few drops of the sample is observed (Presence of Starch)
treated with 1-2 ml of iodine (Absence of Starch)
solution.
samples.
Result: Sample A is Reducing Carbohydrate and sample B is Non reducing Carbohydrate
Experiment No. 19
Aim: To distinguish between reducing Proteins and Fats
Experiment Sample A Sample B

Biuret test: Violet colouration No Violet colourationis observed
Few drops of the sample is (Presence of Protein) (Absence of Protein)
treated with few drops of copper
sulphate solution and sodium
hydroxide solution.
samples.
Xanthoproteic test : Yellow colouration appears No yellow colouration is observed

Few drops of the sample is (Presence of Protein) (Absence of Protein)
treated with 1-2ml of
concentrated nitric acid and
heated in a water bath.
samples.
Translucent spot test: No translucent spot formation is Translucent spot formation is

Few drops of the sample is placed seen. observed (Presence of oil/fat). As
in a filter paper (Absence of fat) sample is liquid it is oil.
samples.
Result: Sample A is Protein and sample B is an oil

FUNCTIONAL
GROUP ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT NO. 20
Aim: To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
Ignition Test: A small amount of sample is No sooty flame observed Presence of aliphatic
taken in a spatula and ignited by inserting compound
into a Bunsen flame.
Litmus Test: A drop of the sample is placed Blue litmus turned red Presence of carboxylic acid
on a blue litmus paper. functional group
Bicarbonate Test: To a small amount of the Brisk effervescence observed Carboxylic acid functional
sample a pinch of sodium bicarbonate is group is confirmed.
added.
Ester Test: To the sample, 1- 2ml ethanol and Sweet smelling ester formed Carboxylic acid functional
a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is group is confirmed.
added. The mixture is then heated in a water
bath.
Result: The given sample is an aliphatic carboxylic acid.
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
Litmus Test: A drop of the sample is placed Blue litmus remained blue Absence of carboxylic acid
Bicarbonate Test: To a small amount of the No brisk effervescence Absence of carboxylic acid
sample a pinch of sodium bicarbonate is observed functional group
added.
2, 4 DNP Test: To the sample a few drops of Orange precipitate observed Presence of carbonyl group
2, 4- DNP reagent is added. The mixture is observed. May be aldehyde
shaken and heated in water bath. or ketone.
Fehling’s Test: To the sample equal Reddish brown precipitate Presence of aldehyde group
quantities of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B observed. observed.
solution are added. The mixture is then
Tollen’s Test: To the sample 1-2 ml of Formation of silver mirror is Aldehyde group is confirmed.
Tollen’s reagent is added. The mixture is then observed.
Result: The given sample is an aliphatic aldehyde.
EXPERIMENT NO. 22
added.
2, 4 DNP Test: To the sample a few drops of Orange precipitate observed Presence of carbonyl group
2, 4- DNP reagent is added. The mixture is observed. May be aldehyde
shaken and heated in water bath. or ketone.
Fehling’s Test: To the sample equal No reddish-brown precipitate Absence of aldehyde group
Sodium nitroprusside Test: To the sample Wine red colouration is Ketone group is confirmed.
sodium nitroprusside solution is added. Then observed.
1ml of sodium hydroxide is added.
Result: The given sample is an aliphatic ketone.
EXPERIMENT NO. 23
added.
2, 4 DNP Test: To the sample a few drops of No orange precipitate is Absence of carbonyl group
2, 4- DNP reagent is added. The mixture is observed observed.
shaken and heated in water bath.
Fehling’s Test: To the sample equal No reddish-brown precipitate Absence of aldehyde group
Sodium nitroprusside Test: To the sample No wine red colouration is Absence of ketone group is
sodium nitroprusside solution is added. Then observed. observed.
1ml of sodium hydroxide is added.
Ester test: To the sample, 1- 2ml acetic acid Sweet smelling ester formed Alcohol functional group is
and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric confirmed.
acid is added. The mixture is then heated in a
water bath.
Result: The given sample is an aliphatic alcohol.

VOLUMETRIC
ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT NO. 24
Aim: To prepare a standard solution of Mohr salt (M/20) and determine volumetrically the molarity and
strength of the given KMNO4 solution.
Theory:
Procedure:
Burette - Potassium Permanganate
Conical flask – 10 ml of Mohr Salt (M/20) + 10 ml of 2M H2SO4
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self-indicator
End point – Colourless to pale pink colour
To prepare a standard solution of Mohr salt (M/20)

W B X 1000
M=
MB XV
1 W B X 1000
=
20 392 X 250
0.05 X 392 X 250
W B= =4.9 g
1000
4.9 g of Mohr salt is needed to make (M/20) Mohr salt solution in 250ml.
Observation table:
S.No. Burette reading Volume of KMnO4(ml)

Initial Reading Final reading
Concordant reading = ________ml
Calculations:
From the overall balanced equation, it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 10 moles of Mohr salt
M KMnO X V KMnO 2 1
4 4
= =
M Mohr salt X V Mohr salt 10 5
M KMnO X V KMnO 1
4 4
=
1 5
X 10
20
M KMnO X V KMnO 1
4 4
=
0.05 X 10 5
0.05 X 10
M KMn O =4
5 X V KMnO 4
Strength=Molarity X molar mass of KMnO 4
Strength=M KMn O X 158 4
Result: The concentration of the given KMnO4 is ________M.

The strength of the given KMnO4 solution is ____________g/L.
Experiment No. 25
Aim: To prepare a standard solution of Oxalic acid(M/40) and determine volumetrically the molarity and
strength of the given KMNO4 solution.
Theory:
Ionic Equations:
Procedure:
Burette - Potassium Permanganate
Conical flask – 10 ml of oxalic acid (M/40) + 10 ml of 2M H2SO4
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self-indicator
End point – Colorless to pale pink color
To prepare a standard solution of Oxalic acid(M/40)

W B X 1000
M=
MB XV
1 W B X 1000
=
40 126 X 250
0.025 X 63 1.575
W B= = =0.7875 g
2 2
0.7875 g of Oxalic acid is needed to make (M/40) Oxalic acid solution in 250ml.
Observation table:
S.No. Burette reading Volume of KMnO4(ml)

Initial Reading Final reading
Concordant reading = ________ml

Calculations:
From the overall balanced equation, it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 5 moles of Oxalic acid
M KMn O X V KMnO 2
4 4
=
M Oxalic acid X V Oxalic acid 5
M KMnO X V KMnO 2
4 4
=
1 5
X 10
40
2 X 10
M KMn O =4
40 X V KMnO 4
Strength=Molarity X molar mass of KMnO 4
Strength=M KMn O X 158 4
Result: The concentration of the given KMnO4 is ________M.

The strength of the given KMnO4 solution is ____________g/L.

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QUALITATIVE

I. Physical Examination of Salt

II. Anion Analysis

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Analysis for Anion Cl-

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Analysis for Cation NH4+

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt is dissolved in Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of NH4+ is confirmed

I. Physical Examination of Salt

II. Anion Analysis

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Analysis for Anion SO42-

A pinch of salt is dissolved in water White precipitate insoluble in Presence of SO42- is

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Analysis for Cation NH4+

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt is dissolved in Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of NH4+ is confirmed

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Dry Test: Ammoniacal smell evolves Presence of Ammonium is

II. Anion Analysis

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Analysis for Anion CH3COO-

Oxalic Acid Test: - Vinegar like smell is Presence of CH3COO- is

III. Cation Analysis

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Analysis for Cation NH4+

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt is dissolved in Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of NH4+ is confirmed

I. Physical Examination of Salt

II. Anion Analysis

Brown Ring Test A brown ring is formed. Presence of NO3- is

III. Cation Analysis

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt is dissolved in Yellow Precipitate of lead Presence of Pb2+ is confirmed

II. Anion Analysis

Confirmatory Analysis for Anion CH3COO-

Oxalic Acid Test: - Vinegar like smell is Presence of CH3COO- is

III. Cation Analysis

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt is dissolved in Yellow Precipitate of lead Presence of Pb2+ is confirmed

Odour test No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, CH3COO-

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt in a test tube is No characteristic gas evolution Absence of carbonate

Confirmatory Analysis for Anion

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt is dissolved in No characteristic precipitate Absence of group I Pb2+

Confirmatory Analysis for Cation

Experiment Observation Inference

Odour test No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, CH3COO-

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Analysis for Anion Cl-

Chromyl Chloride Test: Yellow precipitate is Presence of Cl- is

Experiment Observation Inference

A pinch of salt is dissolved in No characteristic precipitate Absence of group I Pb2+

Confirmatory Analysis for Cation

Experiment Observation Inference

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Flame Test: Green Flashes are observed Presence of Zn2+, Mn2+

Confirmatory Analysis for Anion CH3COO-

1. Oxalic Acid Test: - Vinegar like smell is Presence of CH3COO- is

III. Cation Analysis

Confirmatory Analysis for Cation Zn2+