DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P.

Gabiosa
b. Under the actions of gravity
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS c. Forces exerted by adjacent units
- A landslide is the mass movement of rock, soil, d. Fluids in cracks
and debris down a slope due to gravity. SLIDE
- It occurs when the driving force is greater than
the resisting force. - Slides are mass movements, where there is a
distinct zone of weakness that separates the
LANDSLIDES slide material from more stable underlying
material.
- It is a natural process that occurs in steep
slopes.
The two major types of slides
The movement may range from very slow to rapid.
A. Rotational slides
It can affect areas both near and far from the source.
B. Translational slides.
Landslide materials may include: ROTATIONAL SLIDES
a. Soil
b. Debris - Surface of rupture is curved concavely upward
c. Rock
d. Garbage
Most of the damaging landslides : TRANSLATIONAL SLIDES
i. Landslides and Water
ii. Landslides and Seismic Activity and the slide movement is roughly rotational
iii. Landslides and Volcanic Activity about an axis that is parallel to the ground
surface and transverse across the slide.
MOVEMENT OF LANDSLIDES - The landslide mass moves along a roughly
planar surface with little rotation or backward
a. Fall tilting.
b. Topple - Usually occur on very gentle slopes or flat
c. Slide terrain. The dominant mode of movement is
d. Spread lateral extension accompanied by shear or
e. Flow
SPREAD/LATERAL SPREAD
FALL
tensile fractures. The failure is caused by
- Falls are abrupt movements of masses of liquefaction.
geologic materials, such as rocks and
boulders, that become detached from steep LIQUEFACTION
slopes or cliffs. The process whereby saturated, loose, cohesion
less sediments (usually sands and silts) are
Separation occurs along discontinuities such
as :
 fracture FLOW
 Joints
 bedding planes transformed from a solid into a liquefied state.
- Flows are landslides that involve the movement
Movement occurs by : of material down a slope in the form of a
 free-fall, fluid.
 bouncing
 rolling. Five basic categories of flows :
1) Debris flow
Strongly influenced by : 2) Debris avalanche
 gravity 3) Earthflow
 mechanical weathering 4) Mudflow
 presence of interstitial water. 5) Creep

TOPPLE HEALTH THREATS FROM LANDSLIDES AND

- Toppling failures are distinguished by DEBRIS FLOWS
a. the forward rotation of a unit or units
- Rapidly moving water and debris that can lead to
about some pivotal point, below or low in
trauma.
the unit
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
- Broken electrical, water, gas, and sewage lines shelter and take cover (if possible, under a desk,
that can result in injury or illness. table, or other piece of sturdy furniture).
- Disrupted roadways and railways that can  Stay away from the site. Flooding or additional
endanger motorists and disrupt transport slides may occur after a landslide or mudflow.
and access to health care.
AFTER
WHAT AREAS ARE AT RISK
 Check for injured or trapped people near the
a. Areas where wildfires or human modification of affected area, if it is possible to do so without
the land have destroyed vegetation. entering the path of the landslide or mudflow.
b. Areas where landslides have occurred before;  Listen to the radio or TV for emergency
c. Steep slopes and areas at the bottom of slopes information.
or canyons.  Report broken utility lines to the appropriate
d. Slopes that have been altered form construction authorities.
of buildings and roads.  Consult a geotechnical expert (a registered
e. Channels along a stream or river. professional engineer with soils engineering
f. Areas where surface runoff is directed. expertise) for advice on reducing additional
landslide problems and risks. Local authorities
BEFORE should be able to tell you how to contact a
geotechnical expert.
 Assume that steep slopes and areas burned by
wildfires are vulnerable to landslides and debris
flows. FALL
 Learn whether landslides or debris flows have
occurred previously in your area by contacting
local authorities, a county geologist or the county
planning department, state geological surveys or
departments of natural resources, or university
departments of geology.
 Contact local authorities about emergency and
TOPPLE
evacuation plans.
 Develop emergency and evacuation plans for
your family and business.
 Develop an emergency communication plan in
case family members are separated.
 If you live in an area vulnerable to landslides,
consider leaving it.
SLIDE
DURING
 Listen to the radio or watch TV for warnings
about intense rainfall or for information and
instructions from local officials.
 Be aware of any sudden increase or decrease in
water level on a stream or creek that might
indicate debris flow upstream. A trickle of flowing TRANSLATIONAL
mud may precede a larger flow. AND
 Look for tilted trees, telephone poles, fences, or ROTATIONAL
walls, and for new holes or bare spots on
hillsides. SLIDE
 Listen for rumbling sounds that might indicate an
approaching landslide or mudflow.
 Be alert when driving. Roads may become
blocked or closed due to collapsed pavement or SPREAD/LATERAL
debris. SPREAD
 If landslide or debris flow danger is imminent,
quickly move away from the path of the slide.
Getting out of the path of a debris flow is your
best protection. Move to the nearest high ground
in a direction away from the path. If rocks and
debris are approaching, run for the nearest
FLOW
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
WHAT MAKES WEATHER?
- Without the sun, we would have no
weather at all or there is no change in the
weather. All weather changes are brought
about by temperature changes in the
different parts of the atmosphere which
makes the weather happen.
 Are hazards pertaining to natural processes
brought about by weather, water, and climate
that bring havoc to life, property and livelihood.
 Natural processes or phenomena of
atmospheric, hydrologic or oceanographic
nature, which may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social and economic
disruption or environmental degradation.
THUNDERSTORM AND ITS ASSOCIATED
HAZARDS
 Thunderstorm (TSTM) is a localized (small-
scale) storm associated with towering dark
cumulonimbus clouds which often brings
heavy rainfall, hail, severe gusty winds, and
frequent lightning and thunder.
 Tropical areas like the Philippines have the
greatest thunderstorm occurrences which
occur mostly daily. TSTMs are most frequent
during the period from May to September and
are most common in the mid-afternoon when
the surface temperatures are the highest.
 Thunderstorms affect relatively small areas
(about 5 km in diameter), but despite their
small sizes, all thunderstorms are dangerous!
TORNADO/WATERSPOUT
 Waterspout is a violent whirlwind and
associated with a cloud column or funnel-
shaped cloud extending downwards from the
base of cumulonimbus but not necessarily
reaching the ground. The diameter can vary
from a few meters to some hundreds of meters.
A Tornado acts like a giant vacuum cleaner,
sucking things in air carrying everything along its
path such as trees, structures or debris,
jumping across the ground in a narrow
erratic movement. Most of the damage comes
from its extreme winds. Wind speeds are
estimated to exceed 450 km/hr. and may last
for a few minutes. This short lifespan makes
tornadoes hard to predict. On the other hand, a
tornado that forms from a body of water and
moves from it is called a waterspout.
HEAVY RAINFALL
 Excessive rains can produce flash
floods/floods which can change small creeks
into raging floodwaters, sweeping over
HAIL
structures along its path.
 Hailstones are large pieces of ice that form
within, and falling from a cumulonimbus
cloud. Since air temperature in the Philippines is
normally high, hailstones that reach the ground
are usually the size of a grain of corn, seldom to
cause damage to properties. But hail can
LIGHTNING
destroy crops.
 Lightning is a massive electrical discharge
between a cloud and another or between the
cloud and the ground.
 The heating of the air by lightning causes the
air to expand producing what we hear as
thunder.
 Positively-charged particles collect at the top
of the cloud, while negatively-charged
particles stay at the bottom.
 Due to the high voltage differences that build
up within the cloud or between the rain cloud
and the ground below, this creates dramatic
forks of lightning. Lightning is dangerous and
sometimes fatal.
 The temperature of a lightning bolt is five
times hotter than the surface of the sun! The
sudden lightning makes sound waves in the air
that we hear as thunder. Lightning can cause
death and injuries and can spark fires. If caught
outdoor, keep away from open spaces and
isolated trees.
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
TROPICAL CYCLONES AND ITS ASSOCIATED
HAZARDS
 A Tropical cyclone (TC) is an intense low-
pressure system with minimum sustained
winds of 35 kph blowing in a
counterclockwise direction towards the
center called the “eye”. It is generally a large
circular system in which the atmospheric
pressure decreases from the outer periphery
towards the center.
 TC tends to lose its strength when it moves
over land or cool water. Winds cause the
most damage to buildings and settlements,
but most casualties result from flooding that
is associated with tropical cyclone. A mature TC
may have a diameter of 1000 kms.
 TCs usually form in the Pacific Ocean
between the Philippines and the Marianas-
Caroline Island above 50N Latitude and a few
of them develop in the South China Sea, west of
the country. They move generally in a west-
northwest direction, intensifying as they
approach the Philippine area. The Philippines
is situated right within the main Pacific typhoon
pathway and has an annual average of 19- 20
tropical cyclones.
Eye
- Is the center of the tropical cyclones eye and
is normally circular in shape with generally
cloud-free skies. The wind is light and calm or
relatively very light winds and there is no rain.
It ranges in size from 10-100 kilometers in
diameter.
Eye wall
- Is the ring where very high winds and rains
being at the heaviest. The highest winds are
on the forward right side of the wall of the
storm. If the storm is heading west, the highest
winds will be on the northern side of the storm.
The heaviest damage occurs when the
tropical cyclone’s eyewall passes over land.
Rainbands
- The spiral rainbands of showers and
thunderstorms surround the eye. High wind
gusts and heavy downpour often occur in
individual rainbands, with relatively calm
weather between bands. It covers an area of
several square kilometers.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF TROPICAL
CYCLONES?
HEAVY RAINS/FLOODS/FLASH AND RIVERINE
FLOODS
 Continuous heavy rainfall can produce
severe flooding and may cause damage to
agriculture, infrastructures and community
lifelines. Ground water may be contaminated by
STRONG WINDS
floodwaters and may lead to the outbreak and
spread of diseases.
 Maximum wind speeds in a tropical cyclone may
even reach beyond 250kph in extreme cases
(more than 3x the average speed of vehicles).
Structural damage is one of its most disastrous
effects. The areas most prone to stronger
STORM SURGE
winds are located along the eastern
seaboard of the Philippines.
 Storm surge is the abnormal rise in sea level
causing big waves at the coast as a tropical
cyclone makes landfall. The highest water
level rise or the peak of storm surge usually
coincides with the time of passage of a typhoon
across a coastline. The wall of water can engulf
low-lying coastal communities and can also
bring destruction to natural and man-made
LANDSLIDE/MUDSLIDE
structures, especially if they coincide with the
occurrence of high tide.
 Continuous heavy rains over hilly or
mountainous areas, especially denuded ones,
usually result to landslides or mudflows.
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
RAIN-CAUSING WEATHER DISTURBANCES
MONSOONS
 Seasonal changes in winds, a wind regime
which reverses its direction twice a year
which brings different kind of weather. The
major portion of our rainfall may be ascribed to
monsoon weather.
2 types of monsoon winds in the Philippines:
1) the Northeast monsoon
2) the Southwest monsoon.
These are caused by the thermal variations of Asiatic
mainland.
NORTHEAST MONSOON OR “AMIHAN”
 Tuyo at Malamig
 From November to February, the Asiatic
Continent is snowbound and the high-pressure
cell over China creating northeasterly winds over
the Philippines giving us cold temperature, and
causing much rainfall over the eastern coast of
the Philippines. It is intensified when a cold front
moving southward as far as the Philippines,
giving prolonged rains along the eastern
coastal areas of the Philippines.
SOUTHWEST MONSOON OR “HABAGAT”
 Mainit at Moist
 From June to September in the Northern
Hemisphere, the Asiatic Continent becomes
warmer than the surrounding seas and a low-
pressure cell develop over China mainland. At
times when this southwest flow becomes thick in
depth, it persists for a long period causing
continuous rain which may last for weeks
during the months of June to September.
Thus, aside from typhoon, the Southwest
monsoon is responsible for the great portion of
the rainfall during the wet season.
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
 The ITCZ is the region where the northern
hemisphere trades meet the southern
hemisphere trades that produce a series of
low-pressure areas.
 The region of convergence is characterized
by the towering cumulonimbus (rain-
producing) clouds accompanied with
COLD FRONT
widespread thunderstorms.
 A cold front is a region which separates cold
air from warm air. It moves such that cold air
replaces the warm air. In as much as cold air
is heavier than warm air, the warm air is
pushed aloft by the cold air giving rise to
widespread cloudiness and rains.
 Cold fronts in the Philippines are characterized
largely by an increase in cloudiness and
rains.
 This happens during the months of November
to February. After the passage of the cold
fronts, the sky clears up and the air is usually
cold with good visibility, characteristic of cold air
LOW PRESSURE AREA (LPA)
masses.
 A Low-Pressure Area (LPA) is a region in
which the atmospheric pressure is lower than
that of the neighboring regions.
 In the Northern Hemisphere the winds blow
in a counterclockwise direction toward the
center of the low pressure.
 The area is associated with the formations
cloud and precipitation.
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
 High levels of carbon monoxide.
 Breathing becomes difficult.
FIRE HAZARD
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF FIRE:
 Fire is a chemical reaction. It is the rapid
oxidation of fuel producing heat and light. For  Highly dangerous flashovers may occur anytime.
fire to occur, all other must be present: Heat, 1) fuel load
Fuel, Oxygen. 2) fuel type
3) orientation of fuel relative to fire
Understanding Fire!
4) available oxygen
 Bonfire being lit while camping 5) ceiling height
 Oxygen gas 6) potential for thermal layering
 Wood
 Match/Stones FLASHOVER
 Electrical fires during summers
 Rapid transition from the growth to fully
 Oxygen gas developed stage; materials in room ignite
 Electrical wires all at once; tongues of flame roll across
 Heat during summer
III. FULLY-DEVELOPED
CAUSES OF FIRE
ceiling; radiant heat affects materials in
1. Faulty electrical wiring or connection room, raising them to ignition temperature.
2. LPG-related  All fuels have been ignited and burning.
3. Neglected cooking or stove  Hottest phase of a fire
4. Cigarette butt  Fire is now dependent on the amount of
5. Unattended open flame: torch or sulo oxygen.
6. Unattended open flame: candle or gasera  Spread of flammable gases within the area
7. Matchstick or lighter  Oxygen supply < 16%
8. Direct flame contact or static electricity  Too much carbon monoxide is present
9. Neglected electrical appliances or devices
10. Electrical machineries IV. DECAY
11. Chemicals
12. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid  Fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or oxygen
13. Spontaneous combustion is consumed
14. Pyrotechnics  Also known as smoldering phase
15. Bomb explosion  Usually, the longest stage of a fire
16. Lightning  Characterized by significant decrease in
oxygen and fuel
PHASES OF FIRE  Backdraft could potentially occur.
I. IGNITION BACKDRAFT
 Smoke and heat are produced.  Phenomenon in which fire that has
 Oxygen supply = 21% consumed all available oxygen suddenly
 Does not have high temperatures explodes when more oxygen is made
available, usually because a door or
II. GROWTH window is opened.

 Breathing is barely affected.

 Expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen supply,
and increase in temperature
 Also known as free burning phase
 Oxygen supply < 21%
 Temperatures reach between 640° to 870°
 Fire influences the environment and is
influenced by the environment.
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
What you should have in your home:
A. Smoke Alarm
Install smoke alarms in rooms, kitchens
and other living areas. It ALERTS you when the
fire is still in a controllable state.
B. Fire Extinguisher
Have an ABC or ABCD type of fire
extinguisher in the kitchen and workshop areas.
Know how to use a fire extinguisher.
C. Emergency Exit Plan
An emergency exit plan is highly
recommended for a family dwelling. Be sure that
your kids know and understand the exit route
and the meeting place outside your house. An
exit drill is also a fun way of getting your children
involved.
FIRE HAZARDS
What you should watch out for
A. Kitchen Area
 NEVER leave your kitchen while cooking!
 Matches and lighters should be in proper
storage and away from children’s reach.
 Keep your stove clean and grease-free, and
check your LPG for leaks with soapy water.
 When frying and your pan bursts into flame, DO
NOT douse it with WATER. Put the lid on or get
a wet damp cloth to cover the pan.
 Idle electrical appliances must be unplugged.
 Avoid overloading of outlets and use of worn
cords.
B. Living Rooms and Bathrooms
 Do not use extension cords as permanent
outlets. Make sure that extension cords are not
looped on sharp objects that could cause it to
fray.
 Make sure that curtains are away from electric
fan blades.
 DO NOT leave an electric fan switched on when
it is not rotating! Clean and oil them regularly.
 Defective appliances must be fixed immediately.
 Take extra care when using a clothes iron or rice
cooker. Unplug them promptly after use.
 NEVER SMOKE IN BED!
 Put out candle lights before going to bed.
 Place a lit candle in a holder. If you have none,
place it in the middle of a basin partly filled with
water.
 Keep your place clean at all times. Remove
dried leaves, cobwebs, loose paper, and other
easy-burning debris.
C. Storage and Garage Areas
 Oily rags, newspaper and other trash must be
disposed in a safe waste bag or container.
 Clean up spilled oil and grease from vehicles
promptly.
WHY SHOULD YOU UNPLUG IDLE APPLIANCES?
Many of the electronic devices in your home are
quietly drawing electricity all the time, whether you are
using them or not. As much as ten (10%) more energy is
drawn by an appliance on standby mode. Imagine how
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
much you can save when you unplug them after use.  Alert the people outside that you are still in the
Despite all the safety features of modern appliances, a burning building. Shout for help or get a light-
risk of overheat is always present, which could also lead colored cloth and wave it outside the window. It
to household fires. is more visible through thick smoke.
 Seal your room. Close the door/s and patch any
There are new smart power strips/extension cords
gaps with towels or sheets to prevent smoke
that you could purchase at specialty hardware stores.
from coming in.
They automatically monitor your power usage and shuts
 When you are trapped in the upper floors of
off power supply so you could avoid the inconvenience
your house, try to collect bed sheets and foam.
of removing your plugs every time.
These could help you when escaping through
WHAT TO DO WHEN A FIRE BREAKS OUT the window.
 Do not run when your clothes catch fire.
Instead, stop moving drop to the ground and
 It takes just two (2) minutes for your house to
roll.
be filled with toxic fumes from a fire. These
fumes are deadly when inhaled, and may have
long-term effects in your body. Majority of
deaths from fire are caused by suffocation
rather than the fire itself.
 A well-rehearsed emergency exit plan will
greatly alleviate the panic you may feel during
the fire.
 Try to close the door of the burning room and
close all doors behind you as you leave. This will
help delay the fire and smoke.
 Before you open a door, feel it with the back of  Clear flammable debris from the window. Rip
your hand to determine if the room behind it is off the curtains and anything else that could
burning. burn. Don’t break the glass. You may need to
 Fumes and hot air usually settle at the ceiling. close it against smoke entering from outside.
When the smoke is dense, the best air that you But, as long as the air outside is fresh, open the
can breathe is usually one to two feet from the
floor. Crawl to the exit with a wet piece of cloth
to cover your mouth. TRIVIA
 Fire spreads at a very fast rate, doubling its window a bit and breathe it in.
volume every thirty seconds. Get everyone out  Fire fighters use a special kind of foam, called
first. Have a bug-out pack with all your AFFF (A-triple F) to combat oil fires.
essentials. Saving your possessions may weigh
you down and get you trapped.  The average 1000-gallon fire truck can empty its
 Never go back to your house unless a fire fighter contents in less than 5 minutes.
declares it is safe to do so. You could run into a
potential roof collapse, stumble on live wires, or  Rescue ropes are made of nylon filaments
braided into a super strong kern mantle, which
can handle about 800 kilos in weight.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE TRAPPED IN THE FIRE
 The fire fighter’s bunker coat can withstand
could trigger a dreaded backdraft. temperatures of 260 degrees Celsius (as hot as
 Try to position yourself in a room with windows glowing charcoal) for five minutes.
leading outside. That way, your rescue becomes
easier.
DRRR Q2 SEM 1 Prepared By: Christ Neil P. Gabiosa
 Arson investigations use a special machine
called a Gas Chromatograph to determine what
kind of chemical sparked the fire.