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THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO

SAN PEDRO
(Pachanoi, Achuma/Huachuma, Aguacolla, Gigantón, El Remedio, Cactus of the Four Winds)

(3,4,5-trimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine)
C11H17NO3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
01. Overview | 02. History & Stats | 03. Pharmacology | 04. Effects | 05. Myths |
06. Therapeutic Use | 07. Personal Growth | 08. Legality | 09. FAQ | 10. Footnotes

Disclaimer: Mescaline-containing cacti, while often legal to grow, are widely banned from human
consumption. We do not encourage or condone the use of this plant where it is against the law. However, we
accept that illegal drug use occurs and believe that offering responsible harm reduction information is
imperative to keeping people safe. For that reason, this guide is designed to ensure the safety of those who
decide to use San Pedro cactus as an entheogen or psychedelic.

OVERVIEW 01
San Pedro (Trichocereus/Echinopsis pachanoi) is a thin, columnar cactus native to the Andes in South
America. It is much faster-growing than peyote, shooting up 12 inches or more in a year and
occasionally producing large, white, night-blooming owers.

Like peyote (and Peruvian torch, among other cacti), San Pedro contains mescaline—one of the
longest-studied psychedelics in the world and the rst to which that term was applied. Its effects
have been described as empathogenic, (similar to MDMA) and potentially life-changing, promoting
radical introspection, healing, and a sense of wonder and awe.

Traditionally, as today, San Pedro may be consumed either on its own or with other plants in a
ceremonial brew called cimora. While its use as a psychedelic is technically illegal in the US,
specimens are widely available for “ornamental purposes.” It can also be found in abundance at the
witches’ markets of Peru (as San Pedro or Huachuma), Bolivia (as Achuma), and Ecuador (as Aguacolla
or Gigantón).

HISTORY & STATS 02

San Pedro has been called the materia prima,[1] the primordial soup of the cosmos, and has long been
revered by Andean shamans. Remnants of rolled-up San Pedro skins discovered in Peru date their
use back to c. 2200 BCE.[2] Later artifacts, including temple stone carvings, textiles, and ceramics,
suggest the cactus was in use by successive pre-Columbian cultures, including Cupisnique (1500
BCE), Chavín (1000 BCE), Moche (100-750 AD), and Lambayeque (750-1350 AD).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
[10]
 Many of these artifacts associate the sacred cactus with the jaguar, hummingbird, deer, boa, owl,
snail, and stylized spirals or steps[4] — symbols thought to represent aspects of the visionary
experience itself.

Its magico-religious and medicinal use was suppressed by the Catholic conquistadors,[4][6][11] but not
nearly as much as peyote’s. Its early association with Christian symbols and holidays appears to have
helped; in fact, it may have been strategic. San Pedro curanderismo (folk healing) ceremonies were
held on June 24th, the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist,[10] for example, while the name of the plant
itself, San Pedro, Spanish for Saint Peter, is thought to imply that, like the Christian saint, the cactus
“holds the keys to heaven.”[1][6] But this foreign context was superimposed onto existing, pre-
Hispanic/pre-Columbian ideas. Like Saints Peter and John, San Pedro had long been associated with
water,[1] albeit more speci cally with the fertility of Pachamama (the ‘earth mother’) and mystical
“ ows between worlds.” Hence the Ecuadorian name, aguacolla, is thought to have originated with
the Spanish word agua (water) and Quechua word colla (queen), or else with another Quechua term
denoting something hidden or occult—a “hidden water,” in other words, or a portal to “another
world.”[4]

Disembodied travel is a hallmark of traditional use. Some even speculate that the Nazca Lines, the
geoglyphs of southern Peru, were used as “sacred maps” for these ights.[1] Wind (symbolized by
remolinos, or swirls) is also important to San Pedro, and may be seen as a portent of good health
during ceremonies, or as the arrival of the spirit of the plant. This spirit is said to assume various
forms when manifesting from the air in this way, including a gringo with blond hair, an Inca prince or
princess, an animal (such as a jaguar), or San Pedro/Saint Peter himself.[4]

Prior to the (re-)discovery of San Pedro in 1945, botanists were unaware of any mescaline-
containing cacti besides peyote. Although it was found to contain less of the psychedelic compound
than peyote (<2% by dry weight[12] and 0.12% fresh[7]), San Pedro still represented a signi cant
alternative source. Yet when mescaline and peyote were banned in the United States in 1970 (with
users facing up to 15 years in jail and/or a $25,000 ne),[7] San Pedro appears to have escaped the
lawmakers’ notice. People freely went on selling it as a “natural and legal” psychedelic and even
mainstream garden centers continued to stock the plant.[13]

Nowadays San Pedro is used more or less as it (evidently) always has been, for spiritual and physical
healing. Anthropologists and ethnographers familiar with its cultural context have helped to
promote it worldwide.[4]

Current use
San Pedro is widely available in the West, but it’s often technically illegal for consumption (see
Legality for details). Those who prefer to experience the plant in its native habitat can attend a
growing number of specialist ceremonies and retreats in South America.

Fortunately, San Pedro populations in the wild appear to be surviving this increased demand, unlike
some other natural medicines (e.g. peyote, kambo)—perhaps because it grows back so rapidly when
cut.[1] However, indiscriminate overharvesting in some “psychedelic tourism” regions may prove
unsustainable in the long term, especially in the absence of peyote.[4][11][14]

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PHARMACOLOGY 03
San Pedro contains highly variable concentrations of mescaline (0.006-0.14% fresh; 0.1-2.375%
dried),[1][6][13][15][16][17] densest in the outermost, greenest layer of the esh.[18][19] As a
phenethylamine, mescaline (like MDMA, 2-CB, and others) is in a different class of psychedelics to
the tryptamines (e.g. psilocybin, DMT) and ergolines (e.g. LSD, LSA). The cactus also contains
hordenine, anhalonidine, anhalonine, trichocerine, tyramine, and several substituted
phenethylamines besides mescaline.[13][18] While their effects are thought to be secondary or
negligible compared to mescaline’s, they may account for some of San Pedro’s purported medicinal
bene ts. Hordenine, for example, is an antibiotic, and anhalonidine has a mildly sedative effect.[7]

Receptor binding
Mescaline binds to virtually all serotonin receptors in the brain but has a stronger af nity for the 1A
and 2A/B/C receptors. It is structurally similar to LSD and often used as a benchmark hallucinogen
when comparing psychedelics.

Like nearly all hallucinogens, the psychedelic effects of mescaline are likely due to its action on
serotonin 2A receptors.[20]

Mescaline also has an af nity for the dopamine receptors,[21] either as a selective reuptake inhibitor
or as a dopamine receptor agonist.

Safety and toxicity

Because it’s an internationally controlled substance, research into the harm potential of mescaline,
especially long-term, has been limited. That said, a lethal dose has never been identi ed—probably
because it would be too high to happen accidentally.[22] In other words, to the best of our
knowledge, nobody has ever died from a mescaline overdose. But that doesn’t mean it’s entirely
safe; the “maximum safe dose” is often given as 1000 mg (though it’s unclear where that gure came
from).[23]

A 2005 study into the ceremonial use of peyote among Native American populations found there to
be no detrimental long-term effects.[24] It should be noted, however, that its use in other contexts
may not be as safe (remember: set and setting). However, mescaline appears to present little risk of
ashbacks or hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).[26] Mescaline has been linked to
memory and problem-solving impairments in rats, but only at very high doses (30 mg/kg/day).[27][28]

Most mescaline goes straight to the liver, so it may not be safe if you have liver problems (although it
was given to many chronic, often severely liver-diseased alcoholics in the 1950s and ’60s without
any obvious complications).[7] People with colon problems, high blood pressure, heart conditions,
diabetes, or mental illness are also advised to be cautious.[29][30] Although peyote is traditionally
consumed by Huichol women during pregnancy,[31] mescaline has been linked to fetal abnormalities
and should also be avoided by pregnant or breastfeeding women.[32]

San Pedro may not be safe in combination with MAOIs (natural or synthetic), including the
antidepressants phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate). Some use MAOIs like
moclobemide (Amira, Aurorix, Clobemix, Depnil, Manerix) to enhance the effects or prevent nausea
but they may not be safe for everyone’s biochemistry. In fact, MAOIs may actually increase nausea,
or induce it when it wouldn’t otherwise be present.[33]

Non-MAOI (e.g. SSRI) antidepressants may diminish the psychoactive effects, but they do not
appear to be physically dangerous in combination with San Pedro.[30]

See FAQ for more on potential drug interactions.

EFFECTS 04
There’s no way to tell simply by looking how much mescaline a cactus contains, which makes nding
the right dosage quite tricky—especially given San Pedro’s variability. Just 50g dried cactus material
might contain as little as 150mg mescaline (a threshold dose) or as much as 1150mg mescaline (a
potential overdose).[19] So it’s best to start with the smallest dose likely to yield any effects (~7g
dried; 107g fresh) and trial and error from there.[15][17] If you’re only using the outermost layer,
though, the effects will likely be stronger.[7][17] One cultivar was found to contain 4.7% mescaline in
the dried skins,[34] which is roughly double the whole plant “maximum” of 2.375%.

What to expect
You should start to notice effects within 15-40 minutes of taking San Pedro, but it may take 3 hours
to peak. It can take another 3 hours to come down, with the whole experience usually lasting 10
hours or so[35]—although there’s usually some kind of afterglow. Residual stimulation could make it
dif cult to sleep after the primary effects wear off.

Many people are surprised at how different San Pedro (and mescaline generally) is from other
psychedelics they’ve tried. It’s common to feel relaxed and in control, for instance, even while
heavily tripping.[36][37][38][39][40] One user compared its effects to MDMA, but felt they were “more
amazing.” “Mescaline didn’t feel like rolling [being high on MDMA],” he said, “Rolling felt like
mescaline.” The same user went on to say that it was “like all the best effects from all the drugs all
put into one… the great body feeling and incredible empathy and understanding of ecstasy… the
focus and energy and drive of acid… the journey effect that I always enjoyed from shrooms… It was
the soberest we had ever felt in our life.”[38]

The onset is generally accompanied by drowsiness or dizziness, often with a sense of tingling or
electricity in the veins.[6][39] There may be nausea, vomiting, and perspiration during this time.[5]

Common visual effects include whirlpools of colored light, ashes in the peripheral vision,
kaleidoscopic patterns, and white, ghostlike outlines around people.[5] “Out-of-body” journeys are
common, according to curanderos (healers),[1][4][5][51] as is synesthesia (e.g. “feeling” and “smelling”
sights and sounds), mild depersonalization, and distortions of spatial awareness.[52] At the same
time, ordinary objects in your surroundings may appear more interesting, beautiful, and amazingly
mystical—qualities that de ne the mescaline experience.[43]

Accompanying this may be clear and connected thought, self-realization, empathy, and euphoria.
However, “bad trips” and dysphoric symptoms may be more common among people who don’t pay
attention to set and setting and/or have histories of mental illness.[44]

Precautions
Take care to remove hazards, including sharp objects and things you might trip over, before taking
San Pedro. It’s also wise to ensure easy access to drinking water, as well as a toilet or bucket in case
of purging. A responsible sitter is also a good idea, at least for rst timers.

You may want to fast for 12 hours before using San Pedro, or at least take it on an empty stomach to
minimize nausea and maximize absorption (although some claim digestion potentiates effects[1]).
You may also want to spend a few hours meditating or re ecting on what you hope to learn or heal
through the experience. The idea is to “purify” the body and mind/spirit in preparation for taking the
medicine.[29]

Many like to experience San Pedro outdoors, in nature.[39][45] As one user put it, “the domain of this
plant is space.”[37] But it’s probably a good idea to have somewhere safe and private nearby, just in
case you feel overwhelmed.[40]

MYTHS 05
“Peruvian torch cactus has 10 times the mescaline of
San Pedro”
Adam Gottlieb made this claim in Peyote and Other Psychoactive Cacti (1977), but without any
supporting evidence. In Pharmacotheon (1993), Jonathan Ott made a similar claim—that Peruvian
torch has the highest concentration of any Trichocereus (/Echinopsis) species—but he seems to have
missed opposing evidence.[46]

There’s actually some dispute as to whether “San Pedro” refers solely to T. pachanoi or to a range of
Trichocereus (/Echinopsis) species, including T. peruvianus/E. peruviana (Peruvian torch). For clarity,
most uses of the term refer to T. pachanoi alone, but it’s common to nd other closely related species
sold as San Pedro as well.

As for which is the strongest, it appears to be T. pachanoi. Analyses of T. peruvianus have found
mescaline concentrations of up to 0.817% (dried whole plant), with some nding none at all. T.
pachanoi, by contrast, has been found to contain up to 2.375%. Analyses of the mescaline-rich outer
esh alone have found the difference to be even greater: 0.24-0.25% in dried Peruvian torch skins
(or up to 0.5% in the subspecies Puquiensis) and up to 4.7% in T. pachanoi.[16][34]

It should be noted, however, that mescaline content varies so much in both T. pachanoi and T.
peruvianus that differences within each species may sometimes be greater than the differences
between them. In other words, some Peruvian torch cuttings may well have ten times the mescaline
content of some San Pedro cuttings—just not as a general rule.

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THERAPEUTIC USE 06
San Pedro cleansing ceremonies often last all night and may be repeated over several days. In
addition to the sacred cactus, curanderos may administer other plants, including other cacti and
succulents, lycopods (clubmosses), datura, brugmansia, and Isotoma/Hippobroma longi ora (aka the
“Star of Bethlehem”).[5][6][47][48][49]

Ceremonies traditionally center on a “healing altar” or mesa, upon which are arranged a selection of
“power objects”—ancient artifacts, staffs, stones, crosses, images of saints, and so on. These are
usually sorted into three zones or elds (campos) according to their energy alignment—positive (life-
giving), negative (death-taking), or neutral.[5][47][50] Following puri cation with a bath of “spiritual
owering” or baño de orecimiento, and often the insuf ation of tobacco, patients given San Pedro
are diagnosed and treated by the healer. This might involve the invocation of spirits from both
Andean and Christian cosmology and the passing of a sword or staff over the patient in the form of a
cross.[5][11] Sometimes a guinea pig is passed over the body instead, then killed and dissected to
determine the activity or source of an illness.[11][47]

Whatever takes place in the ceremony, it is to the plant, as opposed to the healer or shaman, that
cures are generally attributed. The healer is merely a facilitator, “activated” by the cactus to
stimulate “the ve senses of the patient in a familiar cultural environment” using music, perfumes,
symbols, and other ritual elements.[5] The traditional ceremony also makes little distinction between
the domains of the body and mind. Shamans may recognize the medical causes of disease, and even
integrate pharmaceuticals into practice, but they’ll generally look beyond for an underlying spiritual
basis.[5][35][48] Contemporary practitioners tend to frame this in psychosomatic terms, viewing
“illness as a thoughtform” and the “guidance of the plant” as helping patients “to see the origin of
[their] own illness without judgements or interpretations from others.”[29][41]

There are some bold claims made about the curative powers of San Pedro, but unfortunately the
evidence is anecdotal. One woman, a cancer patient, is said to have entrusted her fate to the plant
and, during the ritual, learned why she had cancer and that she had a choice not to have it anymore.
According to the healer, “she decided not to have cancer anymore … [she] realized that life was just
too precious once she had seen it through San Pedro’s eyes.”[29]

Recoveries from mood disorders are easier to believe. The same healer claims to have seen victims
of sexual abuse overcome their guilt or shame, for instance, by replacing hurtful ideas or “negative
winds” with “positive winds” or new insights.[29] As a legal psychedelic in many countries, San Pedro
may represent a life-saving alternative to banned substances like psilocybin or LSD—sometimes the
only ray of hope for treatment-resistant depression.[42]

In the 1950s and ’60s, mescaline was investigated for its psychotherapeutic potential, particularly in
combination with LSD. It was found by some researchers that bene ts were correlated with
subjects’ willingness to engage with the experience, to face themselves and to act upon the insights
received. Interestingly, some of the most signi cant transformations or breakthroughs came about
months after the experience itself, even if the initial psychedelic therapy session seemed to be a
failure. Bene ts included a greater sense of wellbeing, inner strength, and vitality.[53]

Mescaline, and by extension San Pedro, may also be useful for reliving or recalling repressed
memories in a psychotherapeutic context, overcoming addiction,[54][55][56][57] and dealing with
chronic pain.[58]

PERSONAL GROWTH 07
San Pedro ceremonies, traditionally held at night, are said to open the subconscious “like a ower.”[6]
Some patients are more susceptible than others, of course, but it’s generally an inward journey.[5]
According to Western practitioner Lesley Myburgh, the cactus “helps us to heal, to grow, to learn
and awaken, and assists us in reaching higher states of consciousness.” Through her own
apprenticeship, which involved twice weekly sessions for years, she “saw all the bad things in [her]
life … and was able to let them go.”[29]

Others have had similar results. One user who decided to strip the wallpaper from his walls and
paint his story across them was able to bring all of his pain to the surface, manifesting almost
without thought his repressed struggle to be free from his mother. He was astounded by the
richness of meaning, as well as his own creativity.[36]

In fact, mescaline, like other psychedelics, is well known for enhancing creativity. In one study, a
group of 27 men were administered the drug and asked to think about a problem they were facing at
work, some of which had persisted for months. Following this single dose of mescaline, almost every
participant either solved the problem for themselves or came up with new ways to approach it.[59]
As the psychologist Stanley Krippner put it, “to invent something new, one cannot be completely
conditioned or imprinted,”[60] and psychedelics like mescaline certainly dissolve preconceptions and
elicit fresh perspectives on reality.

Indeed, they may be so fresh that they feel otherworldly. As mentioned, “out-of-body journeys” are
common, often to real-world locations—but so is a sense of induction to a “wider, mysterious, but
very real [other] world that had been there all along.”[37]

San Pedro can also be helpful for strengthening interpersonal bonds or patching up family relations.
[36]
Its empathogenic qualities, which it shares with MDMA, instil a “sense of universal
understanding, a connection with other people, and the ability to come together and work out
problems”—even problems that are usually suppressed.[38] Many remark on a newfound emotional
uency, an ability to express their own emotions and identify the struggles of others.[61] It’s a sense
of unity that tends to de ne the San Pedro experience—unity with oneself, with other people and
the natural world, and with all of existence at large.[52][62][63]

LEGALITY 08
Mescaline is illegal (Schedule I) in the United States. Of the mescaline-containing cacti, though, only
peyote is speci cally scheduled as a controlled substance. The key is intent; growing San Pedro and
other mescaline-containing cacti besides peyote is perfectly legal as long as there’s no intent to sell,
prepare, or consume them as psychedelics.

Prosecutions are rare, but they do happen. An Illinois man was, according to Erowid in 2013,
sentenced to 2½ years’ imprisonment for possessing (with intent to sell) multiple kilograms of
powdered cactus. Smaller amounts for personal use may also be prosecutable. In South Dakota, a
man was charged with possession of a controlled substance for having just 30 g dried Peruvian
torch.[64]

In some jurisdictions the law is clearer. On June 4, 2019, the City of Oakland, CA voted unanimously
to decriminalize all “entheogenic plants” containing indoleamines, tryptamines, and
phenethylamines. This allows adults aged 21 years and older to use them either medicinally (in
accordance with the resolution’s of cial intent) or for any other reason without fear of criminal
punishment. It also speci cally decriminalizes (or rather deprioritizes for law enforcement) their
cultivation and distribution as well.[72][73]

The situation is similar in Australia, New Zealand, the UK, and Germany, as well as many other
European countries—except Switzerland, notably, which speci cally prohibits both San Pedro and
Peruvian torch.[64] In Canada, where peyote (and only peyote) is speci cally exempted from the
mescaline ban,[65] prosecutors may need to show even stronger evidence of intent (e.g. to extract
mescaline) than elsewhere.

In the Andean countries (e.g. Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, etc.), San Pedro is generally legal, even as a
psychedelic.[66]

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FAQ 09
Can it be detected in a drug test?
Mescaline can be detected in the urine for 1 to 4 days after use, but it’s not included in either
standard or extended drug screens.[67] Virtually all labs require a speci c test for the substance, so
unless your employer is a real stickler and speci cally suspects San Pedro use you should be ne.

Are there psychological risks?

If you follow the 6Ss of psychedelic use and avoid taking San Pedro if you have a personal or family
history of mental health issues, there appears to be very little chance of long-term psychiatric
dif culties.[26]

Of course, San Pedro can make you feel “crazy” in the short term (acute psychosis), especially if you
don’t follow the 6Ss. This is known as a “bad trip” and is unlikely to cause problems in the long term.
Learning to handle anxiety and paranoia when it arises will help you get through any challenging
experiences.

Are there risks?

Neither San Pedro nor mescaline appear to have caused any deaths—not by their physical action,
anyway. As with any psychedelic, risks may arise from a poorly planned set and setting, e.g.
hazardous environments, being in public, etc. It may also cause problems for users with mental
illness, heart conditions, high blood pressure, and liver issues, as well as pregnant or breastfeeding
women. For more information on using San Pedro safely, see the Safety and Toxicity section.

How do I take it?

San Pedro is best taken on an empty stomach as a brew,[35] juice,[17] or dried powder[68] (i.e. in
capsules or stirred into water). Expect it to taste bitter, though—perhaps unbearably so. Chasing it
down with fruit juice (especially unsweetened grapefruit juice[35]) may help; but folk wisdom holds
that “if one’s heart is pure, the bitterness will not be tasted.”[69] In other words, if you’re mindful of
the bitterness, experiencing it without resistance, the gag re ex shouldn’t kick in.

Is it legal to grow San Pedro at home?

It’s legal to grow San Pedro in most countries, including the US and UK, but often not for human
consumption (see Legality). It’s also very easy to grow from cuttings and can thrive in a variety of
conditions—both indoors and out—although it prefers a lot more water than most cacti.[70] You can
even graft fresh cuttings together (including cuttings from other species) by securing them for a few
days with string.[1] Just be aware, if you’re growing San Pedro for mescaline, that the common
horticultural form of T. pachanoi (aka “pachanot”) has little to none of the compound.[16] See here for
more info.

Can I microdose with San Pedro?

Yes! See our Essential Guide to Microdosing Mescaline.

Will it produce tolerance?

Tolerance to mescaline builds up almost immediately and takes roughly 7 days of abstinence to
return to baseline. There is also a cross-tolerance effect with LSD and other psychedelics. This
means they will have diminished effects for up to 7 days after your consumption of mescaline, and
vice versa.[44]

Generally, though, mescaline isn’t habit-forming and many nd their desire to use it actually
diminishes with use over time.

Can I mix it with other drugs?

Avoid combining San Pedro with blood pressure medications, tramadol, immunomodulators,
alcohol, and stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines.[32][71]

Anecdotally, people have reported good experiences mixing San Pedro with LSD[1] or cannabis,[39]
among other psychoactive drugs. It also appears to be low risk or positively synergistic with
psilocybin, DMT, and ketamine. Tripsit has more information on safe drug combinations.

However, it’s always best to err on the side of caution and avoid combining mescaline with any other
drug, including prescribed medications (if sensible), at least the rst time you take it.

FOOTNOTES 10
[1] Rätsch, C. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its
Applications. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions/Bear.

[2] Johnson, C. (2018). Magic Medicine. Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press.

[3] Carod-Artal, F.J., Vázquez-Cabrera, C.B. (2006). [Mescaline and the San Pedro cactus ritual:
archaeological and ethnographic evidence in northern Peru]. Revista de neurologia, 42(8):489-98.

[4] Glass-Cof n, B. (2010). Shamanism and San Pedro through Time: Some Notes on the
Archaeology, History, and Continued Use of an Entheogen in Northern Peru. Anthropology of
Consciousness, 21(1):58-82.

[5] Sharon, D. (1972). The San Pedro Cactus in Peruvian Folk Healing. In Furst, P.T. (Ed.), Flesh of the
Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens (pp.114-135). New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.

[6] Schultes, R.E., Hofmann, A., Rätsch, C. (2001). Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and
Hallucinogenic Powers. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press.

[7] Stafford, P. (1992). Psychedelics Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ronin Publishing.

[8] Cordy-Collins, A. (1982). Psychoactive Painted Peruvian Plants: The Shamanism Textile. Journal
of Ethnobiology, 2(2):144-153.

[9] Sharon, D. (2001). Ethnoarchaeological evidence for San Pedro (Trichocereus pachanoi) use in
northern Peru. Eleusis, 5:13-59.

[10] Sharon, D. (2000). Shamanism & the Sacred Cactus: Ethnoarchaeological Evidence for San
Pedro Use in Northern Peru. San Diego, CA: San Diego Museum of Man.

[11] Bussmann, R.W., Sharon, D. (2006). Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking
two thousand years of healing culture. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2:47.

[12] Trenary, K. History Of Mescaline. Retrieved from https://mycotopia.net/topic/51844-the-

history-of-mescaline-by-klaus-trenary/.

[13] Crosby, D.M., McLaughlin, J.L. (1973). Cactus Alkaloids. XIX. Crystallization of Mescaline HCl
and 3-Methoxytyramine HCl from Trichocereus pachanoi. Lloydia, 36(4):416-418.

[14] Downer, C.C. (2006, Feb 6). INSIGHTS: Mining Peru’s Andean Forests Puts Unique Species,
Ecosystem at Risk. Retrieved from http://ens-newswire.com/2017/04/06/insights-mining-perus-
andean-forests-puts-unique-species-ecosystem-at-risk/.

[15] Barton, S. (1994, Sep). San Pedro Potency FAQ. Retrieved from
https://erowid.org/plants/cacti/cacti_sanpedro_potency_faq.shtml.

[16] Trout, K. (2014). Cactus Chemistry By Species. Mydriatic Productions.

[17] Erowid. (2015, Feb 20). San Pedro Dosage Discussion. Retrieved from
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