EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 1

Effectiveness of Jackfruit Sap (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) as an Additive Component in

Rubber Glue

Rachelle T. Paredes, Karyl C. Ipac, Irish T. Linaota, and John Marc Gulangayan

Antipolo City National Science and Technology High School

SY 2022 – 2023
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 2

Acknowledgment

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank God, the Almighty, for His

showers of blessings throughout the study, enabling the successful completion of this research. 

The members would also like to express deep and sincere gratitude to their research

professors, MA’AM BEVERLY ABUAN, and MA’AM MARIA LEONETH ILETO of

Antipolo City National Science and Technology High School for their encouragement and

mentorship which have become valuable in this research.

Special thanks to MRS. ROSE EDEN T. LINAOTA, MRS. MYRNA C. IPAC, and

MRS. MARY ROSE T. PAREDES for their undying guidance and support to help finish this

study.

Lastly, the researchers would also like to extend their gratitude to their fellow students

and families for helping them accomplish this study.

May the Almighty God bless us all. 

EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 3

Abstract

This study investigated the effectiveness of jackfruit sap as an additive component in

rubber glue. The researchers measured the weight sustained, duration of adhesion, and also the

drying time. There are also different amounts of jackfruit sap and types of materials which affect

the glue in terms of sustaining heavier weight, duration of adhesion and the time it takes to dry.

The researchers used Multivariate analysis of variance or MANOVA to calculate the data that

the researchers have gathered.  A controlled set up was also created which consisted of the eight

pairs of the materials, (cardboard, thin foam, and rubber sole) with four pairs of cardboard, thin

foam and rubber sole were applied with 1ml worth of jackfruit sap, and another four pairs of

cardboard, thin foam and rubber sole, applied with 2ml worth of jackfruit sap. At the end of the

experiment, the researchers concluded that the amount of jackfruit sap affects the performance of

the glue, with 2ml worth of jackfruit sap, resulting in more adhesion in the material, and more

weight sustained, but also much more time to dry compared to the ones with only 1ml worth of

jackfruit sap. 

Keywords: rubber glue, duration of adhesion, drying time, weight sustained, jackfruit sap,

cardboard, thin foam, rubber sole, MANOVA. 

EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 4

Table of Contents

Abstract 3

Introduction 5

Materials and Methods 7

Materials and Equipment 8

Experimental Setup 8

Statistical Analysis 10

References 11
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 5

Jackfruit Sap: An Effective Additive Component in Rubber Glue

Adhesives are general terms for substances that are applied on the surfaces of two

materials to join them together and include cement, glue, paste, and other similar words which

are all exchanged synonymously (Kinloch, 1987, p. 1). Moreover, humans have used adhesives

as a method of joining materials for hundreds of years yet it is only in the last half of the century

onwards that the innovation in adhesion and adhesives has greatly advanced wherein major

developments can be observed back to the middle of the 1940’s (p. 2). Adhesives can be derived

in various ways generally from either natural or synthetic sources (Pike, 2022). Based on an

article “Modern adhesives - a key manufacturing technology of the future” (2016), there has

been a growth in the use of modern adhesive technologies these past years as adhesives

performed better to offer various advantages to both constructors and processors where

conventional standard steels, stainless steel, and aluminum, as well as synthetic and fiber

composite materials, glass, and ceramics, can now be bonded with professional application. One

of these adhesives is rubber glue, which was defined by Sheppard (2022) as “a solution of

unvulcanized (gum) rubber in a solvent, and is used as an adhesive” meant to bond two pieces of

rubber using a chemical cohesion process. Furthermore, according to an article titled “5

Advantages of Using a Rubber Based Adhesive” (2018), rubber-based adhesives are more cost-

effective, bond more quickly, and moist and flow better into the substrate compared to acrylic or

silicone adhesives and different chemicals are included in rubber-based adhesives such as rubber

cement to create a solid contact. A solvent like acetone, hexane, heptane, or toluene is used to

maintain the elastic polymers in rubber cement fluid enough to use as an adhesive with latex

being the elastic polymer commonly used in rubber cement (“Hexane is used as solvents for

glues,” 2020). As chemical substances are present in adhesives, it is important to prevent human
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 6

exposure to these substances during application. (“What are the disadvantages of adhesives?,”

2019). 

In an article titled “Understanding the Hazards of Hexane” (2014), it is claimed that acute

exposure to hexane-contaminated air affects the nervous system and can result in headaches,

nausea, dizziness, and even unconsciousness, while ingesting hexane can cause severe stomach

pain, respiratory problems like shortness of breath and coughing, as well as physical and

chemical burns in the mouth, throat, and chest. Heptane, on the other hand, is “less toxic and less

volatile than hexane” (Weckel, 2018), but it is also as dangerous if misused. Additionally,

improper disposal of solvent-based adhesive residues can cause soil and groundwater

contamination, which endangers the health of nearby humans, animals, and plants (“How Bad

are Solvent-Based Adhesives for the Environment?,” 2016). 

Review of Related Literature

For these reasons, jackfruit sap, a sticky, white substance acquired from cutting the

jackfruit, is proposed to be used in producing an alternative adhesive. When compared to

commercial glue, jackfruit sap has the same viscosity and physical appearance, making it a

viable source of ecoglue (Dizon, 2020). An experiment by Abbas and Cabili (2012) showed that

jackfruit peeling is a feasible alternative for ceramic binder in standard whiteware plastic mass.

In a study conducted by Adamos et al. (2013), the jackfruit sap added in a sealant is still effective

even under heat, water, dirt, and pressure. After investigating the effect of different ratios of

jackfruit and rubber latex as an alternative sealant, it was found in Carpo and Diamante’s (2019)

study that commercialization is feasible with jackfruit latex extracted from the trees. The latex

from the jackfruit contains 71.8% resins with 63.3% yellow fluavilles and 8.5% white albanes

and possesses mucoadhesive properties (Chandra & Pratap, 2017). In addition to that, the sap
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 7

contains polymers and the polymers contain poly-isoprene, which is a natural adhesive, and

polysaccharides (Anam, et al., 2019).

As synthetic adhesives pose risks and hazards to their users and the environment, it is

important that the glue making industries open up to the reintroduction of adhesives made or

mixed with natural substances to maximize the usage and benefits of plants that naturally

produce latex while also minimizing the harmful effects of chemicals used in adhesives.

Research Objectives

Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate how effective do the jackfruit sap will be after

being mixed as an additive component to rubber glue/cement based on its maximum weight

sustained and duration of sustainability in a simple trial testing with three different surfaces

(rubber sole, foam/sponge, and cardboard) and different amounts of sap added as well as its

duration of drying after it had been applied, in order to understand whether natural ingredients

can be used alongside the synthetic adhesives to provide new variety of eco-friendly and non-

toxic glue which will contribute in the society not only in simple household repairs but also

larger industrial tasks. 

Scope and Limitations

This study covers the adhesive property of jackfruit sap. It consists of the sap used as a

latex source in making rubber glue. The testing involves the ability of the jackfruit sap rubber

glue to withstand heavier loads for longer periods of time. The researchers limited this study only

in testing the viability of jackfruit sap as an additive component in rubber glue making. It does

not cover the comparison of commercial glue and jackfruit sap rubber glue, nor does it include

other adhesive test methods such as the T-Peel test, and tensile testing. 
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 8

Materials and Methods

This section describes the materials, experimental setup and procedures the researchers

had taken to test the hypothesis on the effectiveness of jackfruit sap as an additive in rubber

glue/cement based on maximum weight sustained, duration of sustainability and drying using

three different types of surfaces and two different amount of jackfruit sap.

The preparation of the materials and equipment and the experimentation will be

conducted at the researcher’s house, in Barangay San Isidro, Antipolo City.

Materials and Equipment

In this research, the materials, and equipment that will be used are 120 ml of rubber glue,

36 ml of jackfruit sap, tape, a long piece of wood, scissors, 16 pieces of rectangular cut rubber

sole (4.5 g per cut), 16 pieces of cardboard (1.5 g per cut), thin foam (1 g per cut), and four packs

for 72 grams per plastic 25-centavo coins. While the safety equipment to be used is a laboratory

gown or apron, latex gloves, and a medical face mask.

Experimental Setup

Gathering of the materials

The fresh jackfruits were gathered from Batangas and Antipolo. The materials such

as the latex gloves, cardboard, rubber glue, and thin foam were all bought from a

supermarket, and the used and defective rubber soles were all gathered from the houses of the

researchers.

Extraction of the Jackfruit sap

The jackfruit was sliced into two parts. The slices were hung with a container below

on it for thirty minutes to an hour, or until all the saps were extracted. The saps were collected

and put in an air-tight container and were set aside for the next procedure.
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 9

Production of the glue

The procedure will be first done by mixing 5 ml of rugby and 1ml of jackfruit sap in

a container for each trial and spreading it evenly on cardboard/thin foam/rubber pieces that

will be glued on the same material for the first setup. For the second and last setup, it will

also be done by mixing 5 ml of rugby and 2 ml of rubber glue in a separate container.

Testing of the Glue’s Sustainability and Effectiveness

Measuring Drying Time. In order to test the effectiveness of the glue, it will be done

by setting a stopwatch to record the drying time of the glue on each subject.

Determining the maximum weight that can be sustained. After the glue has dried,

the materials will be pierced on one side using a wooden stick and taping them on a long

piece of wood. The weights will be hung one by one each subject using an improvised wire

hook to test how much weight can the materials sustain within the limit of the available

weight which is 288 grams.

Measuring the duration of sustainability. A stopwatch will be set to record how long

the materials can sustain the maximum weight determined from the previous test within the

limit of the allotted time range of six hours.

Visual representation of the setup:

Top
appa
view
ratus of
the

The weights will be

horontally on the right
glued
hanged
iz side of the
object.
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 10

Statistical Analysis

The type of statistical analysis to be utilized in this research study is inferential statistics.

The statistical test to be used is comparison tests, specifically the multivariate analysis of

variance (MANOVA) because the independent variables are categorical-nominal and its

dependent variables are quantitative-ratio which may lead to 2 or more outcomes from the study.

The built-in data analysis used for the data was two –way ANOVA: With Replication whiles the

data values from drying time and duration of adhesion have been converted to minutes and to

hours, respectively, and were rounded in to four decimal values for constant value and used an

alpha level of 0.05 for all the statistical tests.

EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 11

1. Effect of Bio-based Adhesive on Tensile Strength and Bending of Balsa Wood

Adhesive Joint

- The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adhesive on tensile strength and

bending strength of adhesive joints on balsa wood by varying the type of bio-based

adhesive. Bio-based adhesive is very potential as a substitute for synthetic-based adhesive

because of its biodegradability and non-toxic. In this research, natural adhesive was

applied to specimen of balsa wood to make joint. With varied bio-based adhesives from

rubber tree sap, jackfruit tree sap and breadfruit tree sap, the joined balsa wood then

subjected to mechanical test. In this study, tensile testing and bending testing were

conducted to determine the tensile strength and bending of balsa wood that has been

joined using bio-based adhesives. The results of the research show that the variation of

bio-based adhesives have effect on the strength of joined balsa wood. Since varied bio-

based adhesive has different adhesive characteristics so that the tensile and bending

strength of each variant which mainly caused by different binding ability between bio-

based adhesive on the surfaces of balsa wood. Also, analysis of failure on join was

carried out after tensile and bending tests to examine the characteristic of failure. From

tensile test, the value of tensile strength from the highest one is rubber tree sap bio-based

adhesive, then jackfruit sap bio-based adhesive and the lowest was breadfruit tree bio-

based adhesive sap. While the results of bending testing give the highest value for

adhesive rubber tree sap, then jackfruit bio-based adhesive sap and the lowest was

breadfruit tree sap. This was caused primarily by the ability of each adhesive to perform

good bonding on the surface of balsa wood which governed primarily by its viscosity and

pH values.
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 12

- Methods: The method used in this research was experimental research. Literature studies

from various sources both from books, journals in the library and from the internet are

also carried out to add information as needed. The first step in the research was material

preparation of bio-based adhesives from rubber tree, jackfruit and breadfruit sap.

Specimens were prepared by using low density balsa wood (5.2 MPa of tensile strength)

and smoothened using sand paper of grid number 500, The adhesive then were applied all

over 1 mm thick specimen surface. Specimens shape and dimension were manufactured

in compliance with specified design. Already smoothened specimen then were connected

by using adhesive from natural tree sap to produce laminated balsa wood strucure. Then

tensile and bending test were performed to obtain tensile and bending strength, and the

region of failure were photographed.

- 2. 1 Tensile Test( Before conducting this test, the specimens of balsa wood were cut first

according to the design that has been determined as shown in Figure 1 below).

After the desired size was obtained, the specimen was tested for tensile strength to

determine the maximum ability of the material to withstand tensile loads. In this test we

obtained load and length of specimen during test and also got a strain stress diagram.
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 13

- 2.2 Bending Test (Before conducting this test, the specimens of balsa wood were cut first

according to the design that has been determined as shown in Figure 2 below.)

After desired size was obtained then the specimen was tested in bending to determine the

maximum capability of the material in resisting bending loads. In this test we got load

and deflection and also a strain stress diagram.

- Conclusions: The mechanical properties of natural adhesives joint was studied by its

tensile and bending strength. The potent of natural adhesive is for low loading

application. The best natural adhesive, i.e. rubber tree sap, was able to compete to epoxy

adhesive under 7% strain in tensile test. The rubber tree sap cannot compete with epoxy

in bending test almost in half in value but show good stability. Comparing to commercial

adhesive, i.e. epoxy, the economical value of natural adhesive, especially rubber tree sap,

lies on the fact that eventough it was not prepared, meaning applied directly from the

tree, it still has value of 70% of epoxy adhesive tensile strength. When it coupled with

degradability and non toxic feature of bio-based adhesive, then it become economically

viable as alternative adhesive of epoxy for low loading application. Therefore, when

special treatment to the rubber tree sap is available in improving performance of the
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 14

biobased adhesive then it may compete to epoxy adhesive in higher loading application,

especialy to improve the chain 4 and 5 by using additive to make adhesive-adherent able

to form chemical reaction to improve bonding

EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 15

References

5 Advantages of Using a Rubber Based Adhesive (2018). SpecBond.

https://www.specbond.com/blog/5-advantages-of-using-a-rubber-based-adhesive/

Abbas, A. J. A., & Cabili, J. L. (2012). The Feasibility of Jackfruit Peeling as Binder to

Whiteware Plastic Mass. Studylib. https://studylib.net/doc/5667058/the-feasibility-of-

jackfruit-peeling-as-binder-to---ids

Adamos, E., Catchete, N., Ferrer, C., & Rosario, C. (2013). THE FEASIBILITY OF JACKFRUIT

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) SAP AS ONE OF THE ADDITIVE COMPONENTS IN

MAKING ROOF SEALANT. PDFSlide. https://pdfslide.net/documents/the-feasibility-of-

jackfruit-sap-as-an-alternative-roof-sealant.html 
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 16

Anam, K., Ma'arif, M. S., & Putri, R. T. (2019). Effect of Bio-based Adhesive on Tensile

Strength and Bending of Balsa Wood Adhesive Joint . ResearchGate. (PDF) Effect of Bio-

based Adhesive on Tensile Strength and Bending of Balsa Wood Adhesive Joint

Carpo, M. J. C., & Diamante, E. L. R. (2019). The effect of different ratios of jackfruit and

rubber tree latex as an alternative sealant. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335516358_The_Effect_of_Different_Ratios_of_

Jackfruit_and_Rubber_Tree_Latex_as_an_Alternative_Sealant

Chandra, G. H., & Pratap, S. H. (2017). Formulation and evaluation of Mucoadhesive Tablet of

metformin hcl using jack fruit latex (artocarpus heterophyllus). Research Journal of

Pharmacy and Technology, 10(2), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-

360x.2017.00075.0

Dizon, H. L. (2020). JACKFRUIT “ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS” SAP ECO-GLUE.

StuDocu, 19-26.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/quezon-city-university/accountancy/eco-

gluechapter-1-5-dizon/9382879

Hexane are used as solvents for glues (rubber cement, adhesives), varnishes, and inks. (2020).

Junyuan Petroleum Group. https://junyuanpetroleumgroup.com/n-hexane/hexane-are-used-

as-solvents-for-glues-rubber-cement-adhesives-varnishes-and-inks/

HOW BAD ARE SOLVENT-BASED ADHESIVES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT? (2016). Sure

Tack Systems. https://suretacksystems.com/2016/11/are-solvent-based-adhesives-bad-for-

environment/

Kinloch, A. J. (1987). Adhesion and Adhesives: Introduction. SpringerLink.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-7764-9_1
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 17

Modern adhesives – a key manufacturing technology of the future. (2016). Manufacturers'

Monthly. https://www.manmonthly.com.au/features/modern-adhesives-key-manufacturing-

technology-future/

Pike, R. A. (2022). adhesive. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/adhesive

Sheppard, L. M. (2022, May 4). Rubber Cement. Encyclopedia.com.

https://www.encyclopedia.com/manufacturing/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rubber-

cement

What are the disadvantages of adhesives? (2019). McCoy Mart.

https://mccoymart.com/post/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-adhesives/

Understanding the Hazards of Hexane (2014). VelocityEHS.

https://www.ehs.com/2014/11/understanding-the-hazards-of-hexane/#:~:text=Health

%20Hazards%20Associate%20with%20Hexane&text=If%20swa%20llowed%2C%20it

%20may%20cause,is%20recommended%20whenever%20handling%20hexane

Weckel, M. (2018). The Difference Between Hexane and Heptane. Ecolink News.

https://ecolink.com/info/difference-between-hexane-and-heptane/
EFFECTIVENESS OF JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ADDITIVE IN GLUE 18