1.

 Psychology originally emerged from what two disciplines?

 a) Anthropology and history

 b) Biology and medicine

 c) Philosophy and biology

2. The unconscious mind plays an important role in which school of thought in

psychology?

 a) Behaviorism

 b) Psychoanalysis

 c) Humanism

 d) Biopsychology

3. The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is known as the:

 a) Independent variable

 b) Dependent variable

 c) Extraneous variable

 d) Confounding variable

4. Which type of research study takes place over a long period of time, often
lasting months or even years?

 a) Cross-sectional study

 b) Longitudinal study

 c) Within-subjects study

 d) Correlational study
5. Before researchers conduct a study, it is important to:

 a) Collect data

 b) Form a testable hypothesis

 c) Conduct statistical analyses

 d) Interview participants

6. Which area of the brain is associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher
lever cognition and expressive language?

 a) The temporal lobe

 b) The frontal lobe

 c) The occipital lobe

 d) The parietal lobe

7. Which area of the brain is responsible for controlling hunger, thirst, emotions,
temperature and circadian rhythms?

 a) Hypothalamus

 b) Midbrain

 c) Cerebellum

 d) Frontal lobe

8. In classical conditioning, the learned response to the previously neutral

stimulus is known as the:

 a) Conditioned stimulus

 b) Conditioned response

 c) Unconditioned stimulus
  d) Unconditioned response

9. In operant conditioning, the removal of an unfavorable event or outcome after

the display of a behavior is known as:

 a) Positive punishment

 b) Negative punishment

 c) Positive reinforcement

 d) Negative reinforcement

10. The nature versus nurture debate refers to:

 a) Whether early experiences are more important than later experiences

 b) Whether genetics matter more than environmental influences

 c) Whether development happens in stages or is a smoother process

 d) Whether normal development or abnormal behavior are more important

11. In Freud's theory, which part of personality is focused on fulfilling the most
primal and basic urges?

 a) The unconscious

 b) The ego

 c) The id

 d) The superego

12. Which stage of psychosocial development focuses on developing a greater

sense of personal control?

 a) Trust versus mistrust

 b) Integrity versus despair

  c) Autonomy versus shame and doubt

 d) Initiative versus guilt

13. According to Piaget, the process of taking new information into our

previously existing schemas is known as:

 a) Assimilation

 b) Accommodation

 c) Equilibration

 d) Object permanence

14. What is at the peak of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

 a) Social needs

 b) Esteem needs

 c) Self-actualizing needs

 d) Basic needs

15. In the theory of multiple intelligences, people who are good at

communicating verbally and resolving conflicts have:

 a) Naturalistic intelligence

 b) Interpersonal intelligence

 c) Visual-spatial intelligence

 d) Logical-mathematical intelligence

16. Cognitive dissonance occurs when:

 a) People become overexcited

  b) People lack motivation to achieve their goals

 c) Beliefs and behaviors conflict in some way

 d) People learn difficult concepts

17. Which of the following broad domains can be studied by psychologists?

 a) Developmental processes

 b) Biological bases of behaviour
 c) Social bases of behaviour
 d) Cognitive and affective processes
 e) Psychologists can study all of these domains
18. Identify the FALSE statement from the below:

 a) Developmental psychologists investigate age-related changes, such

as those occurring during child development and later life.
 b) Clinical psychologists investigate the causes and treatment of
psychological disorders, such as homosexuality.
 c) Physiological psychologists investigate the association between
physiology and behaviour/mind, such as the neural correlates of
schizophrenia.
 d) Cognitive psychologists investigate fundamental mental processes,
such as attention, memory and perception.
19. What is the common, underlying view that unites the various subfields of
psychology?

 a) Cross-cultural psychology

 b) Common sense
 c) Empiricism
  d) Behaviourism
 e) Experimental Analysis
20. The beginnings of modern psychology were based on which of the
following influences?

 a) philosophy, physiology and psychophysics

 b) The bystander effect, Milgram’s experiments and common sense
 c) Dualism, materialism and behaviourism
 d) None of the above
 e) All of the above
21. It is most likely that hotter regions of the world witness more aggression
than cooler regions because:

 a) People in hotter regions have inherited the tendency to be more

aggressive through their genetic make-up.
 b) Environmental temperature can modulate the expression of
aggression in everyone.
 c) People in hotter regions have been socialized to behave in a more
aggressive manner.
 d) People who live in hotter regions are less technologically
developed, more likely to suffer from brain damage and therefore more
likely to be aggressive.
22. Cartesian dualism specifies that:

 a) The body can interact with the mind via the pineal gland.
 b) The mind can interact with the body via the pineal gland.
 c) Both (a) and (b).
 d) Neither (a) nor (b).
23. David Hume regarded the laws of association as being the mental
counterpart of laws governing the physical universe. According to Hume,
which of the following is NOT a fundamental law of association?

 a) Similarity
 b) Gravity
 c) Contiguity
 d) Causality
24. Herman von Helmholtz (1821–94):

 a) Investigated the speed of neural impulses.

 b) Suggested that thought and movement do not occur
instantaneously as previously believed, but that thought occurs first,
followed by movement.
 c) Made significant contributions to sensory psychology, especially
audition and vision.
 d) All of the above.
25. According to many, the founder of modern day psychology and first
‘psychologist’ was:

 a) Wundt
 b) Fechner
 c) Weber
 d) Helmholtz
26. Which of the following school of thought would be most likely to reject
the method of introspection to study human experience?

 a) Behaviourism
 b) Psychoanalysis
 c) Structuralism
  d) Functionalism
 e) None of the above
27. Which of the following researchers had a profound impact in
developmental psychology despite the limitations of his methodology?

 a) Sigmund Freud

 b) Francis Galton
 c) Jean Piaget
 d) B.F. Skinner
 e) John Watson
28. What do Hermann Ebbinghaus, Francis Galton and Sigmund Freud
share in common?

 a) Each of them worked independently

 b) Each of them were pioneers in the field of psychology
 c) Each of them founded a formal psychology laboratory
 d) Each of them developed novel observational methods to study how
the mind works
 e) (a), (b), and (d)
29. Ivan Pavlov:

  a) Discovered that hungry dogs would bark at the sight of the person
who brought them their food.
 b) At first considered ‘psychic secretion’ to be a nuisance, but soon
he realized that it revealed a very basic form of learning.
 c) Went on to show that dogs could be trained, or conditioned, to
salivate at the onset of an arbitrary stimulus (e.g. the sound of a bell) if it
was preceded by an aversive stimulus such as a small footshock.
  d) Provided psychology with a basic element, the response–response
association – also used by Watson as the foundation of behaviourism.
30. Which of the following statements is true of Ebbinghaus?

 a) He proposed an important theory about how memory works.

 b) He founded an influential school of psychology.
 c) His work stood the test of time, as his findings were later
replicated by others and many remain valid today.
 d) However, he was unable to convert (or ‘operationalize’)
unobservable mental processes into observable behaviour.
31. Which of the following is FALSE regarding Piaget?

 a) Piaget argued that a child understands an object by acting on it

either physically or mentally and thereby constructs knowledge.
 b) Infants develop cognitive structures or schemes, which are
organized patterns of actions that reflect a particular way of interacting
with the environment.
 c) Cognitive structures of younger children, under the age of 7,
reflect abstract mental operations.
 d) The cognitive operations of older children allow them to realize
that quantities remain constant (are conserved) despite changes in
appearance.
32. The cognitive revolution in psychology was a response to the limitations
of which school of thought?

 a) Psychoanalysis
 b) Behaviourism
 c) Human information-processing
  d) Gestalt psychology
 e) All of the above
33. The human information-processing approach and the connectionist
approach disagree with each other about how information is processed. How
does the connectionist approach differ from the human information-
processing approach?

 a) Connectionists can study the brain as it naturally occurs in real life
situations
 b) Connectionists assume cognitive systems function as a whole
versus by single components
 c) Connectionists support the idea of a central processor or control
unit
 d) Connectionists assume parallel versus serial processing of
information
 e) (b) and (d)
34. According to the information-processing framework, which of the
following is NOT true?

 a) Both the brain and the computer consist of millions of

components, yet the behaviour of computers can be understood by
studying the programs that run them.
 b) A useful account of human behaviour is considered possible by
using terms abstract enough to transcend the operation of the brain’s
approximately 180 billion nerve cells. 
 c) From the human information-processing perspective, information
delivered to the senses is translated into a cognitive code.
 d) Two types of processing can occur: automatic processing, which is
conscious, and controlled processing, which is unconscious.
35. Psychologists employ a variety of tools and methods to study human
behaviour. Which of the following methods do psychologists rely on to make
systematic observations and draw conclusions about human behaviour?

 a) Speculation and common sense

 b) Generalisation and common sense
 c) Hindsight and experimentation
 d) Controlled measurement and experimentation
 e) Personal experience and collective wisdom
36. The study of psychology is most concerned with which field of scientific
inquiry?

 a) The science of philosophy

 b) The science of behaviour and mental processes
 c) The science of developmental processes
 d) The science of physical processes
 e) The science of emotional and mental processes

37. Select the TWO correct statements from those below with regard to
psychological research:
1. You can fully understand the results of an IQ test without knowing
anything about intelligence testing and standard scores.
2. If two things are correlated this signifies that one is the cause of the other.
3. A good knowledge of psychological research methods allows you to
avoid making the mistakes that journalists, politicians and many others
make because they lack the necessary conceptual understanding.
4. In most countries, in order to become a psychologist you will be required
to conduct a piece of psychological research.
  a) 1 & 2
 b) 2 & 3
 c) 1 & 4
 d) 3 & 4
38. Which approach differentiates psychology from the many other
disciplines that address similar types of questions?

 a) Psychology is bound by research ethics

 b) Psychology relies on the scientific method
 c) Psychology relies on statistical tests
 d) Psychology is bound by human populations
 e) All of these differentiate psychology from other disciplines
39. Which THREE of the following are criteria for good psychological
research?
1. It should be public.
2. It should be subjective.
3. It should be cumulative.
4. It should be parsimonious.

 a) 1, 3 & 4
 b) 1, 2 & 3
 c) 2, 3 & 4
 d) 1, 2 & 4
40. Five qualities that best describe good psychological research include:

 a) Valid, scientific, ethical, experimental, correlational

 b) Scientific, experimental, public, parsimonious, cumulative
 c) Valid, reliable, public, parsimonious, cumulative
  d) Experimental, quasi-experimental, survey, correlational, meta-analytic
 e) None of these describe good research
41. Which of the following are FALSE regarding the role of theories in
psychology?
1. Facts have to be integrated in terms of theoretical explanations.
2. Theories are statements of what rather than why.
3. Theories are capable of accounting for multiple facts, but cannot predict
what might happen in novel situations.
4. All of the above.

 a) 1 & 2
 b) 1 & 3
 c) 2 & 3
 d) 4
42. What are the main types of assessment measures used by psychologists to
study the outcomes of mental activity?

 a) Theories, hypotheses, tests

 b) Self-report, experiments, correlations
 c) Behavioural, self-report, experimental
 d) Behavioural, self-report, physiological
 e) (a) and (d)
43. Which of the following is NOT a widely used research method in modern
experimental psychology?

 a) The (true) experimental method.

 b) The quasi-experimental method.
 c) The introspective method.
 d) The case study method.
44. Experimental groups, treatment groups, and control groups represent
ways to ____________ outcome variables.

 a) Manipulate
 b) Correlate
 c) Attract
 d) Validate
 e) Generalise
45. In psychological research, the process of using multiple research methods
to tackle the same issue is referred to as:

 a) Experimentation
 b) Revision
 c) Manipulation Check
 d) Measurement
 e) Triangulation
46. Which of the following is true?

 a) The dependent variable is manipulated by the experimenter.

 b) Experimental control involves making every condition different in every
respect except the treatment (i.e. the independent variable).
 c) In a between-subjects experiment, control is typically achieved by a
process of carefully assigning participants to the right conditions.
 d) In a properly designed experiment, we can infer that an observed
difference must be due to our manipulation of the independent variable.
47. Which of the following do we know to be true about the qualitative
approach?

 a) When researchers report and comment on behaviour, without attempting

to quantify it, they are using a qualitative research method.
  b) Qualitative methods can include coding, grouping and collecting
observations.
 c) The way people evaluate the friendliness of the people they meet,
illustrates some features of a qualitative approach to psychological research.
 d) All of the above.
48. Deciding which method to choose is a very complex issue and depends on
many factors. Which of the following statements is correct when making this
decision?

 a) Practical issues are irrelevant when deciding which research method to
use.
 b) No one method is universally superior to any other.
 c) Both (a) and (b).
 d) Neither (a) nor (b)
49. Measurement scales used in psychological research are based on four
types, which include:

 a) Nominal, ordinal, internal, external

 b) Internal, external, quasi, survey
 c) Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
 d) Interval, ratio, quasi, survey
 e) Internal, external, interval, ratio
50. External validity is compromised by which one of the following?

 a) Telling experimental participants about the hypotheses that we are

investigating.
 b) Informing participants that they are not being ‘tested’ as such. 
 c) Telling them that the data they produce is confidential and will not be
discussed with any third party.
  d) Telling participants that they can withdraw from the experiment at any
time (and that they can ask that the data they generate be deleted).

Answers

1. c 2.b 3.a 4.b 5.b 6.b 7.a 8.b 9.d 10.b 11.c 12.b 13.a 14.c 15.b 16.c 17. E 18.
b19.c 20.a 21.b 22.c 23. 24. D 25.a 26. A 27.c 28.e 29.b 30.c 31.c 32. b33.e
34.d 35.d 36.b 37. d38.b 39.a 40.c 41.c 42.d 43.c 44. A 45.e 46. d47. d48. B
49.c 50. a