Climate change impacts on marine

ecosystems
Quotations:
Parenthetically: “In the open ocean, rising atmospheric CO2 and the resulting increased oceanic CO2
uptake are the predominant factors driving ocean acidification” (Dore et al., 2009, p. 11).

In the sentence (narratively): According to Dore et al. (2009), “ocean acidification reflects a series of
chemical changes: elevated aqueous CO2 and total inorganic carbon as well as reduced pH, carbonate
ion, and calcium carbonate saturation states” (p. 12).

The Paraphrased Statements:

Parenthetically: The main causes of ocean acidification in the open ocean are an increase in oceanic
CO2 uptake and rising atmospheric CO2. (Dore et al., 2009).

In the sentence (narratively): According to Dore et al. (2009), increased aqueous CO2 and total
inorganic carbon, as well as decreased pH, carbonate ion, and calcium carbonate saturation states, are
all signs of ocean acidification.

Summary:
Rising CO2 levels and climate change may alter the overall characteristics of ecosystems, such as the
trophic structure, dynamics of food webs, and aggregated functioning, such as material and energy flows,
and biogeochemical cycles, ultimately affecting the ecosystem services that are essential to people and
societies.

References
Doney, S. C., Ruckelshaus, M., Emmett Duffy, J., Barry, J. P., Chan, F., English, C. A., Talley, L. D.

(2012). Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Annual review of marine science, 4, 11-

37. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611

Heneghan, R. F., Hatton, I. A., & Galbraith, E. D. (2019). Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems

through the lens of the size spectrum. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 3(2), 233–243.

https://portlandpress.com/emergtoplifesci/article/3/2/233/219720/Climate-change-impacts-on-

marine-ecosystems

Parenthetical:

“The most competitive regions according to the obtained results are Almaty city, Astana city, Atyrau

region and Karaganda region” (Nurlanova et al., 2017, p. 7).

Narrative:

According to Nurlanova et al.(2017), “The most competitive regions according to the obtained results are

Almaty city, Astana city, Atyrau region and Karaganda region”(p. 7).

Reference:
Nurlanova, N. K., Kireyeva, A. A., & Ruzanov, R. M. (2017). Evaluation of. Economic Potential and Level

of Concentration of the Regions of Kazakhstan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and

Business, 4(2), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2017.vol4.no2.37

Olga Pak, Manawor Mahmood Impact of personality on risk tolerance and investment decisions: A study

on potential investors of Kazakhstan | Emerald Insight. (2015, November 2).

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0002/full/html